THE DETERMINANT OF THE INCIDENT OF HYPERTENSION IN BALEKAMBANG HELATH CENTER, BENDUNGAN VILLAGE, JONGGOL SUB - DISTRIC, IN THE YEAR 2021

Introduction: Hypertension is a condition of high blood pressure and as The Silent Killer because most are asymptomatic or asymptomatic. sethat treatment is often too late. The incidence of hypertension is influenced by several factors, such as obesity (obesity), alcohol consumption, sodium intake, and stress. The purpose of this research is to find outdeterminants of the incidence of hypertension in Balekambang Health Center. Method: This type of research is analytic observational using a cross sectional research design. The sampling technique used in this study is Probability Sampling with Simple Random Sampling with a total sample of 86 respondents using the chi square test. Results: The results of this study are the majority of the respondents' ages are included in the early elderly, namely the age of 46-55 years (26.7%), the most gender is female (61.6%) and the majority have low education (65.1%), the majority of respondents do not experience obesity (76.7%), the majority of respondents do not consume alcohol (81.4%), more respondents have high sodium intake (59.3%) and the majority of respondents experience stress (51.2%). Conclusion: The conclusion of this study obtained that the factors associated with the incidence of hypertension are overweight/obesity (p-value = 0.001), sodium intake (p-value = 0.001), and stress (p-value = 0.001). Meanwhile, there is no relationship between the incidence of hypertension and alcohol consumption (p-value = 0.055). Health services can improve health promotion efforts regarding prevention of hypertension cases through education to overcome obesity, alcohol consumption, high sodium intake and stress.

Association of rheumatoid arthritis and high sodium intake with major adverse cardiovascular events: a cross-sectional study from the seventh Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

ObjectivesHigh salt intake has a harmful effect on hypertension; however, the association between major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and salt intake is still controversial. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is also characterised by excess cardiovascular risk. However, few studies have investigated the combined role of salt intake and RA in MACE in the general Korean population. Here, we evaluated this relationship among the Korean adult population.DesignRetrospective, cross-sectional.SettingPopulation-based survey in Korea.MethodsThis study was based on the data of the seventh Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016–2018). The estimated 24-hour urinary sodium excretion (24HUNa), a surrogate marker for daily sodium intake, was calculated using the Tanaka equation and was stratified into five groups (<3, 3–3.999, 4–4.999, 5–5.999 and ≥6 g/day). Finally, data from 13 464 adult participants (weighted n=90 425 888) were analysed; all analyses considered a complex sampling design. Multivariable logistic regression for MACE as primary dependent variable was performed and adjusted for potential covariates.ResultsParticipants with MACE had higher 24HUNa levels and RA proportion than those without MACE (p<0.001). The association of MACE with 24HUNa was J-shaped with a gradual increase from about 3 g/day. The highest 24HUNa (≥6 g/day) group was significantly associated with increased prevalence of MACE compared with the reference group (3–3.999 g/day) after adjusting for all associated covariates (OR 6.75, 95% CI 1.421 to 32.039). In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, RA (OR 2.05, 95% CI 1.283 to 3.264) and the highest 24HUNa group (OR 6.35, 95% CI 1.337 to 30.147) were significantly associated with MACE even after adjusting for baseline covariates.ConclusionsThese nationally representative data suggest that RA and extremely high sodium intake are associated with MACE in the general adult Korean population. Avoiding extremely high salt intake and considering RA as an important risk factor for MACE might help promote public cardiovascular health.

Is socio-demographic status, body mass index, and consumption of food away from home associated with high sodium intake among adults in Malaysia?: findings from the Malaysian Community Salt Survey (MyCoSS)

Background Studies have shown that having away from home meals contributes to high sodium intake among young people and those who lived in urban areas. This study aimed to determine the association between dietary sodium intake, body mass index, and away from home meal consumption behaviour among Malaysian adults. Methods MyCoSS was a cross-sectional household survey involving 1440 adults age 18 years and above. This study utilized stratified cluster sampling to obtain a nationally representative sample. Data was collected between October 2017 and March 2018. Socio-demographic information, dietary assessment using food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and away from home meal consumption were assessed through a face-to-face interview by trained health personnel. Descriptive analysis and logistic regression were applied to identify the association of socioeconomic status and away from home meal consumption with dietary sodium intake. Results A total of 1032 participants completed the FFQ, with a mean age of 48.8 + 15.6 years. Based on the FFQ, slightly over half of the participants (52.1%) had high sodium intake. Results showed that 43.6% of participants consumed at least one to two away from home meals per day, while 20.8% of them had their three main meals away from home. Participants aged less than 30 years old were the strongest predictor to consume more sodium (adjusted OR: 3.83; 95%CI: 2.23, 6.58) while those of Indian ethnicity had significantly lower sodium intake. Surprisingly, having three away from home meals per day was not associated with high dietary sodium intake, although a significant association (crude OR; 1.67, 95% CI: 1.19, 2.35) was found in the simple logistic regression. Obese participants were less likely to have high dietary sodium intake compared with the normal BMI participants in the final model. Conclusion Over half of the participants consumed sodium more than the recommended daily intake, especially those who consumed three away from home meals. However, there was no significant association between high sodium intake and having three away from home meals per day. The promotion of healthy cooking methods among the public must continue to be emphasized to reduce the dietary sodium intake among Malaysian adults.

Risk factors related with high sodium intake among Malaysian adults: findings from the Malaysian Community Salt Survey (MyCoSS) 2017–2018

Background High sodium intake was an established risk factor for stroke and cardiovascular diseases. The objective of this study was to investigate factors associated with high sodium intake based on 24-h urinary sodium excretion from the MyCoSS study. Methods The cross-sectional survey was conducted among adults aged 18 years and above in Malaysia. A multi-stage stratified sampling was used to represent nationally. Twenty-four-hour urine was collected from a total of 900 respondents. Indirect ion-selective electrode (ISE) method was used to measure sodium intake. Descriptive and logistic regression analysis was applied to determine factors associated with high sodium intake based on 24-h urinary sodium excretion. Results A total of 798 respondents (76% response rate) completed the 24-h urine collection process. Logistic regression revealed that high sodium intake associated with obese [aOR 2.611 (95% CI 1.519, 4.488)], male [aOR 2.436 (95% CI 1.473, 4.030)], having a waist circumference of > 90cm for adult males [aOR 2.260 ( 95% CI 1.020, 5.009) and >80cm for adult females [aOR 1.210 (95% CI 0.556, 2.631)], being a young adult [aOR 1.977 (95% CI 1.094, 3.574)], and living in urban areas [aOR 1.701 (95% CI 1.094, 2.645)]. Conclusion Adults who are obese, have a large waist circumference, of male gender, living in urban areas, and belonging to the young adult age group were found to have higher sodium intake than other demographic groups. Hence, reduction of salt consumption among these high-risk groups should be emphasised to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

Parental educational status independently predicts the risk of prevalent hypertension in young adults

Identification of individuals at risk of hypertension development based on socio-economic status have been inconclusive, due to variable definitions of low socio-economic status. We investigated whether educational status of individuals or their parents predicts prevalent hypertension in young adult population, by analyzing data of more than 37,000 non-institutionalized subjects from Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008 to 2017. Although low educational status of individual subjects was robustly associated with elevation of systolic blood pressure and increased prevalence of hypertension in general population, its impact on prevalent hypertension differed across age subgroups, and was remarkably attenuated in young adults. Parental educational status was significantly associated with prevalent hypertension in young adults, but not or only marginally in elderly population. Low parental educational status was also associated with high sodium intake in young adults, irrespective of subject’s own educational status. These collectively indicate that parental educational status, rather than individual’s own educational status, better and independently predicts prevalent hypertension in young adults, and that young adults with low parental educational status are prone to intake more sodium, possibly contributing to the increased risk of hypertension development. We expect that our findings could help define young individuals at risk of high sodium intake and hypertension.