scholarly journals The physical state of a meal affects hormone release and postprandial thermogenesis

2000 ◽  
Vol 83 (6) ◽  
pp. 623-628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maddalena Peracchi ◽  
Alessandra Santangelo ◽  
Dario Conte ◽  
Mirella Fraquelli ◽  
Rosalia Tagliabue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Physical State ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Metabolic Responses ◽  
Liquid Form ◽  
Gastric Emptying Rate ◽  
Diet Induced Thermogenesis ◽  
Insulinotropic Peptide ◽  
Solid Liquid ◽  
Postprandial Thermogenesis

There is evidence that food consistency may influence postprandial physiological responses. Recently we found that homogenization of a vegetable-rich meal significantly delayed the gastric emptying rate and was more satiating than the same meal in solid–liquid form. In this present study we investigated whether homogenization also influences endocrine and metabolic responses to the meal. Eight healthy men, aged 21–28 (mean 24·5) years, were given the meal (cooked vegetables 250 g, cheese 35 g, croutons 50 g and olive oil 25 g, with water 300 ml; total energy 2·6 MJ) in both solid–liquid (SM) and homogenized (HM) form, in random order, at 1-week intervals. Variables assayed were plasma glucose, insulin and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) levels for 2 h and diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) for 5 h. Plasma glucose pattern was similar after both meals. However, HM induced significantly greater insulin, GIP and DIT responses than SM. Mean integrated areas under the curves (AUC) were 1·7 (SEM 0·38) V. 1·2 (sem 0·33) U/l per 120 min (P = 0·005) for insulin, 19·9 (sem 2·44) v. 16 (sem 1·92) nmol/l per 120 min (P = 0·042) for GIP, and 237·7 (sem 16·32) v. 126·4 (sem 23·48) kJ/300 min (P = 0·0029) for DIT respectively. Differences between GIP-AUC after HM and SM correlated significantly with differences between insulin-AUC after HM and SM (r2 0·62, P = 0·021). These findings demonstrate that homogenization of a meal results in a coordinated series of changes of physiological gastroentero–pancreatic functions and confirm that the physical state of the meal plays an important role in modulating endocrine and metabolic responses to food.

scholarly journals Physical state of meal affects gastric emptying, cholecystokinin release and satiety

1998 ◽  
Vol 80 (6) ◽  
pp. 521-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Santangelo ◽  
M. Peracchi ◽  
D. Conte ◽  
M. Fraquelli ◽  
M. Porrini
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Physical State ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Gastric Emptying Rate ◽  
Plasma Cholecystokinin ◽  
Influence Of Food ◽  
Gastric Emptying Time ◽  
Solid Liquid ◽  
Desire To Eat ◽  
Antral Area

To verify the influence of food consistency on satiety mechanisms we evaluated the effects of the same meal in solid–liquid (SM) and homogenized (HM) form on satiety sensation, gastric emptying rate and plasma cholecystokinin (CCK) concentration. Eight healthy men, aged 21-28 (mean 24·5) years were given two meals (cooked vegetables 250 g, cheese 35 g, croutons 50 g and olive oil 25 g, total energy 2573 kJ, with water 300 ml) differing only in physical state: SM and HM. The subjects consumed the meals in randomized order on non-consecutive days. The sensations of fullness, satiety and desire to eat were evaluated by means of a questionnaire, gastric emptying was assessed by ultrasonographic measurement of antral area, and plasma CCK concentration was measured by radioimmunoassay. The vegetable-rich meal was significantly more satiating (P< 0·05) when in the HM form than when eaten in a SM state. Furthermore, the overall gastric emptying time was significantly slowed (255 (sem11) min after HMv.214 (sem12) min after SM;P< 0·05) and CCK peak occurred later (94 (sem12) min after HMv.62 (sem11) min after SM; NS) when the food was consumed in the HM form. Independently of the type of meal, antral area was significantly related to fullness sensations (r20·46,P= 0·004). These results demonstrate that meal consistency is an important physical food characteristic which influences both gastric emptying rate and satiety sensation. Moreover, the relationship observed between antral area and fullness sensation confirms that antral distension plays a part in the regulation of eating behaviour.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Intermittent and Continuous Exercise Bouts at Different Intensities on Appetite and Postprandial Metabolic Responses in Healthy Men

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 2370
Author(s):  
Lewis R Mattin ◽  
Victoria J McIver ◽  
Adora Mo Wah Yau ◽  
Lewis J James ◽  
Gethin H Evans
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Metabolic Responses ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Solid Meal ◽  
Gastric Emptying Rate ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Healthy Men ◽  
Post Trial ◽  
Meal Ingestion

Exercise intensity affects many potential postprandial responses, but there is limited information on the influence of exercise modality. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate if the nature of exercise at two different intensities would affect gastric emptying rate (GER), appetite and metabolic responses following ingestion of a semi-solid meal. Twelve healthy men completed, in a random order, four 60-min cycles at 60% VO2peak (MOD), 40% VO2peak (LOW) and in a continuous (CON) or intermittent (INT) manner. INT consisted of 20 × 1-min exercise bouts with 2-min rest breaks. INT and CON were matched for total work output at each intensity. GER of the post-exercise meal was measured for 2 h using the 13C-breath method. Blood glucose, substrate utilisation and appetite ratings were measured at regular intervals throughout all trials and 24-h energy intake (EI) post-trials was assessed. GER-Delta over Baseline (DOB) was lower (p < 0.05) on MOD-INT vs. MOD-CON from 30–120 min post-meal. Blood glucose was higher mid-exercise (p < 0.05) on MOD-INT vs. MOD-CON. Although post-exercise LOW-CON was significantly higher than LOW-INT (p < 0.05), blood glucose was also higher 30-min post-meal ingestion on both CON trials compared to INT (p < 0.001). No interaction effect was observed for perceived appetite responses 2 h after meal ingestion (all p > 0.05). 24-h post-trial EI was similar between LOW-CON vs. LOW-INT (p > 0.05), although MOD-INT vs. MOD-CON 3500 ± 1419 vs. 2556 ± 989 kCal: p < 0.001 was elevated. In summary, MOD-INT exercise delays GER without stimulating perceived appetite in the 2 h period after meal ingestion, although EI was greater in the 24-h post-trial.

scholarly journals The acute effects of olive oil v. cream on postprandial thermogenesis and substrate oxidation in postmenopausal women

2004 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Soares ◽  
S. J. Cummings ◽  
J. C. L. Mamo ◽  
M. Kenrick ◽  
L. S. Piers
Keyword(s):  
Olive Oil ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Paired Comparison ◽  
Virgin Olive Oil ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Extra Virgin Olive Oil ◽  
Substrate Oxidation ◽  
Oxidation Rates ◽  
Diet Induced Thermogenesis ◽  
Postprandial Thermogenesis

The influence of the source of dietary fat on postprandial thermogenesis and substrate oxidation rates, was examined in twelve postmenopausal women aged 57–73 years, with BMI 21·9–38·3 kg/m2. A single blind, randomised, paired comparison of two high-fat, isoenergetic, mixed test meals was conducted. The major source of fat was either cream (CREAM) or extra virgin olive oil (EVOO). RMR, diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) and substrate oxidation rates over 5 h were measured by indirect calorimetry. There were no differences in body weight, RMR, fasting carbohydrate or fat oxidation rates between the two occasions. DIT (EVOO 97 (sd 46) v. CREAM 76 (sd 69) kJ/5 h and EVOO 5·2 (sd 2·5) v. CREAM 4·1 (sd 3·7)% energy) did not differ between the two test meals. The postprandial increase in carbohydrate oxidation rates, relative to their respective fasting values (ΔCOX), was significantly lower following the EVOO meal (EVOO 10·6 (sd 8·3) v. CREAM 17·5 (sd 10) g/5 h; paired t test, P=0·023), while postprandial fat oxidation rates (ΔFOX) were significantly higher (EVOO 0·0 (sd 4·4) v. CREAM -3·6 (sd 4·0) g/5 h; P=0·028). In the eight obese subjects, however, DIT was significantly higher following the EVOO meal (EVOO 5·1 (sd 2·0) v. CREAM 2·5 (sd 2·9) %; P=0·01). This was accompanied by a significantly lower ΔCOX (EVOO 10·9 (sd 9·9) v. CREAM 17·3 (sd 10·5) g/5 h; P=0·03) and significantly higher ΔFOX (EVOO 0·11 (sd 4·4) v. CREAM −4·1 (sd 4·5) g/5 h, P=0·034). The present study showed that olive oil significantly promoted postprandial fat oxidation and stimulated DIT in abdominally obese postmenopausal women.

Breaking up sitting time after stroke (BUST-stroke)

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 921-931 ◽  
Author(s):  
Coralie English ◽  
Heidi Janssen ◽  
Gary Crowfoot ◽  
Robin Callister ◽  
Ashlee Dunn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Recurrent Stroke ◽  
Blood Glucose Control ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Sitting Time ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Intensity Physical Activity

Objectives People with stroke sit for long periods each day, which may compromise blood glucose control and increase risk of recurrent stroke. Studies in other populations have found regular activity breaks have a significant immediate (within-day) positive effect on glucose metabolism. We examined the effects of breaking up uninterrupted sitting with frequent, short bouts of light-intensity physical activity in people with stroke on post-prandial plasma glucose and insulin. Methods Randomized within-participant crossover trial. We included people between 3 months and 10 years post-stroke, ambulant with minimal assistance and not taking diabetic medication other than metformin. The three experimental conditions (completed in random order) were: sitting for 8 h uninterrupted, sitting with 3 min bouts of light-intensity exercise while standing every 30 min, or sitting with 3 min of walking every 30 min. Meals were standardized and bloods were collected half- to one-hourly via an intravenous cannula. Results A total of 19 participants (9 female, mean [SD] age 68.2 [10.2]) completed the trial. The majority ( n = 12, 63%) had mild stroke symptoms (National Institutes of Stroke Scale score 0–13). There was no significant effect of experimental condition on glucose (mean [SD] positive incremental area [+iAUC] mmol·L·h-1 under the curve during sitting 42.3 [29.5], standing 47.4 [23.1], walking 44.6 [26.5], p = 0.563) or insulin (mean + iAUC pmol·L·h-1 sitting 14,161 [7,560], standing 14,043 [8,312], walking 14,008 [8,269], p = 0.987). Conclusion Frequent, short bouts of light-intensity physical activity did not have a significant effect on post-prandial plasma glucose and insulin in this sample of people with stroke. Further studies are needed to identify strategies that improve inactivity-related glucose metabolism after stroke.

scholarly journals Glucose–insulin relationships and thyroid status of cockerels selected for high or low residual food consumption

2000 ◽  
Vol 83 (6) ◽  
pp. 645-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-François Gabarrou ◽  
Pierre Andre Geraert ◽  
John Williams ◽  
Laurent Ruffier ◽  
Nicole Rideau
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Insulin Concentration ◽  
Glucose Disposal ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Thyroid Status ◽  
Plasma Insulin Concentration ◽  
Diet Induced Thermogenesis

The plasma glucose–insulin relationships and thyroid status were investigated in two lines of adult cockerels divergently selected for high (R+) or low (R-) residual food consumption (RFC). For a given body weight, R+ birds had a 74 % higher food intake than R- birds. Plasma glucose concentrations were significantly lower in the R+ line compared with the R- when fasted, whereas R+ birds exhibited a significantly lower plasma insulin concentration than R- birds either in fed or fasted state. After an overnight fast, R+ birds also exhibited a higher sensitivity to exogenous insulin in view of its more pronounced hypoglycaemic effect. After an oral glucose load, the glucose disposal of R+ cockerels was faster despite lower glucose-induced plasma insulin concentration. Whilst plasma triacylglycerol concentrations were lower in the R+ line when fed, plasma non-esterified fatty acid concentrations were higher in fasted R+ than R- cockerels (684v.522 μmol/l). Higher plasma triiodothyronine concentrations were observed in fed R+ compared with R- birds (3·0v.2·1 nmol/l respectively). The higher plasma concentrations of triiodothyronine associated with lower concentrations of insulin could account for the leanness and the elevated diet-induced thermogenesis previously observed in the R+ line.

scholarly journals Alcohol and its acute effects on resting metabolic rate and diet-induced thermogenesis

1990 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 413-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan A. Weststrate ◽  
Ingrid Wunnink ◽  
Paul Deurenberg ◽  
Joseph G. A. J. Hautvast
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Resting Energy Expenditure ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Systematic Difference ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Diet Induced Thermogenesis ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Thermic Effect

The impact of alcohol (ethanol) on resting energy expenditure of male non-obese volunteers was determined in two studies. In the first study the thermic effect of alcohol on resting metabolic rate (RMR) was assessed in ten male non-obese volunteers. In the second study the impact of alcohol on diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) was determined in twelve male non-obese volunteers. Energy expenditure was measured with a ventilated-hood system. RMR was measured for 60 min with the subjects in a fasting state. In the first study subjects received in random order 20 g alcohol in concentrations of 75, 180 and 300 ml/I water respectively. After measurement of the RMR the thermic effect of alcohol was measured for 90 min. In the second study volunteers received in random order and in duplicate either a meal of food (2 MJ) plus an alcoholic aperitif (20 g alcohol in a 180 ml/1 solution) or an isoenergetic meal of food alone (2.55 MJ) plus a placebo aperitif containing no alcohol. DIT was measured for 240 min. Alcohol induced a significant thermic effect, which varied between 0.22 and 0.30 kJ/min. No systematic difference in DIT was observed among the different concentrations. DIT was not significantly affected by the ingestion of alcohol. Total DIT was 219 (SE 14) kJ for the alcohol treatment and 185 (SE 20) kJ for the control treatment. The results do not support the suggestion that alcohol is less efficiently used as an energy source in comparison with, for example, fats and carbohydrates.

Glycemic and Insulinemic Response to Preexercise Carbohydrate Feedings

1994 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
John G. Seifert ◽  
Greg L. Paul ◽  
Dennis E. Eddy ◽  
Robert Murray
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Glucose Solution ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Metabolic Responses ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Baseline Values ◽  
Glucose Plasma ◽  
Insulinemic Response

The effects of preexercise hyperinsulinemia on exercising plasma glucose, plasma insulin, and metabolic responses were assessed during 50 min cycling at 62%. Subjects were fed a 6% sucrose/glucose solution (LCHO) or a 20% maltodextrin/glucose solution (HCHO) to induce changes in plasma insulin. During exercise, subjects assessed perceived nauseousness and lightheadedness. By the start of exercise, plasma glucose and plasma insulin had increased. In the LCHO trial, plasma glucose values significantly decreased below the baseline value at 30 min of exercise. However, by 40 min, exercise plasma glucose and insulin values were similar to the baseline value. Exercise plasma glucose and insulin did not differ from baseline values in the HCHO trial. Ingestion of LCHO or HCHO was not associated with nausea or lightheadedness. It was concluded that the hyperinsulinemia induced by preexercise feediigs of CHO did not result in frank hypoglycemia or adversely affect sensory or physiological responses during 50 min of moderate-intensity cycling.

Mechanism, temporal patterns, and magnitudes of the metabolic responses to the KATP channel agonist diazoxide

2005 ◽  
Vol 288 (1) ◽  
pp. E80-E85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bharathi Raju ◽  
Philip E. Cryer
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Temporal Patterns ◽  
Metabolic Responses ◽  
Nonesterified Fatty Acid ◽  
Nonesterified Fatty Acids ◽  
C Peptide

To assess the mechanism, temporal patterns, and magnitudes of the metabolic responses to the ATP-dependent potassium channel agonist diazoxide, neuroendocrine and metabolic responses to intravenous diazoxide (saline, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg) and oral diazoxide (placebo, 4.0 and 6.0 mg/kg) were assessed in healthy young adults. Intravenous diazoxide produced rapid, but transient, decrements ( P = 0.0023) in plasma insulin (e.g., nadirs of 2.8 ± 0.5 and 1.8 ± 0.3 μU/ml compared with 7.0 ± 1.0 μU/ml after saline at 4.0–7.5 min) and C-peptide ( P = 0.0228) associated with dose-related increments in plasma glucose ( P = 0.0044) and serum nonesterified fatty acids ( P < 0.0001). After oral diazoxide, plasma insulin appeared to decline, as did C-peptide, again associated with dose-related increments in plasma glucose ( P < 0.0001) and serum nonesterified fatty acids ( P = 0.0141). Plasma glucagon, as well as cortisol and growth hormone, was not altered. Plasma epinephrine increased ( P = 0.0215) slightly only after intravenous diazoxide. There were dose-related increments in plasma norepinephrine ( P = 0.0038 and P = 0.0005, respectively), undoubtedly reflecting a compensatory sympathetic neural response to vasodilation produced by diazoxide, but these would not raise plasma glucose or serum nonesterified fatty acid levels. Thus selective suppression of insulin secretion, without stimulation of glucagon secretion, raised plasma glucose and serum nonesterified fatty acid concentrations. These findings define the temporal patterns and magnitudes of the metabolic responses to diazoxide and underscore the primacy of regulated insulin secretion in the physiological regulation of postabsorptive carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.

Strategies for Hydration and Energy Provision during Soccer-Specific Exercise

2005 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 625-640 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.D. Clarke ◽  
B. Drust ◽  
D.P.M. MacLaren ◽  
T. Reilly
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Metabolic Responses ◽  
Specific Exercise ◽  
Sports Drink ◽  
Specific Protocol ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Experimental Trials

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of manipulating the provision of sports drink during soccer-specific exercise on metabolism and performance. Soccer players (N = 12) performed a soccer-specific protocol on three occasions. On two, 7 mL/kg carbohydrate-electrolyte (CHOv) or placebo (PLA) solutions were ingested at 0 and 45 min. On a third, the same total volume of carbohydrate-electrolyte was consumed (CHOf) in smaller volumes at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 75 min. Plasma glucose, glycerol, non-esterified free fatty acids (NEFA), cortisol, and CHO oxidation were not significantly different between CHOv and CHOf (P > 0.05). Sprint power was not significantly affected (P > 0.05) by the experimental trials. This study demonstrates when the total volume of carbohydrate consumed is equal, manipulating the timing and volume of ingestion elicits similar metabolic responses without affecting exercise performance.

scholarly journals Replacement of digestible by resistant starch lowers diet-induced thermogenesis in healthy men

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Louise A. Heijnen ◽  
Paul Deurenberg ◽  
Johan M. M. Van Amelsvoort ◽  
Anton C. Beynen
Keyword(s):  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Potato Starch ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Postprandial Glucose ◽  
Colonic Fermentation ◽  
Raw Starch ◽  
Pregelatinized Starch ◽  
Single Meal ◽  
Diet Induced Thermogenesis ◽  
Insulin Responses

The present study describes the effect of replacement of digestible starch by resistant starch (RS) on diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT), postprandial glucose and insulin responses, and colonic fermentation. Ten healthy males consumed three test meals, consisting of diluted, artificially-sweetened fruit syrup and either 50 g raw potato starch (550 g RS/kg), or 50 g pregelatinized potato starch (0 g RS/kg) or 30 g pregelatinized potato starch plus 20 g lactulose (670 g indigestible disaccharide/kg). The meals were served in the morning after an overnight fast. Each volunteer consumed each meal twice on six separate days in random order. Metabolic rate was measured by indirect calorimetry in the fasting state for 15 min and postprandially for 5 h. Shortly before and hourly up to 7 h after consumption of the test meal, end-expiratory breath samples were obtained for H2 and CH4 analysis. Shortly before the meal and 30, 60, 180, and 300 min postprandiaily, blood samples were taken for glucose and insulin analyses. Postprandial increases in glucose and insulin levels were proportional to the amount of digestible carbohydrate in the meal. Breath H2 and CH4 concentrations indicated that the pregelatinized starch was not fermented and that lactulose was fermented rapidly. Fermentation of the raw starch started only 6 to 7 h after consumption, resulting in a rise in breath H2 but not in CH4. The replacement of 27 g digestible starch by RS in a single meal lowered DIT by on average 90 kJ/5 h, as could also be calculated by assuming that RS does not contribute to DIT. The ingestion of lactulose resulted in a substantial rise in DIT which was most probably caused by its fermentation.

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