A note on the use of whole, moist barley treated with ammonia as a feed supplement for sheep

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Laksesvela
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Young Female ◽  
Feed Supplement ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Female Sheep

ABSTRACTWhole, moist barley treated with ammonia (A), whole, untreated barley (WU) and ground barley (G) were fed with hay and a little high protein, mixed concentrate. Digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter and crude fibre, assessed with young adult female sheep, were highest in diet A and lowest in diet G. The digestibilities of dry matter and crude fibre were also higher in diet WU than in diet G. Digestibility coefficients for dry matter and organic matter in barley, calculated by difference, appeared higher in A and in WU than in G. Young female sheep fed on the above diets from the age of 7 to 11 months ate more hay and gained more weight on A than on G; again diet WU was intermediate. Differences also occurred between the three groups as regards volatile fatty acids in the rumen fluid. Sheep on A or WU had a higher pH in the rumen fluid than those on G. Finally, sheep on A gave birth to more offspring than those on WU or G. All these differences were significant.

Nutritional studies with sheep fed conserved ryegrass. 2. Silage supplemented with dried grass or barley

1980 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 219-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. Wernli ◽  
R. J. Wilkins
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Nutritional Studies

SummaryGrass silage (21.0 % D.M.) was given ad libitum to sheep together with supplements of rolled barley, dried-grass pellets or dried-grass wafers at 12 and 25 g organic matter (OM)/kg0·75.Intake of silage was greater with supplement at 12 g/kg0·75 but total intake of OM and digestible organic matter (DOM) increased with increasing supplement. Intake of OM was higher with the pellet supplement than with other supplements. Intake of DOM, however, did not differ between the pellet and barley treatments, but was lower with wafers.Concentrations of ammonia and total volatile fatty acids and the molar proportions of butyric and higher volatile fatty acids were higher when silage was supplemented with barley than with dried grass. Mean rumen retention times of silage and of supplement were highest in the barley-supplemented treatments. Dried-grass wafers were retained longer than dried-grass pellets. Supplement treatments did not differ significantly for eating and ruminating times, rumen fluid volume and pH, digestion rate in the rumen and nitrogen retention.At the low supplement rate silage consumption may have been controlled by factors associated directly with the silage, whereas at the high rate intake was limited either by physical factors or by the potential energy demand of the animals.

ALFALFA SUPPLEMENTATION OF CORNCOB DIETS FOR SHEEP: COMPARISON WITH HIGHER VOLATILE FATTY ACIDS, SOYBEAN PROTEIN AND ALFALFA FIBER ON INTAKE, ENVIRONMENT AND DIGESTION IN THE RUMEN AND DIGESTA PASSAGE

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 1083-1091 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. R. NDLOVU ◽  
J. G. BUCHANAN-SMITH
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Soybean Protein ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Latin Squares ◽  
Protein Preparation ◽  
Alfalfa Hay

Nine lambs fitted with rumen cannulae were used in two 5 × 5 Latin squares to measure the effect of alfalfa hay, C4- and C5-branched- and straight-chain volatile fatty acids (C4/C5 VFAs), cell wall from alfalfa hay (ALFCW) and a soybean protein preparation on intake and rumen digestion of a basal corncob diet with urea included at 30 g kg−1. Relative to the control, alfalfa hay decreased (P < 0.05) intake of the basal diet but increased (P < 0.05) total dry matter intake. ALFCW and soybean protein did not affect intake of the basal diet and total dry matter (P > 0.05). C4/C5 VFAs increased intake of basal diet by sheep in one square (P < 0.05) but had no effect (P > 0.05) on intake with sheep in the other square. Alfalfa hay, ALFCW and soybean protein increased (P < 0.05) total VFA concentration in rumen fluid while only alfalfa hay and C4/C5 VFAs consistently increased isobutyrate, isovalerate and valerate levels in rumen fluid (P < 0.05). In comparison with the control diet, soybean protein elevated (P < 0.05) mean rumen ammonia-N levels whereas C4/C5 VFAs depressed them; however, values exceeded 17 mg dL−1 rumen fluid on all treatments. Most measures of digestion kinetics of fiber from corncobs were unaffected by supplementation (P > 0.05). Alfalfa hay and ALFCW increased (P < 0.05) rate of passage of digesta from the reticulo-rumen. It was concluded that alfalfa hay has a reduced role in improving intake of corncob diets when there is also sufficient NPN in the diet. Key words: Roughage (poor quality), volatile fatty acids, rumen ammonia levels, chromium-mordanted cell walls

scholarly journals Nutritional implications of D-xylose in pigs

1991 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Schutte ◽  
J. de Jong ◽  
R. Polziehn ◽  
M. W. A. Verstegen
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Pentose Sugar ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Pentose Sugars

Hemicellulose consists primarily of pentose sugars, joined together in a polysaccharide chain with d-xylose as the most abundant component. Ileal digestibility and urinary excretion of d-xylose and associated effects of this pentose sugar on ileal and faecal digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), gross energy (GE) and nitrogen were studied in pigs. Castrated pigs were prepared with a post-valvular T-caecum cannula to measure ileal digestibility. Faecal digestibility was measured in non-cannulated pigs. d-xylose was given at dietary inclusion levels of 100 and 200 g/kg, and the control sugar, d-glucose, at a rate of 200 g/kg diet. Ileal digestibility of d-xylose as well as that of d-glucose was found to be close to 100%. The presence of d-xylose in the diet decreased ileal digesta pH and increased ileal flow of volatile fatty acids, suggesting the occurrence of microbial degradation of d-xylose in the pig small intestine. In pigs fed on the 100 g d-xylose/kg diet, 44.5% of the d-xylose intake appeared in the urine. This percentage increased significantly to 52.6 when pigs were fed on the 200 g d-xylose/kg diet. Ileal and faecal digestibility of DM, OM, GE and N, as well as N retention, decreased significantly in pigs fed on the 200 g d-xylose/kg diet.

Optimalisasi Penggunaan Level Sabun Kalsium Minyak Kedelai dalam Ransum Terhadap Karakteristik Fermentasi, Populasi Mikroba dan Kecernaan Nutrien Secara In Vitro Menggunakan Cairan Rumen Sapi Bali

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Ali Bain ◽  
Komang G. Wiryawan ◽  
Dewi Apri Astuti ◽  
Chairrusyuhur Arman ◽  
Sri Suharti
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Microbial Population ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Calcium Soap ◽  
Total Bacteria ◽  
Range Test

ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi optimalisasi penggunaan level sabun kalsium yang berbeda dalam ransum secara in vitro terhadap karakteristik fermentasi, populasi mikroba dan kecernaan nutrien ransum, menggunakan sumber inokulum cairan rumen sapi Bali. Penelitian dilaksanakan menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok dengan 4 jenis perlakuan dalam 3 ulangan.  Ransum penelitian terdiri atas : R1, 40% rumput lapang (RL) + 60% konsentrat (K), R2 (40% RL + 60% K, mengandungn 2.5% SCa-kedelai), R3 (40%  RL + 60% K, mengandung 5% SCa-kedelai), R4 (40%  RL + 60% K, mengandung 7.5% SCa-kedelai). Variabel yang diukur terdiri atas karakteristik fermentasi in vitro (pH, N-NH3, produksi total volatile fatty acids), populasi mikroorganisme (total bakteri dan total protozoa), dan kecernaan nutrien (kecernaan bahan kering dan kecernaan bahan organik). Data dianalisis menggunakan analysis of varians  (ANOVA) dan perbedaan antara perlakuan diuji dengan Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.  Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, penambahan SCa-kedelai pada level yang berbeda dalam konsentrat tidak mempengaruhi pH, konsentrasi amonia, populasi mikroba, kecernaan bahan kering dan kecernaan bahan organik fermentasi tetapi berpengaruh sangat nyata (P<0.002) terhadap produksi total VFA. Produksi total VFA tertinggi diperoleh pada ransum perlakuan R4 (konsentrat yang mengandung 7.5% SCa-kedelai). Produksi total VFA tertinggi diperoleh pada perlakuan R4 dan produksi total VFA paling rendah terjadi pada perlakuan ransum R1 (kontrol).  Produksi total VFA  ransum R1 dan R2 dan ransum R2 dan R3 tidak berbeda nyata namun produksi total VFA ransum R3 lebih tinggi dibanding ransum kontrol. Penambahan SCa-kedelai dalam konsentrat menghasilkan produksi total VFA tetinggi namun mulai menekan populasi total bakteri. Mempertimbangkan hasil peubah fermentasi dan populasi mikroba serta biaya pembuatan produk sabun kalsium, SCa-kedelai pada level 5% merupakan level penggunaan SCa-kedelai yang terbaik dalam ransum.Kata kunci: sabun kalsium, fermentasi, in vitro, kecernaanABSTRACTThe study to evaluate the optimalization the different level of soybean oil calcium soap (CaS-soybean) in ration on in vitro fermentation using Bali cattle rumen fluid. The experiment was arranged in a complete randomized block design with 4 different ration treatments and 3 replicates. Ration treatments were R1: 40% native grass (NG) + 60% concentrate (C), R2 : 40% NG + 60% C, supplemented with 2.5% soybean oil calcium soap (CaS-soybean), and R3 (40% NG + 60% C, supplemented with 5.0% CaS-soybean and R4 (40% NG + 60% C, supplemented with 7.5% CaS-soybean). Variables measured were fermentation characteristics (pH, NH3-N, total volatile fatty acids), microbial population (total bacteria and total protozoa), and nutrient digestibility (dry matter and organic matter digestibility). Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the differences between treatments means were examined by Duncan Multiple Range Test. Results of the study  showed that the four different level of CaS-soybean in ration did not have any significant effect (P>0,05) on pH, NH3-N, total bacteria, total protozoa, dry matter and organic matter digestibility. The treatments significantly increased (P<0.05) the production of total volatile fatty acids.  The highest production of total VFA was obtained from ration R4 (concentrate containing 7.5% CaS-soybean) and the lowest was obtained from treatment R1 (control). There were no significant differences between R1 and  R2, and between R2 and R3 on the total VFA production. However, the total productions of VFA in ration R3 were higher than that of the control ration. The addition of CaS-soybean in the concentrate had increased the total production of VFA, but at the same time, it began pressing the total population of bacteria. Considering the results of the fermentation variables and microbial population as well as the cost of making calcium soap products, CaS-soybean at 5% level was selected as the best level of CaS-soybean in ration.Keywords : calcium soap, fermentation, in vitro, digestibility

The utilization and excretion of sulphur in cattle fed on tropical roughages

1974 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 1015 ◽  
Author(s):  
PM Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Small Decrease ◽  
Heteropogon Contortus ◽  
Total Sulphur ◽  
Stylosanthes Humilis ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Townsville Stylo

The effect of additions of sulphateh to the diet of cattle given tropical spear grass (Heteropogon contortus) and Townsville stylo (Stylosanthes humilis) was studied in three experiments. In one experiment there was a small increase in the digestibility of dry matter, but the intake of feed was not affected. The concentration of volatile fatty acids in ruminal liquor from cattle offered spear grass was increased by supplemental sulphate; there was a concurrent small decrease in the proportions of propionic and isovaleric acids. Excretion of faecal sulphur varied with the intakes of total sulphur, organic matter, and digestible organic matter, while urinary sulphur excretion varied with the sulphur and organic matter intakes. Excretion of organic sulphur and total sulphate in urine and faeces increased with sulphur intake. The ratio of nitrogen to sulphur in faeces declined when sulphate was given. The retention of nitrogen was correlated with sulphur retention. It was concluded that the intake and digestion of the hays were not limited by the intake of sulphur.

scholarly journals Digestion of concentrate and of hay diets in the stomach and intestines of ruminants

1968 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Topps ◽  
R. N. B. Kay ◽  
E. D. Goodall
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Terminal Ileum ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Digestible Energy

1. The flow of digesta to the abomasum and through the duodenum and terminal ileum was measured over 24 h periods in sheep. Pelleted diets of concentrates, principally composed of barley, and of poor-quality hay were given. The seven Scottish Blackface ewes studied were all fitted with rumen cannulas, and in addition two had simple abomasal cannulas, one a re-entrant abomasal cannula, two re-entrant duodenal cannulas, and two re-entrant ileal cannulas.2. Paper impregnated with chromium sesquioxide was given twice daily by rumen fistula. The amounts of dry matter, starch, cellulose, total nitrogen and energy passing through the abomasum, duodenum and ileum and the amounts excreted in the faeces were measured. The flows of digesta were adjusted to give 100% recovery of chromium sesquioxide and the extent of digestion in various parts of the alimentary tract was calculated using these adjusted values. Concentrations of glucose in the blood and of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the rumen were also measured.3. For the concentrate diet, 69% of the digestible dry matter disappeared in the stomach (reticulo-rumen, omasum and abomasum), 17% in the smail intestine and 14% in the large intestine. Values for disappearance of digestible energy were 72% in the stomach, 23% in the small intestine and 5% in the large intestine. Of the 298 g starch fed daily only 6–35 g passed through the abomasum or duodenum and only 1–4 g reached the terminal ileum. The cellulose in the diet was poorly digested.4. For the hay diet, 67% of the digestible dry matter disappeared in the stomach, 22% in the small intestine and 11% in the large intestine. Values for disappearance of digestible energy were 81% in the stomach, 7% in the small intestine and 12% in the large intestine. Of the 33 g of starch consumed daily, from 5 to 13 g passed through the abomasum or duodenum. The cellulose in the hay was 59% digestible and virtually all this digestion took place in the stomach.5. The concentration of VFA and the proportion of propionate in the rumen fluid, 2·5 h after feeding, were considerably greater on the concentrate diet than on the hay diet, but diet had little influence on the concentration of blood glucose.6. The importance of the small amount of starch passing to the sheep's small intestine is discussed.

scholarly journals In vitro assessment of ruminal fermentation, digestibility and methane production of three species of Desmanthus for application in northern Australian grazing systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (8) ◽  
pp. 797 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Vandermeulen ◽  
Sultan Singh ◽  
Carlos Alberto Ramírez-Restrepo ◽  
Robert D. Kinley ◽  
Christopher P. Gardiner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Northern Australia ◽  
Rhodes Grass ◽  
Ch4 Production ◽  
Grass Hay

Three species of Desmanthus adapted to the heavy clay soils of northern Australia were studied to determine their nutritive value and effects on in vitro fermentation with rumen fluid, compared with Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) hay. Leaves and stems of D. leptophyllus cv. JCU 1, D. virgatus cv. JCU 2 and D. bicornutus cv. JCU 4 were collected in summer, winter and spring of 2014 and analysed for chemical composition. Apparent digestibility as in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVD-OM) and fermentation parameters including methane (CH4) production were measured during 72-h fermentations using rumen fluid from steer donors grazing tropical grasses and legumes. Desmanthus bicornutus was on average more digestible than both D. leptophyllus and D. virgatus at 24, 48 and 72 h of incubation. This species also demonstrated an anti-methanogenic potential, in particular when harvested in summer with a reduction in CH4 production of 26% compared with Rhodes grass hay after 72 h of incubation. At this time point, D. leptophyllus produced higher volatile fatty acids (VFA per g of organic matter fermented) compared with the other forages. This legume also reduced the CH4 production up to 36% compared with the Rhodes grass hay reference. However, D. leptophyllus showed lower IVD-OM. Overall, Desmanthus species produced lower in vitro CH4 and lower volatile fatty acids concentration compared with the reference grass hay. These effects may be due to presence of secondary compounds such as hydrolysable tannins, condensed tannins and/or their combination in Desmanthus species. The IVD-OM was influenced by the season after 72 h of incubation; the digestibility was higher in plants collected in spring. This study suggests that contrasting fermentative profiles in Desmanthus cultivars may offer the opportunity to reduce the greenhouse gas contribution of the beef industry. The next step in demonstration of these promising in vitro results is demonstration of Desmanthus in vivo as proof of concept confirming the productivity and CH4 reduction ability of these legumes in the pastoral systems of northern Australia.

Some effects of chloral hydrate on rumen fermentation and digestion in sheep

1982 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 215-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Mathers ◽  
E. L. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Chloral Hydrate ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Rumen Metabolism ◽  
Long Chain

SUMMARYTwo experiments were carried out with adult sheep to investigate the effects of chloral hydrate (CH) on rumen metabolism and on the sites and extent of digestion.Experiment 1 confirmed that CH is a very potent methane inhibitor; doses of 1 or 4 g/day reduced methane production to 4% of that observed in the absence of the drug. In both experiments, CH administration altered the proportions of volatile fatty acids in rumen fluid. The main changes were an increase in propionic acid and a decrease in acetic acid with smaller increases in the proportion of isovaleric, valeric and caproic acids. Stoichiometric calculations indicated that only 21% of the hydrogen saved by prevention of methanogenesis was diverted to the synthesis of additional propionic and butyric acids and the fate of the remaining hydrogen was not determined unequivocally.CH had little effect on the extent of biohydrogenation in the rumen of the long-chain fatty acids in dried grass.The apparent digestibility of ether extract was reduced (P< 0·05) by CH but those of other proximate constituents and energy were little affected. There were no s gnificant effects of CH on the extent of digestion of dry matter, organic matter, non-ammonia nitrogen or ash between the mouth and abomasum, abomasum and terminal ileum or ileum and anus.

scholarly journals Digestion of concentrate and of hay diets in the stomach and intestines of ruminants

1968 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Topps ◽  
R. N. B. Kay ◽  
E. D. Goodall ◽  
F. G. Whitelaw ◽  
R. S. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Fluid Volume ◽  
Digestible Energy

1. Two young steers, aged approximately 6 months and each fitted with a rumen and an abomasal cannula, were used to measure the flow of digesta to the abomasum over periods of 24 h. A diet of concentrates, at two levels, and a diet of hay cubes were given to the steers. Paper impregnated with chromium sesquioxide was inserted into the rumen twice daily.2. The amount of digesta passing to the abomasum and the output of faeces were measured and the values were adjusted to give 100% recovery of chromium sesquioxide. Measurements were also made of concentrations of plasma glucose, of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in both the rumen and abomasal fluid, and of rumen fluid volume and outflow.3. About 60–80% of the digestible dry matter and of the digestible energy of both diets disappeared from the forestomach (reticulo-rumen and omasum). The amounts of starch flowing through the abomasum differed little between diets and ranged from 29 to 77 g daily.4. The volume of rumen fluid did not differ consistently between diets, but the outflow of fluid from the rumen was considerably higher when hay was given.5. Diet had little influence on plasma glucose but affected the concentrations and molar proportions of VFA in the rumen fluid, and to a lesser extent in the abomasal fluid.

Effects of forage neutral detergent fibre and time after feeding on medial and ventral rumen pH and volatile fatty acids concentration in heifers fed highly digestible grass/clover silages

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 129 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. S. Schulze ◽  
A. C. Storm ◽  
M. R. Weisbjerg ◽  
P. Nørgaard
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Rumen Epithelium ◽  
Rumen Ph

The major microbial fermentation of forages and production of volatile fatty acids (VFA) takes place in the medial part of the rumen, whereas the absorption of VFA occurs through the rumen epithelium, for example the ventral sac. The objective was to study effects of forage neutral detergent fibre (NDF) content and time after feeding on the medial to ventral VFA and pH gradient as well as rumen motility in the rumen of heifers fed grass/clover silages. Four silages were harvested at different growth stages with NDF contents of 31–45% of DM and in vitro organic matter digestibilities of 75–82% and fed to four rumen-fistulated Jersey heifers at 90% of ad libitum level in a Latin square design, with half the ration fed at 0800 hours and 1530 hours. Rumen fluid was sampled hourly from 0730 hours to 1530 hours in the medial and ventral rumen, and analysed for pH and concentrations of VFA, L-lactic acid, and ammonia to assess ruminal chemical gradient. Reticular contractions were continuously recorded by a pressure transducer. Time relative to feeding affected rumen parameters as pH was generally lower and VFA content greater in medial compared with ventral rumen fluid. Greater NDF content of the silage caused lower VFA concentration and higher pH in the rumen mat, and therefore the gradient diminished at greater NDF content in the silages; an effect probably caused by reduced organic matter digestibility rather than digesta NDF properties. This study therefore suggests that VFA production decreased with greater NDF content of forages, whereas intra-ruminal equilibration increased.

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