A note on the effect of variation in crude protein level in diets for bacon pigs

1969 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 557-560
Author(s):  
D. J. A. Cole ◽  
J. R. Luscombe
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Significant Treatment ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Isocaloric Diets ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Conversion Efficiencies

SUMMARYThree treatments involving isocaloric diets with the same levels of lysine and methionine but different crude protein levels were imposed on pigs from 50 to 200 lb live weight. Significant treatment differences were obtained only during the period from 50 to 120 lb live weight when pigs on the 17% protein diet (barley+soya bean meal+white fish meal) had the fastest growth rates and best food conversion efficiencies and pigs on the 11% protein diet (barley only) were the poorest. Pigs fed barley alone also had the fattest carcasses.

Protein levels in practical diets for bacon pigs

1967 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-236
Author(s):  
C. D. Rickaby
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Farm Scale ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

1. The performance and profitability of growing-fattening bacon pigs on two diets, A and B, were compared in farm-scale trials at five centres involving a total of 94 pigs. Diet A contained normal amounts of white-fish meal, middlings and barley meal. Diet B was a cheap low-protein diet containing 90–95% barley meal and no wheat offals.2. The average crude protein contents of the diets were: diet A, weaner meal 17·2%, fattener meal 14·1% and diet B 14·8% and 12·1% respectively.3. The pigs on diet A had a daily live-weight gain 1·26 lb. and a food conversion ratio of 3·38 lb.; corresponding figures for the pigs on diet B were 1·22 lb. and 3·49 lb.The food costs of the pigs on diet B were lower by 10s. 10d. per pig; although the grading of these pigs was slightly poorer, the ultimate profit was 7s. 10d. greater per pig than for diet A.4. At a sixth centre, decorticated groundnut meal was used in diet B instead of soya bean meal; this had a marked adverse effect on the performance of the pigs and the profit was 18s. 3d. less per pig than for diet A.

A comparison of soya-bean, sunflower and fish meals as protein supplements for yearling cattle offered grass silage-based diets

1989 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. J. Steen
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Sunflower Meal ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

ABSTRACTTwo experiments were carried out to examine the relative value of soya-bean, sunflower and fish meals as protein supplements for growing beef cattle offered grass silage ad libitum. In each experiment, well preserved grass silage (116 and 119 g crude protein (CP) per kg dry matter (DM) and 69 and 76 g ammonia-N per kg total N in experiments 1 and 2 respectively) was supplemented with (1) barley (107 g CP per kg DM), (2) barley/soya-bean meal (224 g CP per kg DM), (3) barley/sunflower meal (223 g CP per kg DM) and (4) barley/fish meal (218 g CP per kg DM). Each of the supplements was offered at a rate of 1·3 kg per head daily to 32 British Friesian castrated male cattle (mean initial live weight 334 kg) n i each experiment. The treatments were imposed for 118 and 134 days in experiments 1 and 2 respectively and the animals were slaughtered 8 months after the end of the treatment periods. On average over the two experiments for supplements 1 to 4 respectively, silage DM intakes were 6·2, 6·3, 6·3 and 6·2 (s.e. 0·053) kg/day; live-weight gains 0·69, 0·78, 0·71 and 0·80 (s.e. 0·039) kg/day; carcass weights 375, 377, 377 and 374 (s.e. 8·1) kg, carcass fat classification (1 = leanest, 5 = fattest); 3·5, 3·5, 3·4 and 3·6 (s.e. 0·14) and areas of m. longissimus dorsi 19·8, 19·9, 19·7 and 19·3 (s.e. 0·66) mnv/kg carcass weight. It is concluded that when part of a barley supplement given in addition to well preserved grass silage was replaced with soya-bean, sunflower or fish meals, silage intake was not affected. The inclusion of fish meal in the diet increased live-weight gain by HOg/day and the response to soya-bean meal was 0·78 of the response to fish meal per unit of crude protein. Sunflower meal did not affect performance. The treatments did not affect carcass weight or fatness 8 months after the end of the treatment periods.

Protein supplementation of silage-based diets for calves

1985 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. J. Steen
Keyword(s):  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Vitamin Supplement ◽  
Total N ◽  
Concentrate Supplementation ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

AbstractTwo experiments were carried out to examine the effects on the intake and performance of calves of supplementing a diet, based on high-digestibility, well-preserved grass silage, with fish meal. The effects of fish-meal supplementation were examined at each of two amounts of concentrate intake (1·05 and 2·2 kg/day) in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Fish meal was offered at a rate of 75 g/kg silage dry-matter (DM) intake. Experiments 1 and 2 involved 36 and 40 castrated male calves, respectively, which were initially 7 weeks old and had a live weight of 70 kg. The treatments were imposed for 20 weeks. The silages used in the two experiments had mean concentrations of 22-8 g nitrogen (N) per kg DM; 524 g protein N per kg total N; 59 g ammonia N per kg total N; 0·4 g butyric acid per kg DM; and 712 g digestible organic matter per kg DM. The concentrate consisted of (g/kg) 800 ground barley, 125 soya bean meal, 50 molasses and 25 mineral and vitamin supplement, respectively, and contained 29 g N per kg DM. Silage DM intakes and live-weight gains for the low and high amounts of concentrate supplementation were 1·93 and 1·46 (s.e. 0·055) kg/day and 0·84 and 1·01 (s.e. 0·013) kg/day respectively. The supplement of fish meal did not affect silage DM intake or animal performance for either concentrate intake. Proportionately, only 0·21 of the difference in live weight at the end of the treatment periods between the two amounts of concentrate intake remained at slaughter at 18 months of age. It is concluded that the optimum growth rate for autumn-born calves during their first winter can be sustained by a diet of high-digestibility grass silage supplemented with a maximum of 1·0 kg cereal-soya bean meal concentrate and that no response in performance was obtained to supplementation of this diet with fish meal.

Response of fast growing lambs to compound protein level

1991 ◽  
Vol 1991 ◽  
pp. 85-85
Author(s):  
J S Blake ◽  
T D A Brigstocke ◽  
P J Kenyon
Keyword(s):  
Financial Support ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Development Unit ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Market Needs ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Lamb Growth

Reduction of the financial support by the EC to sheep farmers has highlighted the need for lamb fattening diets which can adjust the rate of lamb growth, depending on market needs. A trial was run at BOCM SILCOCK Development Unit, Barhill using 144 Texel and Suffolk x Mule lambs, with a mean start weight of 18.6 ± 0.50 kg (mean ± SE). Lambs were divided into 24 pens and allocated one of four compound diets (Diets A, B, C or D). The diets were designed to be isoenergetic with an estimated energy of 11.4 MJ ME/kg DM and contained 138, 172, 206 and 250 g crude protein/kg DM. Protein levels were increased by increasing soya bean meal inclusion from 0 to 25% and reducing barley and wheat levels.Formulations and actual analysis are shown in Table 1. Lambs were bedded on barley straw refreshed daily, with compound diets and water available ad-lib.

scholarly journals Phosphorus studies in pigs

1993 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 289-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. P. Ketaren ◽  
E. S. Batterham ◽  
E. Belinda Dettmann ◽  
D. J. Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Bending Moment ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
P Availability ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Slope Ratio ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

Two experiments were conducted (1) to determine the effects of phytase (EC 3.1.3.26) on the digestibility and availability of P in soya-bean meal for growing pigs and (2) to compare growth v. digestibility variables for assessing the availability of P. In the first experiment the effect of phytase on P availability was assessed in a growth assay using a slope–ratio design of treatments. Two different levels of either monosodium phosphate (MSP) or soya-bean meal were added to a basal sugar–soya-bean-meal diet (2·5 g P/kg) to give two levels of P (g/kg): 3·25 and 4·0 for each source. An additional five diets were supplemented with phytase. The ten diets were offered ad lib. for 35 d to female pigs initially weighing 20 kg live weight. In addition, the relative effectiveness of different variables for assessing P availability were compared: bone bending moment, ash in various bones, and ash and P in the empty body. The addition of phytase increased growth rate (g/d) (741 v. 835; P < 0·05), lowered the food conversion ratio (2·37 v. 2·16; P < 0·01), and increased protein deposition (g/d) (108 v. 123; P < 0·05), protein retention (kg/kg) (0·33 v. 0·36; P < 0·05), energy retention (MJ gross energy/MJ digestible energy) (0·36 v. 0·38; P < 0·05) and the availability of P in soya-bean meal from 0·11 to 0·69 when bone bending moment was the criterion of availability. All other criteria for assessing availability were unsuitable. In the second experiment the availability of (P) in soya-bean meal was assessed in a digestibility experiment with grower pigs using diets 1–5 as for Expt 1 arranged in a slope–ratio design of treatments. In addition, the effects of phytase supplementation on the apparent digestibility of P, dry matter, crude protein (N × 6·25) and energy were determined. The diets were offered at three times maintenance energy requirements to male pigs initially weighing approximately 30 kg live weight and total collection of faeces was conducted over a 10 d period. The availability of P in the soya-bean meal was 0·66 using digestible P intake as the criterion of response. The apparent digestibility of P in soya-bean meal was 0·42. Phytase supplementation increased the apparent digestibility of soya-bean meal P to 0·69 (P < 0·01) but had no effect on the faecal digestibility of dry matter or crude protein. Overall these experiments indicate that (1) estimates of P digestibility and availability were unlikely to be interchangeable and (2) phytase was effective in releasing much of the bound P in soya-bean meal.

The effect of milk substitute input during calfhood on the lifetime performance of beef cattle

1991 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. J. Steen
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Milk Powder ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Lifetime Performance ◽  
Milk Substitute ◽  
Milk Substitutes ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

ABSTRACTThree randomized-block experiments involving 87 British Friesian, 18 Simmental × Friesian and 18 Hereford × Friesian, artificially reared calves (mean initial live weight 47 kg and age 9 days), were carried out to examine the effects of the quantity of milk substitute consumed on the lifetime performance of beef cattle. The three treatments were (1) 400 g milk powder per head daily, weaned at 42 days of age (2) ad libitum intake of milk powder, weaned at 42 days and (3) ad libitum intake of milk powder, weaned at 60 days. All calves were individually penned and fed until after weaning; those on treatment 1 were bucket fed twice daily, while those on treatments 2 and 3 sucked the milk from 25·1 containers through artificial teats. They were offered a pelleted, barley/soya-bean meal concentrate (197 g crude protein per kg dry matter (DM)) ad libitum from purchase until intake reached a maximum of 2·7 kg per head daily, and well preserved grass silage ad libitum from 6 weeks of age. Three commercial, skimmed milk-based, acidified milk substitutes (242 and 187 g crude protein and oil per kg respectively) were used. Intakes of milk substitute, concentrate DM and silage DM per calf to 12 weeks of age for treatments 1 to 3 respectively were as follows: 13·0, 39·7 and 54·8 (s.e. 1·67) kg; 88, 73 and 58 (s.e. 1·5) kg and 9·4, 10·6 and 11·2 (s.e. 0·23) kg. Live-weight gains to 12 weeks of age and carcass weights adjusted to 19 months of age were 0·71, 0·82 and 0·84 (s.e. 0·026) kg/day and 335, 340 and 341 (s.e. 3·8) kg. It is concluded that increasing the input of milk substitute above 400 g per head daily until 6 weeks of age produced only a small and uneconomic increase in the lifetime performance of beef cattle.

Nitrogen retention in growing lambs fed pelleted diets diluted with cereal straw

1989 ◽  
Vol 1989 ◽  
pp. 163-163
Author(s):  
C. Castrillo ◽  
J. Balcells ◽  
J.A. Guada ◽  
M. Fondevilla
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Cereal Straw ◽  
Dietary Concentration ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Effect Of Feeding

There is evidence that in growing lambs, net nitrogen requirements are affected by breed, sex, weight and level of feeding but little is known about the effect of dietary concentration. The purpose of the present experiment was to examine the effect of feeding straw diluted diets on nitrogen retention in Rasa Aragonesa lambs from weaning to slaughter.Eight male lambs, 40-45 days old and 12.3 ± 0.47 kg live weight, were allocated to one of two pelleted diets containing 6 (C) or 23 (D) percent of barley straw and barley, soya bean meal and fish meal to give a crude protein content of 193 (C) and 186 (D) g/ kg dry matter. Both diets were fed ad libitum and nitrogen balances were carried out at 14, 21 and 29 kg live weight. For diet C at the last weight only the balance of two lambs was recorded.The results are shown in table 1. Although the digestible organic matter (DOM) content was higher (P ≤ 0.005) for diet C (690 g/kg DM) than for diet D (606 g/kg DM), DOM intake was not significantly affected by dietary dilution. Nitrogen retention was higher at the lowest live weight for both diets and decreased at each live weight with dietary dilution (P ≤ 0.005). No significant period x diet interaction was found.

Response of the african catfish Clarias gariepinus, Burchell 1822 to diets of comercially and locally formulated fish feed in relation to cost benefits

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-99
Author(s):  
J.R. Solomon ◽  
I.A. Abawale
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
African Catfish ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

The growth performance of catfish Clarias gariepinus using imported feeds and locally made feeds of the same crude protein were compared. C. gariepinus (mean weight 12.8g) juvenile were reared in cages for a period of 12 weeks on different feed. Two imported feeds (skretting and copens) were purchased and two local feeds (corresponding to treatment) were compounded to contain the same level of crude protein. Locally ingredients used are maize, fish meal, groundnut cake, soya bean meal, bone meal, lysine, methionine, premix, vegetable oil, salt but varying fish meal and soya bean meal as follows, treatment 1- (11.38% to 7.5%), treatment 2-(7.5% to 11.38%) respectively. The pelleted feeds were fed at the rate of 5% of the fish biomass. The growth response was assessed in terms of daily weight gain, relative weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, mortality and survival rate. The results showed that the two local feeds promoted positive growth, implying that the use of different levels fish meal and soya bean meal (11.38% and 7.5%) favoured culture of juvenile C. gariepinus.Key Words, Clarias gariepinus, diet, fish feed, formulation, growth

The nutrition of the bacon pig: VI. The minimum level of protein intake consistent with quick growth and satisfactory carcass quality (Part III)

1941 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 232-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. E. Woodman ◽  
R. E. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Minimum Level ◽  
Significant Extent ◽  
Rich Food ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Present Trial ◽  
Protein Rich

It has been shown that a diet supplying, in addition to barley meal, weatings and 2% of lucerne meal, 5% of fish meal up to 90 lb. live weight, 2% from 90 to 150 lb. and no protein-rich food from 150 lb. to slaughter at about 200 lb. live weight, will give almost as good results, from the standpoints of mean daily live-weight increase and efficiency of food conversion over the whole period as one that provides 10% of fish meal from weaning to 150 lb. and 5% of a protein-rich food such as ex. soya bean meal from 150 to 200 lb. live weight. The small differences noted in the present trial were not statistically significant. It is true that the reduction of the fish meal supply to 5% or less retards to a significant extent the rate of growth up to 90 lb. live weight, but this initial setback, according to the results of this and the writers' previous investigations, tends to be wiped out during the later stages of feeding.Further, a diet supplying, in addition to cereal, weatings and a small proportion of lucerne meal, as little as 2% of fish meal up to 90 lb. live weight and no protein-rich food at all thereafter has been shown to give results that are not seriously inferior, particularly when viewed against the background of wartime conditions, to those obtained on the standard diet. In this treatment, the protein required for growth beyond 90 lb. live weight was supplied by a diet of barley meal and weatings reinforced by 2% of lucerne meal.

Soya bean meal, crystalline urea, and a urea, mineral and vitamin solution as nitrogen sources for lactating ewes given whole oats

1980 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-305
Author(s):  
Jean M. Bass ◽  
G. Fishwick ◽  
J. J. Parkins
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Liquid Product ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Crystalline Urea ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

ABSTRACTFifty-one ewes with single lambs and 87 ewes suckling twin lambs (mean ewe live weight, 67 kg) were given a basal diet of 1·0kg hay and 1·0kg whole oats, providing approximately 16·7MJ metabolizable energy and lOOg digestible crude protein per day. Three supplements (A, B and C), providing an additional 45 g digestible crude protein, were compared. Supplement A consisted of 40 g of a fully-soluble liquid product (LS) containing urea, (equivalent to 1090g crude protein per kg), minerals and vitamins; B was 16g urea with solid minerals and vitamins; and C was 125g soya bean meal given in substitution for the same amount of whole oats plus solid minerals and vitamins. The growth rate to 6 weeks for single lambs (11 kg) was unaffected by treatment. For twin lambs the growth rates were 7·5kg (LS), 7·1kg (crystalline urea), 7·8kg (soya) and 6·4k g (unsupplemented) (s.e. of mean = 0·31 kg). Ewes with twin lambs given crystalline urea or LS lost more live weight (approximately 1·04kg) than those given soya (6·6kg) over the first 6 weeks of lactation. The maintenance of normal concentrations of calcium and phosphorus in the blood of ewes suggested that the low total intakes of approximately 4·1 g calcium and 4·7 g phosphorus by the ewes were not inadequate.

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