Energy intake from human milk covers the requirement of 6-month-old Senegalese exclusively breast-fed infants

Exclusive breast-feeding until 6 months is advised by the WHO as the best practice to feed infants. Yet, some studies have suggested a gap between energy requirements and the energy provided by human milk for many infants at 6 months. In order to assess the adequacy of WHO recommendations in 6-month-old Senegalese lactating infants, a comprehensive study was designed to measure human milk intake by the dose-to-the mother 2H2O turnover method. Infants' energy intakes were calculated using daily breast milk intake and the energy content of milk was estimated on the basis of creamatocrit. Of the fifty-nine mother–infant pairs enrolled, fifteen infants were exclusively breast-fed (Ex) while forty-four were partially breast-fed (Part). Infants' breast milk intake was significantly higher in the Ex group (993 (sd 135) g/d, n 15) compared with the Part group (828 (sd 222) g/d, n 44, P= 0·009). Breast milk energy content as well as infants' growth was comparable in both groups. However, infants' energy intake from human milk was significantly higher (364 (sd 50) kJ/kg per d (2586 (sd 448) kJ/d)) in the Ex group than in the Part group (289 (sd 66) kJ/kg per d (2150 (sd 552) kJ/d), P< 0·01). Compared with WHO recommendations, the results demonstrate that energy intake from breast milk was low in partially breast-fed infants while exclusively breast-fed 6-month-old Senegalese infants received adequate energy from human milk alone, the most complete food for infants. Therefore, advocacy of exclusive breast-feeding until 6 months should be strengthened.

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Is there any difference between the iodine statuses of breast-fed and formula-fed infants and their mothers in an area with iodine sufficiency?

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114518000351 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 119 (9) ◽

pp. 1012-1018 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Pantea Nazeri ◽

Hosein Dalili ◽

Yadollah Mehrabi ◽

Mehdi Hedayati ◽

Parvin Mirmiran ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Breast Feeding ◽

Urinary Iodine ◽

Iodine Concentration ◽

Formula Feeding ◽

Exclusive Breast Feeding ◽

Feeding Group ◽

Feeding Type ◽

Breast Fed ◽

Iodine Sufficiency

AbstractDespite substantial progress in the global elimination of iodine deficiency, lactating mothers and their infants remain susceptible to insufficient iodine intake. This cross-sectional study was conducted to compare iodine statuses of breast-fed and formula-fed infants and their mothers at four randomly selected health care centres in Tehran. Healthy infants <3 months old and their mothers were randomly selected for inclusion in this study. Iodine was measured in urine and breast milk samples from each infant and mother as well as commercially available infant formula. The study included 124 postpartum mothers (29·2 (sd 4·9) years old) and their infants (2·0 (sd 0·23) months old). The iodine concentrations were 50–184 µg/l for infant formula, compared with a median breast milk iodine concentration (BMIC) of 100 µg/l in the exclusive breast-feeding group and 122 µg/l in the partial formula feeding group. The median values for urinary iodine concentration in the exclusive breast-feeding group were 183 µg/l (interquartile range (IQR) 76–285) for infants and 78 µg/l (IQR 42–145) for mothers, compared with 140 µg/l (IQR 68–290) for infants and 87 µg/l (IQR 44–159) for mothers in the formula feeding group. These differences were not statistically significant. After adjustment for BMIC, ANCOVA revealed that feeding type (exclusive breast-feeding v. partial formula feeding) did not significantly affect the infants’ or mother’s urinary iodine levels. Thus, in an area with iodine sufficiency, there was no difference in the iodine statuses of infants and mothers according to their feeding type.

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Exclusive Breast Feeding Practice: A Time Point Study on Mothers of Under-six Months Child

Journal of Medical Science & Research ◽

10.47648/jmsr.2012.v1902.04 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 19 (Number 2) ◽

pp. 18-25

Author(s):

Md. S Anwar ◽

A Mazid

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Breast Feeding ◽

Print Media ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Common Source ◽

Feeding Practice ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Exclusive Breast Feeding ◽

Breast Fed ◽

Time Point

Exclusive beeasdeeding up to tlw completion of the sixth month of age is the national infant keding recommendation for Bangladesh. Across-sectional study was conducted in the Holy Family Red Crescent Medical Hospital. Dhaka to explore current knowledge, attitudes. skills and practices regarding optimistic exclusive breastkeding among the mothers of under 6 months child. Overall 56% of children are breastfed within one hour of birth. Although about 86% of the respmulents knew the importance of breastfeeding and different electronic and print media played as most common source (33%) of information. Only 17% of the respondent among whom practicing breasifeeding for their babies gave breast milk 4-6 times in 24 hours. Majority of the newborn babies (71%) were given breast milk as first keeling. Insufficiency of breast milk and tradition were identified as tiro factors that influenced to initiaw pre-lacteal feeding. In most cases. mother-in-laws (50%) initiated the feeding followed by their own parents 135%1 Different .forms of feeding practices beyond breast milk reported in the present study. More than half (56%) Of the respondent knew the accurate fulmination about durat urn of breast feeding whereas only 28% of the respondent who often breast fed to their babies had skill on correct attachment of breast feeding and 117( of the respondent had the skills on good positioning of breastfi•eding. Exclusive breastfreding up to six tumults is still low and the prevalence of inappropriate practices is high and skill regarding positioning and attachment are very poor.

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Socio-demographic characteristics of the mothers and infant feeding practices in some semi urban villages of a selected Upazilla

Community Based Medical Journal ◽

10.3329/cbmj.v2i1.14183 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 43-48 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Farzana Mahejabin ◽

Abdul Wadud Khan ◽

Masuda Sultana

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Breast Feeding ◽

Family Income ◽

Nuclear Family ◽

Feeding Practices ◽

Weaning Food ◽

Exclusive Breast Feeding ◽

Validated Questionnaire ◽

Breast Feed ◽

Breast Fed

To identify the socio-demogrsphic factors and to determine the breast-feeding and weaning practices of the mothers of infants in some selected villages of Dhamrai. A descriptive type of cross sectional study was conducted from July to December, 2011. A total of 320 mothers were interviewed having infant up to the age of 1 year. A validated questionnaire, which consists of questions relating to socio-demographic data, breast-feeding and weaning practices, was used. The total number of mothers interviewed was 320 who had infants up to 1 year of age. The mothers were mostly 154(48.1%) aged 21- 25 years and 107 (33.4%) aged 26-30 years. Most 151 (47.2%) of the mothers were educated up to primary level and 96(30%) up to secondary level. 71 mothers were illiterate. The mothers were mostly 190(55.4%) belonged to nuclear family and 129(40.3%) joint family. Most 301(94.1%) of the mothers were housewife. The monthly income of the respondents were Taka 5001-10000 amongst 149(47%) and Taka < 5000 132 (41%). The mean monthly family income of the respondents was 7626.56±3171.248 Taka. Out of 320 infants, 137 (43%) were aged 9-12 months, 124 (39%) were 6-9 months and 59 (18.4%) infants were aged < 6 months. The infants mostly 96(30%) weighted more than 8 kg, 95 (30%) weighted 6-8 kg and 76 (24%) weighted 4-6 kg. All the mothers had initiated breast feeding to their infants and majority 298(98%) were on breast feeding and 57 (96.6%) were on exclusive breast feeding during the study. The infants of < 6 months fed breast milk 8 times or more in a day, the infants of 6-9 months fed breast milk 6-8 times in a day and those not breast fed they fed liquid/soft foods 4-6 times in a day. The infants of 9-12 months fed breast milk 4-6 times in a day and those not breast fed they fed liquid/soft foods 6-8 times in a day. The infants mostly 57(96.6%) were on exclusive breast feeding at the age of <6 months and on complementary feeding 77 (62%) and 83(60.5%) infants at the age of 6-9 and 9-12 months respectively. The infants were not on breast feed 13 (10.5%) at the age of 6-9 months and 23(16.8%) at the age of 9-12 months. Out of 320 respondents 315(98.4%) were aware about the usefulness of breast feeding and 5(1.6%) were not aware. Out of 320 respondents 269(84.1%) were aware about the complementary food and 51(15.9%) were not aware. Out of 320 respondents 218(68.1%) were aware about the knowledge of starting weaning food and 102(31.9%) were not aware about the starting of weaning food. The results of the study indicate that the breast feeding practices among the mother of urban areas were well practiced. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cbmj.v2i1.14183 Community Based Medical Journal Vol.2(1) 2013 43-48

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Nutritional status and human milk intake of exclusively breast-fed infants at high altitude in La Paz, Bolivia

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114518001137 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 120 (2) ◽

pp. 158-163 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Noelia Urteaga ◽

José Luis San Miguel ◽

Ana María Aguilar ◽

Maruska Muñoz ◽

Christine Slater

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Nutritional Status ◽

Human Milk ◽

High Altitude ◽

Lipid Content ◽

Feeding Habits ◽

Deuterium Oxide ◽

Milk Intake ◽

The Mean ◽

Breast Fed

AbstractBreast-feeding habits are related to the nutritional status and the risk of illness and death in children under 2 years of age. For the first 6 months, infants should be exclusively breast-fed. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the infant’s nutritional status and human milk intake by breast-fed infants at high altitude. A quantitative, descriptive, correlational study was conducted including mother/baby pairs of infants aged 2–6 months. The amount of human milk consumed by the infants was assessed by the deuterium oxide dose-to-mother technique. The lipid content of human milk was measured by creamatocrit, and anthropometric measurements were performed. A total of eighteen mother/baby pairs were assessed. The mean human milk intake was 888 (sd 149) g/d, and the intake of water from other sources was 24·3 (sd 29·8) g/d. The lipid content in human milk was 41 (sd 12) g/l. The infant’s nutritional indicators were normal in all cases. A moderate positive correlation was found between milk volume and z scores weight-for-length r 0·58 (P=0·01), BMI-for-age r 0·56 (P=0·01) and weight-for-age r 0·45 (P=0·05). There was no correlation with length-for-age z score. The mean of breast milk intake in this study was similar to that found in other studies in the world. The lipid content is comparable to similar studies and was within the normal range. Children older than 3 months showed signs of stunting despite adequate volume and lipid content of breast milk.

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Modified milk for infants

Nutrition & Food Science ◽

10.1108/nfs-05-2012-0045 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 44 (1) ◽

pp. 17-23

Author(s):

S. Sarkar

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Human Milk ◽

Breast Feeding ◽

Design Methodology ◽

Content Type ◽

Biological Value ◽

Supplementary Food ◽

Exclusive Breast Feeding ◽

Goat’S Milk ◽

Goat's Milk

Purpose – Breast milk is considered as the most ideal food for infants during infancy owing to its diverse nutritional and therapeutic attributes. In the absence of breast milk, infants may be offered with cow's, buffalo's or goat's milk after modification to bring their composition nearer to human milk. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – Risks associated with prolonged and exclusive breast feeding or unmodified cow's, buffalo's or goat's milk have been highlighted. In the absence of human milk, the suitability of modified cow's, buffalo's or goat's milk as a supplementary food for infants is also justified. Findings – Breast milk is the most preferred food for infants owing to its numerous intrinsic therapeutic and nutritional attributes. Human milk is virtually impossible to mimic completely, and therefore, goat's milk is often preferred over cow's milk or buffalo's milk due to its better digestibility, higher biological value and less allergenic. An appropriate blending of protein, carbohydrate, fat, minerals and vitamins to cow's, buffalo's or goat's milk to result in modified milk, nutritionally adequate for infants is suggested. Originality/value – Nutritional and therapeutic attributes of cow's, buffalo's or goat's milk must be suitably modified to meet the physiological needs as well as to confer protection to the infants.

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THE STUDY ON SITUATON OF EXCLUSIVE BREAST FEEDING FOR THE FIRST 6 MONTHS IN HOI AN

Journal of Medicine and Pharmacy ◽

10.34071/jmp.2016.3.6 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 36-42

Author(s):

Thi Ngoc Anh Nguyen ◽

Hoang Lan Nguyen

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Breast Feeding ◽

Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽

Multivariable Logistic Regression Model ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Exclusive Breast Feeding ◽

Key Words Breast ◽

Breastfeeding Rate ◽

Knowledge And Attitude ◽

Structured Questionnaire

Background: Breast milk is the most valuable source of food for infants, no food is comparable. However in many countries around the world including Vietnam, the breastfeeding prevalence has been declining. A report of the Ministry of Health showed that only 19.6% of infants in Vietnam were exclusively breastfed for the first 6 months. The study was conducted in Hoi An with the aim at describing the situation of exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of the mothers in Hoi An city, Quang Nam province and; identifying some factors affecting exclusive breast feeding for the first 6 months in the study area. Methods: A crosssectional descriptive study was conducted in Hoi An city in December 2014. 516 mothers of infants aged from 6 to 12 months were directly interviewed on the basis of a structured questionnaire. Information about general characteristics of mothers and their infants, their knowledge and attitude of breastfeeding and the feeding types of their baby for the first 6 months was collected. Multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify factors affecting exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months. Results: The exclusive breastfeeding prevalence for the first 6 months is 22.3%. Knowledge in breastfeeding and attitude toward exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months are factors that significantly related to exclusive breastfeeding prevalence for the first 6 months (OR = 3.3; p=0.001 and OR=10.4; p<0.001, respectively). Conclusion: The exclusive breastfeeding rate for the first 6 months in Hoi An city is low. The promoting antenatal education in exclusive breastfeeding is necessary solution to improve exclusive breastfeeding rate for the first 6 months. Key words: breast milk, exclusive breastfeeding, Hoi An

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Letters to the Editor

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.95.4.617 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 95 (4) ◽

pp. 617-617

Author(s):

Marsha Walker

Keyword(s):

Quality Improvement ◽

Breast Milk ◽

Breast Feeding ◽

Practice Parameter ◽

Letters To The Editor ◽

Term Newborn ◽

Breast Fed

I read with interest the report by the Provisional Committee for Quality Improvement and Subcommittee on Hyperbilirubinemia (Pediatrics 1994;94:558-565) entitled, "Practice Parameter: Management of Hyperbilirubinemia in the Healthy Term Newborn." I wish to make a couple of comments on jaundice and the breast-fed newborn. It was gratifying to see recommendations discouraging the interruption of breast-feeding and eliminating the use of supplemental water or dextrose and water in this situation. Many jaundiced breast-fed newborns simply need more breast milk, ie, more feedings and a check to see that the newborn is swallowing milk at breast.

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Otitis Media in Infants

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.50.1.167b ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 50 (1) ◽

pp. 167-168

Author(s):

Ralph L. Rothstein

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Otitis Media ◽

Breast Feeding ◽

Middle Ear ◽

Recumbent Position ◽

Breast Fed

Dr. Bland found an increase in otitis media in bottle-fed versus breast-fed infants. He speculates that this may be due to transfer of IgA in breast milk. Another possibility is that the increased incidence of otitis is due to positional differences between bottle- and breast-feeding. Bottle babies are often fed in the recumbent position which promotes entry of milk into the eustachian tubes and the middle ear, whereas the anatomy of the maternal breast requires that the infant's head be vertical during feeding. This concept of positional otitis has been recently reviewed.

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Drugs and Breast Milk

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.86.1.147a ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 86 (1) ◽

pp. 147-148

Author(s):

JOAN S. DORFMAN

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

American Academy ◽

Human Milk ◽

Breast Feeding ◽

American Academy Of Pediatrics ◽

Maternal Medication ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Nonnarcotic Analgesics

To the Editor.— I have just reviewed the the article, "Transfer of Drugs and Other Chemicals Into Human Milk," from the American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs, which appeared in the November issue of Pediatrics.1 I would appreciate further information on a change that has appeared since the previous publication in the September, 1983 issue of Pediatrics.2 Naproxen has been deleted from the current table of maternal medication usually compatible with breast-feeding under the category "narcotics, nonnarcotic analgesics, anti-inflammatory agents."

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Lactic Acid and Breast-Feeding

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.91.5.1016 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 91 (5) ◽

pp. 1016-1016

Author(s):

MARSHA WALKER

Keyword(s):

Lactic Acid ◽

Breast Milk ◽

Breast Feeding ◽

Breast Fed

To the Editor.— I read the article, "Infant Acceptance of Postexercise Breast Milk" (Pediatrics 1992;89:1245-1247). Although it may be noteworthy that postexercise breast milk contains higher levels of lactic acid which change its taste, does this observation necessitate the recommendation to give a breast-fed baby supplemental feedings after the mother exercises? If the mother feeds the baby before exercising and the baby requires another feeding after the exercise, it is highly unlikely that he will suffer from caloric deprivation or malnutrition if he does not take a full feeding at that time.

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