The long-chain monounsaturated cetoleic acid improves the efficiency of the n-3 fatty acid metabolic pathway in Atlantic salmon and human HepG2 cells

AbstractThe present study aimed to determine if the long-chain MUFA cetoleic acid (22 : 1n-11) can improve the capacity to synthesise the health-promotingn-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA in human and fish models. Human hepatocytes (HepG2) and salmon primary hepatocytes were first enriched with cetoleic acid, and thereafter their capacities to convert radio-labelled 18 : 3n-3 (α-linolenic acid, ALA) to EPA and DHA were measured. Increased endogenous levels of cetoleic acid led to increased production of radio-labelled EPA + DHA in HepG2 by 40 % and EPA in salmon hepatocytes by 12 %. In order to verify if dietary intake of a fish oil rich in cetoleic acid would have the same beneficial effects on then-3 fatty acid metabolic pathwayin vivoas foundin vitro, Atlantic salmon were fed four diets supplemented with either sardine oil low in cetoleic acid or herring oil high in cetoleic acid at two inclusion levels (Low or High). The diets were balanced for EPA + DHA content within the Low and within the High groups. The salmon were fed these diets from 110 to 242 g. The level of EPA + DHA in liver and whole-body retention of docosapentaenoic acid and EPA + DHA relative to what was eaten, increased with increased dietary cetoleic acid levels. Thus, it is concluded that cetoleic acid stimulated the synthesis of EPA and DHA from ALA in human HepG2 and of EPA in salmon hepatocytesin vitroand increased whole-body retention of EPA + DHA in salmon by 15 % points after dietary intake of cetoleic acid.

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Atlantic salmon require long-chain n-3 fatty acids for optimal growth throughout the seawater period

Journal of Nutritional Science ◽

10.1017/jns.2016.10 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 5 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Grethe Rosenlund ◽

Bente E. Torstensen ◽

Ingunn Stubhaug ◽

Nafiha Usman ◽

Nini H. Sissener

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Atlantic Salmon ◽

Fold Increase ◽

Optimal Growth ◽

Dietary Fatty Acids ◽

Nutritional Requirement ◽

Retention Efficiency ◽

Long Chain

AbstractThe nutritional requirement for n-3 long-chain PUFA in fast-growing Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) during grow out in the sea is not well documented. Diets were formulated with levels of EPA (20 : 5n-3) and DHA (22 : 6n-3) ranging from 1·3 to 7·4 % of fatty acids (4–24 g/kg feed). Two long-term trials were conducted through the seawater phase, the first at 6 and 12°C, and the second at 12°C. In the first trial, growth at both temperatures was significantly lower in fish fed 1·4 % EPA+DHA of total fatty acids compared with the 5·2 % EPA+DHA group. In the second trial, growth was significantly lower in fish fed 1·3 and 2·7 % compared with 4·4 and 7·4 % EPA + DHA. Fatty acid composition in the fish reflected diet composition, but only after a 7-fold increase in body weight did the fatty acid profile of the fish stabilise according to dietary fatty acids (shown for EPA and DHA). The retention efficiency of DHA increased with decreasing dietary levels, and was 120–190 and 120–200 % in trials 1 and 2, respectively. The retention efficiency of EPA was lower (60–200 %), and values >100 % were only achieved at the lowest dietary levels in both trials. Temperature did not affect fatty acid retention efficiency. These results suggest that Atlantic salmon have a specific requirement for EPA + DHA >2·7 % of fatty acids for optimal long-term growth in seawater, and that short-term growth trials with less weight increase would not show these effects.

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The regulation of triglyceride synthesis and fatty acid synthesis in rat epididymal adipose tissue. Effects of insulin, adrenaline and some metabolites in vitro

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bj1190193 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 119 (2) ◽

pp. 193-219 ◽

Cited By ~ 58

Author(s):

E. D. Saggerson ◽

A. L. Greenbaum

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Fatty Acid Synthesis ◽

Acid Synthesis ◽

Fatty Acyl ◽

Mass Action ◽

Hexose Monophosphate ◽

Tissue Concentrations ◽

Hexose Monophosphate Pathway ◽

Long Chain

1. Adipose tissues from rats fed a balanced diet were incubated in the presence of glucose (20mm) with the following additions: insulin, anti-insulin serum, insulin+acetate, insulin+pyruvate, insulin+lactate, insulin+phenazine methosulphate, insulin+oleate+albumin, insulin+adrenaline+albumin, insulin+6-N-2′-O-dibutyryl 3′:5′-cyclic AMP+albumin. 2. Measurements were made of the whole tissue concentrations of adenine nucleotides, hexose phosphates, triose phosphates, glycerol 1-phosphate, 3 phosphoglycerate, 6-phosphogluconate, long-chain fatty acyl-CoA, acid-soluble CoA, citrate, isocitrate, malate and 2-oxoglutarate, and of the release into the incubation medium of lactate, pyruvate and glycerol after 1h of incubation. 3. Fluxes of [14C]glucose carbon through the major pathways of glucose metabolism were calculated from the yields of 14C in various products after 2h of incubation. Fluxes of [14C]acetate, [14C]pyruvate or [14C]lactate carbon in the presence of glucose were also determined. 4. Measurements were also made of the whole-tissue concentrations of metabolites in tissues taken directly from Nembutal-anaesthetized rats. 5. Whole tissue mass-action ratios for phosphofructokinase, phosphoglucose isomerase and the combined (aldolase×triose phosphate isomerase) reaction were similar in vivo and in vitro. The reactants of phosphofructokinase appeared to be far from mass-action equilibrium. In vitro, the reactants of hexokinase also appeared to be far from mass-action equilibrium. 6. Correlation of observed changes in glycolytic flux with changes in fructose 6-phosphate concentration suggested that phosphofructokinase may show regulatory behaviour. The enzyme appeared to be activated in the presence of oleate or adrenaline and to be inhibited in the presence of lactate or pyruvate. 7. Evidence is presented that the reactants of lactate dehydrogenase and glycerol 1-phosphate dehydrogenase may be near to mass-action equilibrium in the cytoplasm. 8. No satisfactory correlations could be drawn between the whole-tissue concentrations of long-chain fatty acyl-CoA, citrate and glycerol 1-phosphate and the observed rates of triglyceride and fatty acid synthesis. Under the conditions employed, the concentration of glycerol 1-phosphate appeared to depend mainly on the cytoplasmic [NAD+]/[NADH] ratios. 9. Calculated hexose monophosphate pathway flux rates roughly correlated with fatty acid synthesis rates and with whole tissue [6-phosphogluconate]/[glucose 6-phosphate] ratios. The relative rates of production of NADPH for fatty acid synthesis by the hexose monophosphate pathway and by the `malic enzyme' are discussed. It is suggested that all NADH produced in the cytoplasm may be used in that compartment for reductive synthesis of fatty acids, lactate or glycerol 1-phosphate.

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The long-chain fatty acid-rich extract from tricyrtis formosana reverses the acute inflammation: In vitro and in vivo study

Atherosclerosis ◽

10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.04.309 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 241 (1) ◽

pp. e88

Author(s):

G.J. Wang ◽

S.C. Chou ◽

Y.C. Wu

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Acute Inflammation ◽

Chain Fatty Acid ◽

In Vivo Study ◽

Long Chain Fatty Acid ◽

Long Chain

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Long-chain and very-long-chain fatty acid analogue uptake is greater into cytotrophoblast than into syncytiotrophoblast in vitro

Placenta ◽

10.1016/j.placenta.2016.06.237 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 45 ◽

pp. 129-130

Author(s):

Kent Thornburg ◽

Amy Valent ◽

Kevin Kolahi

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Chain Fatty Acid ◽

Long Chain Fatty Acid ◽

Acid Analogue ◽

Fatty Acid Analogue ◽

Long Chain

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Substrate preferences of long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase and diacylglycerol acyltransferase contribute to enrichment of flax seed oil with α-linolenic acid

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bcj20170910 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 475 (8) ◽

pp. 1473-1489 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Yang Xu ◽

Roman Holic ◽

Darren Li ◽

Xue Pan ◽

Elzbieta Mietkiewska ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Linolenic Acid ◽

Seed Oil ◽

Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase ◽

Acyl Donor ◽

Flax Seed ◽

Chain Acyl ◽

Long Chain

Seed oil from flax (Linum usitatissimum) is enriched in α-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3Δ9cis,12cis,15cis), but the biochemical processes underlying the enrichment of flax seed oil with this polyunsaturated fatty acid are not fully elucidated. Here, a potential process involving the catalytic actions of long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase (LACS) and diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) is proposed for ALA enrichment in triacylglycerol (TAG). LACS catalyzes the ATP-dependent activation of free fatty acid to form acyl-CoA, which in turn may serve as an acyl-donor in the DGAT-catalyzed reaction leading to TAG. To test this hypothesis, flax LACS and DGAT cDNAs were functionally expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains to probe their possible involvement in the enrichment of TAG with ALA. Among the identified flax LACSs, LuLACS8A exhibited significantly enhanced specificity for ALA over oleic acid (18:1Δ9cis) or linoleic acid (18:2Δ9cis,12cis). Enhanced α-linolenoyl-CoA specificity was also observed in the enzymatic assay of flax DGAT2 (LuDGAT2-3), which displayed ∼20 times increased preference toward α-linolenoyl-CoA over oleoyl-CoA. Moreover, when LuLACS8A and LuDGAT2-3 were co-expressed in yeast, both in vitro and in vivo experiments indicated that the ALA-containing TAG enrichment process was operative between LuLACS8A- and LuDGAT2-3-catalyzed reactions. Overall, the results support the hypothesis that the cooperation between the reactions catalyzed by LACS8 and DGAT2 may represent a route to enrich ALA production in the flax seed oil.

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Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid status in first-trimester pregnant women

Medical Journal of Indonesia ◽

10.13181/mji.v27i3.1618 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 27 (3) ◽

pp. 155-60

Author(s):

Noroyono Wibowo ◽

Rima Irwinda ◽

Saptawati Bardosono ◽

Natasya Prameswari ◽

Atikah S. Putri ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid ◽

First Trimester ◽

Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid ◽

Maternal Body Mass Index ◽

Blood Concentrations ◽

Epa And Dha ◽

Total Concentrations ◽

Long Chain

Background: The beneficial effects of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) on maternal health have been widely investigated in pregnant women. First-trimester supplementation of LCPUFA has been reported to play a role in the inflammatory response, thus reducing a preterm birth and preeclampsia. However, there is a lack of studies investigating the blood concentration of LCPUFA in pregnant women in Indonesia. This study was conducted to evaluate the status of LCPUFA in first-trimester pregnant women in Jakarta, Indonesia.Methods: A descriptive study was conducted using the secondary data of 197 pregnant women in their first trimester who received antenatal care in Budi Kemuliaan Hospital during February 2012 to April 2015. Nutrient intake data were collected through interviews conducted using a semi-quantitative frequency food questionnaire (SQ-FFQ). Total concentrations of linoleic acid (LA), arachidonic acid (AA), alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were measured using gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Statistical analysis of the data was conducted using SPSS 20.0.Results: Most subjects had deficient blood concentrations of LA (74.1%), AA (85.3%), ALA (76.6%), and DHA (73.1%). The median total concentrations of LA, AA, ALA, EPA, and DHA were as follows: 76.08%, 14.97%, 2.64%, 6.36%, and 1.18%, respectively. The median EPA+DHA level was 7.98%. A total of 38 women (19.3%) were classified as high-risk subjects based on the omega-3 index. No correlation was observed between total DHA+EPA concentration and birth weight (r=0.027, p=0.709). However, a significant difference was detected between the concentrations of LA, AA, and ALA and the maternal body mass index (p<0.05).Conclusion: Most subjects had low intake and blood concentrations of LA, AA, ALA, EPA, and DHA in the first trimester of pregnancy.

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Accumulation and apparent oxidation of cis,trans-18 : 2 isomers relative to linoleic acid in rats

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn2001383 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 86 (2) ◽

pp. 249-255

Author(s):

Zhen-Yu Chen ◽

Kwok Yiu Kwan ◽

Yu Huang

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Linoleic Acid ◽

Dietary Intake ◽

Rapeseed Oil ◽

The Other ◽

Whole Body ◽

Chain Elongation

Dietary cis,trans-18 : 2 isomers impair desaturation and elongation of linoleic acid (Δ9cis,12cis-18 : 2), but little is known of their proportional partitioning between accumulation and oxidation. The present study was therefore designed to assess the accumulation and apparent oxidation of cis,trans-18 : 2 isomers compared with that of trans-18 : 1 isomers and Δ9cis,12cis-18 : 2 in rats. Accumulation is defined as whole-body increase in a fatty acid during a given period (i.e. final body content-initial body content). The apparent oxidation (disappearance) is defined as whole-body utilization of a fatty acid relative to its intake for a given period (intake-excretion-accumulation-longer-chain products)/intake×100). The animals were fed on a diet containing 15 % (w/w) partially hydrogenated rapeseed oil with 1·72 % energy as cis,trans-18 : 2 isomers and varying amounts of Δ9cis,12cis-18 : 2. The apparent oxidation of total cis,trans-18 : 2 isomers (72–76 % dietary intake) was greater than that of Δ9cis,12cis-18 : 2 (38–51 % dietary intake) but it was similar to that of total trans-18 : 1 isomers (78–82 % dietary intake). Among the four isomers, the apparent oxidation of Δ9trans,12trans-18 : 2 was greater than that of the other isomers including Δ9trans,12cis-18 : 2, Δ9cis,12trans-18 : 2 and Δ9cis,13trans-18 : 2. Accumulation of Δ5cis,8cis,11cis,15trans-20 : 4 and Δ5cis,8cis,11cis,14trans-20 : 4 derived from chain-elongation and desaturation of Δ9cis,13trans-18 : 2 and Δ9cis,12trans-18 : 2 was decreased when the dietary Δ9cis,12cis-18 : 2 supply was increased.

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