scholarly journals High sodium intake during postnatal phases induces an increase in arterial blood pressure in adult rats

2014 ◽  
Vol 112 (12) ◽  
pp. 1923-1932 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. S. Moreira ◽  
E. F. da Silva ◽  
L. L. Silveira ◽  
Y. B. de Paiva ◽  
C. H. de Castro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Hypertension Development ◽  
Lower Magnitude ◽  
Experimental Group

Epigenetic studies suggest that diseases that develop in adulthood are related to certain conditions to which the individual is exposed during the initial stages of life. Experimental evidence has demonstrated that offspring born to mothers maintained on high-Na diets during pregnancy have higher mean arterial pressure (MAP) in adulthood. Although these studies have demonstrated the importance of prenatal phases to hypertension development, no evidence regarding the role of high Na intake during postnatal phases in the development of this pathology has been reported. Therefore, in the present study, the effects of Na overload during childhood on induced water and Na intakes and on cardiovascular parameters in adulthood were evaluated. Experiments were carried out in two groups of 21-d-old rats: experimental group, maintained on hypertonic saline (0·3 m-NaCl) solution and food for 60 d, and control group, maintained on tap water and food. Later, both groups were given water and food for 15 d (recovery period). After the recovery period, chronic cannulation of the right femoral artery was performed in unanaesthetised rats to record baseline MAP and heart rate (HR). The experimental group was found to have increased basal MAP (98·6 (sem 2·6) v. 118·3 (sem 2·7) mmHg, P< 0·05) and HR (365·4 (sem 12·2) v. 398·2 (sem 7·5) beats per min, P< 0·05). There was a decrease in the baroreflex index in the experimental group when compared with that in the control group. A water and Na intake test was performed using furosemide. Na depletion was found to induce an increase in Na intake in both the control and experimental groups (12·1 (sem 0·6) ml and 7·8 (sem 1·1), respectively, P< 0·05); however, this increase was of lower magnitude in the experimental group. These results demonstrate that postnatal Na overload alters behavioural and cardiovascular regulation in adulthood.

Renal and cardiac oxidative/nitrosative stress in salt-loaded pregnant rat

2007 ◽  
Vol 293 (4) ◽  
pp. R1657-R1665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annie Beauséjour ◽  
Véronique Houde ◽  
Karine Bibeau ◽  
Rébecca Gaudet ◽  
Jean St-Louis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Nitrosative Stress ◽  
Gestational Hypertension ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
High Sodium Intake ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Cardiac Ventricle

Sodium supplementation given for 1 wk to nonpregnant rats induces changes that are adequate to maintain renal and circulatory homeostasis as well as arterial blood pressure. However, in pregnant rats, proteinuria, fetal growth restriction, and placental oxidative stress are observed. Moreover, the decrease in blood pressure and expansion of circulatory volume, normally associated with pregnancy, are prevented by high-sodium intake. We hypothesized that, in these pregnant rats, a loss of the balance between prooxidation and antioxidation, particularly in kidneys and heart, disturbs the normal course of pregnancy and leads to manifestations such as gestational hypertension. We thus investigated the presence of oxidative/nitrosative stress in heart and kidneys following high-sodium intake in pregnant rats. Markers of this stress [8-isoprostaglandin F2α (8-iso-PGF2α) and nitrotyrosine], producer of nitric oxide [nitric oxide synthases (NOSs)], and antioxidants [superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase] were measured. Then, molecules (Na+-K+-ATPase and aconitase) or process [apoptosis (Bax and Bcl-2), inflammation (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, connective tissue growth factor, and TNF-α)] susceptible to free radicals was determined. In kidneys from pregnant rats on 1.8% NaCl-water, NOSs, apoptotic index, and nitrotyrosine expression were increased, whereas Na+-K+-ATPase mRNA and activity were decreased. In the left cardiac ventricle of these rats, heightened nitrotyrosine, 8-iso-PGF2α, and catalase activity together with reduced endothelial NOS protein expression and SOD and aconitase activities were observed. These findings suggest that oxidative/nitrosative stress in kidney and left cardiac ventricle destabilizes the normal course of pregnancy and could lead to gestational hypertension.

scholarly journals Effect of deep breathing exercises and incentive spirometry on respiratory distress scoring in second degree inhalational burn patients.

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-16
Author(s):  
Summiya Siddique Malik ◽  
Sadaf Saeed ◽  
Sumaira Kanwal
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Distress ◽  
Vital Signs ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Deep Breathing ◽  
Breathing Exercises ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Second Degree

Objective: Study was conducted for 6 months in PIMS Hospital Islamabad. Data was collected on self-structured Questionnaire, Respiratory distress scoring, Objective tools of Arterial blood gases and vital signs with signed consent. Methodology: The subjects were randomly allocated in experimental and control groups. Baseline data was collected and re-collected on Day 0 and Day 7 respectively and assessed using non-probability convenient sampling technique. Both groups were given standard medical and nursing care. Results: The experimental group was given single treatment regimen i.e. Deep breathing exercises (with 5-10 repetitions of each DBE being possible onto patient for 15-30 minutes twice daily). The control group was given 10-15 cycles of ISM with prior steam inhalation and nebulization with salbutamol for a period of 15-20 minutes for 35-45 minutes twice daily for a period of 07 days. Conclusion: The experimental group results show that deep breathing exercises are significantly effective in improving post burn complications like pneumonia in patients suffering from second degree inhalation burns.

The effects of enforced activity on ventilation, circulation and blood acid-base balance in the aquatic gill-less urodele, Cryptobranchus alleganiensis; a comparison with the semi-terrestrial anuran, Bufo marinus

1980 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 289-302
Author(s):  
R. G. Boutilier ◽  
D. G. McDonald ◽  
D. P. Toews
Keyword(s):  
Recovery Period ◽  
Respiratory Acidosis ◽  
Bufo Marinus ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Cryptobranchus Alleganiensis ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Lower Magnitude

A combined respiratory and metabolic acidosis occurs in the arterial blood immediately following 30 min of strenuous activity in the predominantly skin-breathing urodele, Cryptobranchus alleganiensis, and in the bimodal-breathing anuran, Bufo marinus, at 25 degrees C. In Bufo, the bulk of the post-exercise acidosis is metabolic in origin (principally lactic acid) and recovery is complete within 4-8 h. In the salamander, a lower magnitude, longer duration, metabolic acid component and a more pronounced respiratory acidosis prolong the recovery period for up to 22 h post-exercise. It is suggested that fundamental differences between the dominant sites for gas exchange (pulmonary versus cutaneous), and thus in the control of respiratory acid-base balance, may underline the dissimilar patterns of recovery from exercise in these two species.

Low sodium intake does not impair renal compensation of hypoxia-induced respiratory alkalosis

2002 ◽  
Vol 92 (5) ◽  
pp. 2097-2104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Höhne ◽  
Willehad Boemke ◽  
Nora Schleyer ◽  
Roland C. Francis ◽  
Martin O. Krebs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Excretion ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Acute Hypoxia ◽  
Respiratory Alkalosis ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
Low Sodium ◽  
Oxygen Fraction ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Inspiratory Oxygen

Acute hypoxia causes hyperventilation and respiratory alkalosis, often combined with increased diuresis and sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate excretion. With a low sodium intake, the excretion of the anion bicarbonate may be limited by the lower excretion rate of the cation sodium through activated sodium-retaining mechanisms. This study investigates whether the short-term renal compensation of hypoxia-induced respiratory alkalosis is impaired by a low sodium intake. Nine conscious, tracheotomized dogs were studied twice either on a low-sodium (LS = 0.5 mmol sodium · kg body wt−1 · day−1) or high-sodium (HS = 7.5 mmol sodium · kg body wt−1 · day−1) diet. The dogs breathed spontaneously via a ventilator circuit during the experiments: first hour, normoxia (inspiratory oxygen fraction = 0.21); second to fourth hour, hypoxia (inspiratory oxygen fraction = 0.1). During hypoxia (arterial Po 2 34.4 ± 2.1 Torr), plasma pH increased from 7.37 ± 0.01 to 7.48 ± 0.01 ( P < 0.05) because of hyperventilation (arterial Pco 2 25.6 ± 2.4 Torr). Urinary pH and urinary bicarbonate excretion increased irrespective of the sodium intake. Sodium excretion increased more during HS than during LS, whereas the increase in potassium excretion was comparable in both groups. Thus the quick onset of bicarbonate excretion within the first hour of hypoxia-induced respiratory alkalosis was not impaired by a low sodium intake. The increased sodium excretion during hypoxia seems to be combined with a decrease in plasma aldosterone and angiotensin II in LS as well as in HS dogs. Other factors, e.g., increased mean arterial blood pressure, minute ventilation, and renal blood flow, may have contributed.

scholarly journals Efficiency of gaseous ozone in reducing the development of dry socket following surgical third molar extraction

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (03) ◽  
pp. 381-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jehona Ahmedi ◽  
Enis Ahmedi ◽  
Osman Sejfija ◽  
Zana Agani ◽  
Vjosa Hamiti
Keyword(s):  
Recovery Period ◽  
Third Molar ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Third Molars ◽  
Dry Socket ◽  
Third Molar Extraction ◽  
Surgical Extraction ◽  
Prophylactic Use ◽  
Experimental Group

ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of ozone gas (O3) on the reduction of dry socket (DS) occurrence following surgical extraction of lower jaw third molars, influence of the indication for the extraction, and the difficulty of extraction on the incidence of DS. Materials and Methods: This study included thirty patients with bilaterally impacted third molars of mandible requiring surgical procedure for extraction. Following extraction, in the control group, saline solution was used for irrigation of extraction sockets and in the experimental group, intra-alveolar O3 was applied for 12 s (Prozone, W and H, UK, Ltd.). The surgeries were performed by the same oral surgeon. The follow-up visits were performed at 48 h and on day seven, postsurgery where the symptoms of DS were evaluated and intensity of pain has been recorded using visual analog scale 0–100. Results: In this pilot study, DS was present in 16.67% and 3.33% of cases in the control and experimental groups, respectively (P = 0.20). Conclusion: The application of O3 may reduce the incidence of DS and accelerates the recovery period after the surgery. Prophylactic use of O3 may be suggested in all patients, especially in the patients at a risk of development of DS.

scholarly journals Lactose malabsorption and colonic fermentations alter host metabolism in rats

2013 ◽  
Vol 110 (4) ◽  
pp. 625-631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginie Alexandre ◽  
Patrick C. Even ◽  
Christiane Larue-Achagiotis ◽  
Jean-Marc Blouin ◽  
François Blachier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colonic Mucosa ◽  
Portal Blood ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Lactose Malabsorption ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Enhanced Production ◽  
Host Metabolism ◽  
Experimental Group

Lactose malabsorption is associated with rapid production of high levels of osmotic compounds, such as organic acids and SCFA in the colon, suspected to contribute to the onset of lactose intolerance. Adult rats are lactase deficient and the present study was conducted to evaluatein vivothe metabolic consequences of acute lactose ingestion, including host–microbiota interactions. Rats received diets of 25 % sucrose (S25 control group) or 25 % lactose (L25 experimental group). SCFA and lactic acid were quantified in intestinal contents and portal blood. Expression of SCFA transporter genes was quantified in the colonic mucosa. Carbohydrate oxidation (Cox) and lipid oxidation (Lox) were computed by indirect calorimetry. Measurements were performed over a maximum of 13 h. Time, diet and time × diet variables had significant effects on SCFA concentration in the caecum (P< 0·001,P= 0·004 andP= 0·007, respectively) and the portal blood (P< 0·001,P= 0·04 andP< 0·001, respectively). Concomitantly, expression of sodium monocarboxylate significantly increased in the colonic mucosa of the L25 group (P= 0·003 att= 6 h andP< 0·05 att= 8 h). During 5 h after the meal, the L25 group's changes in metabolic parameters (Cox, Lox) were significantly lower than those of the S25 group (P= 0·02). However, after 5 h, L25 Cox became greater than S25 (P= 0·004). Thus, enhanced production and absorption of SCFA support the metabolic changes observed in calorimetry. These results underline the consequences of acute lactose malabsorption and measured compensations occurring in the host's metabolism, presumably through the microbiota fermentations and microbiota–host interactions.

scholarly journals Efficacy of Zhifei Kangfu Decoction in the Treatment of Infantile Pneumonia in the Recovery Period

2021 ◽  
Vol 271 ◽  
pp. 03031
Author(s):  
Yingying Zhang ◽  
Caihong Cao ◽  
Xin Guo ◽  
Haijun Shan
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Reaction ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Effective Rate ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Pediatric Pneumonia ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Experimental Group

The objective of this article is to explore the effect of applying Zhifei Kangfu Decoction on the treatment effect of patients during the recovery period of children with pneumonia. The method of this research is to take patients who were treated in our hospital from December 2019 to December 2020 as an example to carry out the research work. The researchers selected all patients in the recovery period of pediatric pneumonia, and the number was selected as 100 cases, who were divided into two groups, and the treatment methods used are conventional western medicine and Zhifei Kangfu Decoction treatment, who were named the control group and the experimental group, and the clinical treatment effects of the two groups of patients are compared and analyzed. The effective rate and adverse reaction rate of children in the experimental group were 96.00% and 4.00%, respectively. The effective rate and adverse reaction rate of children in the control group were 82.00% and 30.00%, respectively. Asthma, cough relieving, and treatment time were shorter than those of the control group, and the difference in the data was P<0.05, which was statistically significant. The experimental group had better results. The treatment of children in the recovery period of pneumonia and the application of Zhifei Kangfu Decoction can promote the improvement of clinical efficacy, reduce the incidence of adverse reactions in children, and have a positive significance in promoting the recovery of children.

scholarly journals Assessment of the haematological profile after appendectomy using linear titanium stapler clips: An experimental study in rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-27
Author(s):  
Amela Bajrić ◽  
Muhamed Katica ◽  
Aida Katica ◽  
Alisa Smajović ◽  
Mujo Sivić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Unfavourable Effect ◽  
Blood Smears ◽  
Haematological Profile ◽  
Appendiceal Stump ◽  
Experimental Group

Introduction: The technique of closing the appendiceal stump using linear titanium stapler clips is being used more and more frequently in laparoscopic surgery, despite the good practice in the use of resorbable single endoloop vicryl ligatures and/or the non-resorbable plastic hem-o-lok clips. No light has been shed on potential undesirable effects on the haemathological profile of the use of titanium stapler clips. This experimental study aimed at establishing any possible undesirable effect of linear titanium stapler clips and single resorbable vicryl endoloop ligatures on the blood cells in rats following appendectomy. Methods: A total of 70 adult rats were used, divided into a control group (n = 10), and two experimental groups (n = 30 + 30). The appendices were removed from the rats in the first experimental group using titanium stapler clips and in the second experimental group the appendiceal stump using resorbable endoloop vicryl ligatures was closed. In both experimental groups three sub-groups with ten animals each were formed, from which peripheral blood from a tail vein on days 7, 28 and 60 was removed postoperatively, in order to assess the usual haematological parameters. Stained blood smears were also analysed in order to establish any poikilocytotic erythrocytes present. Results: In the first experimental group, with the titanium stapler clips, more than 25 % neutrophils were found on day 7, which is a significantly different result (p < 0.05) to the control group. In the second experimental group, there were more neutrophils than in the titanium stapler clips group, especially on days 7 and 60 and the results of these two sub-groups differ statistically significantly, p < 0.05. Hypochromia was found in the endoloop vicryl ligatures group, as well as in the titanium stapler clips sub-group on day 28, due to lower haemoglobin values which were significantly different to the control group, p < 0.05. Moderate levels of annulocytes, spherocytes and stomatocytes were found in most experimental groups. Conclusion: The results of this study favour the use of linear titanium stapler clips over resorbable single endoloop vicryl ligatures, because a less unfavourable effect was established on the blood cells of the experimental rats with their use.

scholarly journals Forced internal desynchrony induces cardiometabolic alterations in adult rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 242 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-36
Author(s):  
Isis Gabrielli Barbieri de Oliveira ◽  
Marcos Divino Ferreira Junior ◽  
Paulo Ricardo Lopes ◽  
Dhiogenes Balsanufo Taveira Campos ◽  
Marcos Luiz Ferreira-Neto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Hepatic Metabolism ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dark Cycle ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Internal Desynchronization ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Experimental Group

Disruptions in circadian rhythms have been associated with several diseases, including cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. Forced internal desynchronization induced by a period of T-cycles of 22 h (T22 protocol) reaches the lower limit of entrainment and dissociates the circadian rhythmicity of the locomotor activity into two components, driven by different outputs from the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). The main goal of this study was to evaluate the cardiovascular and metabolic response in rats submitted to internal desynchronization by T22 protocol. Male Wistar rats were assigned to either a control group subjected to a usual T-cycles of 24 h (12 h–12 h) or an experimental group subjected to the T22 protocol involving a 22-h symmetric light–dark cycle (11 h–11 h). After 8 weeks, rats subjected to the T22 exhibited desynchrony in their locomotor activity. Although plasma glucose and insulin levels were similar in both groups, desynchronized rats demonstrated dyslipidemia, significant hypertrophy of the fasciculate zone of the adrenal gland, low IRB, IRS2, PI3K, AKT, SOD and CAT protein expression and an increased expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in the liver. Furthermore, though they maintained normal baseline heart rates and mean arterial pressure levels, they also presented reduced baroreflex sensitivity. The findings indicate that circadian timing desynchrony following the T22 protocol can induce cardiometabolic disruptions. Early hepatic metabolism dysfunction can trigger other disorders, though additional studies are needed to clarify the causes.

Dopamine receptor-mediated activation of phospholipase C is associated with natriuresis during high salt intake

1992 ◽  
Vol 262 (3) ◽  
pp. F494-F498 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Vyas ◽  
A. L. Jadhav ◽  
J. Eichberg ◽  
M. F. Lokhandwala
Keyword(s):  
Phospholipase C ◽  
Inositol Phosphates ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Sch 23390 ◽  
Urinary Sodium ◽  
Water Excretion ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
High Sodium Intake ◽  
High Salt Intake

Activation of phospholipase C (PLC) is considered to be one of the cellular signaling events involved in dopamine (DA)-mediated natriuresis. In the present study we have examined the role of renal cortical PLC in contributing to the increase in urinary sodium excretion during high sodium intake and its relationship with intrarenal DA synthesis. Rats were given either 1% NaCl (high sodium intake) or tap water (normal sodium intake) to drink for 24 h, and urine was collected over this time period. PLC activity in the renal cortex from these rats was measured by prelabeling cortical slices with myo-[2-3H]inositol and was expressed as fractional release (FR) of inositol (mono-, bis-, and tris-) phosphates. Acute increase in sodium intake produced 93 +/- 8% increase over control in urinary DA excretion. These changes were accompanied by significant increases (30 +/- 8%) in basal FR of inositol phosphates and 243 +/- 40 and 76 +/- 14% increases in urinary sodium and water excretion, respectively. The elevated basal PLC activity in rats with high sodium intake was significantly reduced in the presence of Sch 23390, a selective DA-1 receptor antagonist. Exogenously added DA (3 mM) also produced significant increases in PLC activity, although the magnitudes of increases were different in rats with high (37 +/- 8%) and normal (66 +/- 9%) sodium intake. However, Sch 23390 alone or carbidopa pretreatment did not affect the basal PLC activity in rats maintained on normal sodium intake.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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