Plasma concentrations of vitamin B12 and folate and global cognitive function in an older population: cross-sectional findings from The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA)

2020 ◽  
Vol 124 (6) ◽  
pp. 602-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deirdre M. A. O’Connor ◽  
Eamon J. Laird ◽  
Daniel Carey ◽  
Aisling M. O’Halloran ◽  
Robert Clarke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Folic Acid ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Plasma Vitamin ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Folate Status ◽  
Global Cognitive Function

AbstractThe uncertainty surrounding high intakes of folic acid and associations with cognitive decline in older adults with low vitamin B12 status has been an obstacle to mandatory folic acid fortification for many years. We estimated the prevalence of combinations of low/normal/high vitamin B12 and folate status and compared associations with global cognitive function using two approaches, of individuals in a population-based study of those aged ≥50 years in the Republic of Ireland. Cross-sectional data from 3781 men and women from Wave 1 of The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing were analysed. Global cognitive function was assessed by the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Prevalence estimates for combinations of vitamin B12 (plasma vitamin B12 < or ≥258 pmol/l) and folate (plasma folate ≤ or >45·3 nmol/l) concentrations were generated. Negative binomial regression models were used to investigate the associations of vitamin B12 and folate status with global cognitive function. Of the participants, 1·5 % (n 51) had low vitamin B12 (<258 pmol/l) and high folate (>45·3 nmol/l) status. Global cognitive performance was not significantly reduced in these individuals when compared with those with normal status for both B-vitamins (n 2433). Those with normal vitamin B12/high folate status (7·6 %) had better cognitive performance (MMSE: incidence rate ratio (IRR) 0·82, 95 % CI 0·68, 0·99; P = 0·043, MoCA: IRR 0·89, 95 % CI 0·80, 0·99; P = 0·025). We demonstrated that high folate status was not associated with lower cognitive scores in older adults with low vitamin B12 status. These findings provide important safety information that could guide fortification policy recommendations in Europe.

scholarly journals High folic acid or folate combined with low vitamin B-12 status: potential but inconsistent association with cognitive function in a nationally representative cross-sectional sample of US older adults participating in the NHANES

2020 ◽  
Vol 112 (6) ◽  
pp. 1547-1557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regan L Bailey ◽  
Shinyoung Jun ◽  
Lisa Murphy ◽  
Ralph Green ◽  
Jaime J Gahche ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Folic Acid ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Serum Folate ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Digit Symbol Substitution Test ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Folate Status ◽  
Normal Vitamin ◽  
Vitamin B 12

ABSTRACT Background Potential safety concerns relative to impaired cognitive function may exist when high folic acid exposures are combined with low vitamin B-12 status. Objectives We aimed to examine the relation of the coexistence of high folate and low vitamin B-12 status with cognitive function, utilizing various definitions of “high” folate status. Methods Cross-sectional data from older adults (≥60 y; n = 2420) from the 2011–2014 NHANES were analyzed. High folate status was defined as unmetabolized serum folic acid (UMFA) &gt; 1 nmol/L or serum total folate &gt; 74.1 nmol/L, and low vitamin B-12 status as methylmalonic acid &gt; 271 nmol/L or serum vitamin B-12 &lt; 150 pmol/L. Logistic regression models estimated ORs of scoring low on 1 of 4 cognitive tests: the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease Delayed Recall (CERAD-DR) and Word Learning tests, and the Animal Fluency test (AF). Results A significant interaction was observed relative to scoring low on the DSST (&lt;34; UMFA; P-interaction = 0.0071) and AF (serum folate; P-interaction = 0.0078) for low vitamin B-12 and high folate status. Among those with low vitamin B-12, high UMFA or high serum total folate was associated with higher risk of scoring low on the DSST (OR: 2.16; 95% CI: 1.05, 4.47) and the AF (OR: 1.93; 95% CI: 1.08, 3.45). Among those with “normal” vitamin B-12, higher UMFA or serum total folate was protective on the CERAD-DR. In noninteraction models, when high folate and normal vitamin B-12 status was the reference group, low vitamin B-12 combined with high UMFA was associated with greater risk based on the DSST (&lt;34, OR: 2.87; 95% CI: 1.85, 4.45; &lt;40, OR: 2.22; 95% CI: 1.31, 3.75) and AF (OR: 1.97; 95% CI: 1.30, 2.97); but low vitamin B-12 and lower UMFA (OR: 1.69; 95% CI: 1.16, 2.47) was also significantly associated for DSST &lt; 40 risk. Conclusions Low vitamin B-12 was associated with cognitive impairment both independently and in an interactive manner with high folate for certain cognitive performance tests among older adults.

scholarly journals Voluntary fortification is ineffective to maintain the vitamin B12and folate status of older Irish adults: evidence from the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA)

2018 ◽  
Vol 120 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eamon J. Laird ◽  
Aisling M. O’Halloran ◽  
Daniel Carey ◽  
Deirdre O’Connor ◽  
Rose A. Kenny ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Folic Acid ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Folate Status ◽  
Health Lifestyle ◽  
Supplement Use ◽  
Negative Predictor

AbstractMandatory fortification of staple grains with folic acid and/or vitamin B12(B12) is under debate in many countries including Ireland, which has a liberal, but voluntary, fortification policy. Older adults can be at risk of both deficiency and high folate status, although little is known on the actual prevalence and the major predictors. Population prevalence estimates from older adults (n5290 ≥50 years) from the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA) (Wave 1) are presented here. Measures included plasma total vitamin B12and folate, whereas predictors included detailed demographic, socio-economic, geographic, seasonal and health/lifestyle data. The prevalence of deficient or low B12status (<185 pmol/l) was 12 %, whereas the prevalence of deficient/low folate status was 15 %. High folate status (>45 nmol/l) was observed in 8·9 %, whereas high B12status was observed in 3·1 % (>601 pmol/l). The largest positive predictor of B12concentration was self-reported B12injection and/or supplement use (coefficient 51·5 pmol/; 95 % CI 9·4, 93·6;P=0·016) followed by sex and geographic location. The largest negative predictor was metformin use (−33·6; 95 % CI −51·9, −15·4;P<0·0001). The largest positive predictor of folate concentration was folic acid supplement use (6·0; 95 % CI 3·0, 9·0 nmol/l;P<0·001) followed by being female and statin medications. The largest negative predictor was geographic location (−5·7; 95 % CI −6·7, −4·6;P<0·0001) followed by seasonality and smoking. B-vitamin status in older adults is affected by health and lifestyle, medication, sampling period and geographic location. We observed a high prevalence of low B12and folate status, indicating that the current policy of voluntary fortification is ineffective for older adults.

scholarly journals Association between cognitive declines and disability in activities of daily living in older adults with COPD: evidence from the China health and retirement longitudinal study

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. e040098
Author(s):  
Bingyan Gong ◽  
Shaomei Shang ◽  
Chao Wu
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Activities Of Daily Living ◽  
Daily Living ◽  
Visuospatial Ability ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Adl Disability

ObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate the relationship between disability and domain-specific cognitive function in older adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).DesignCross-sectional analyses combined with retrospective longitudinal analyses.SettingWe included 450 communities in China.ParticipantsIn this study, 1022 (mean age: 68.6±6.3; 612 males) and 152 (mean age: 67.0±5.2; 83 males) older adults with COPD from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study were included in a cross-sectional multivariate linear regression analysis and a longitudinal logistic regression analysis, respectively.Outcome measuresDisability was determined by the difficulty or inability to complete 1 of the 12 activity items in basic activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental ADL. The cognitive dimensions of episodic memory, attention/numerical ability, orientation to time, and visuospatial ability were assessed via the immediate/delayed recall task, serial sevens task, naming the current date and pentagon-figure-drawing tasks, respectively.ResultsOf 1022 older respondents with COPD at wave-4, 48.5% had ADL disability. Declines in the global cognitive function (β (95% CI)=−0.627 (−1.214 to –0.040)), orientation to time (β (95% CI)=−0.207 (−0.364 to –0.050)) and visuospatial ability (β (95% CI)=−0.068 (−0.127 to –0.009)) were significantly associated with the presence of ADL disability, when demographic and health-related variables were adjusted. Of 152 older participants with COPD and without ADL disability in wave-2, 61 (40.1 %) developed disability over a 2-year follow-up. Relative to the participants without a decline in orientation to tine, those with the condition had greater odds of incidence of ADL disability increased by a factor of about 1.46 over a 2-year follow-up.ConclusionsIn older adults with COPD, orientation to time and visuospatial inability are vulnerable to the presence of a disability. Prevention of a decline in orientation to time might help prevent disability in older people with COPD.

scholarly journals Association of Gait With Global and Domain-specific Cognitive Function Among Community-dwelling Older Adults: A Cross-sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
WEN HAO ◽  
Wenjing Zhao ◽  
Takashi Kimura ◽  
Shigekazu Ukawa ◽  
Ken Kadoya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Initial Contact ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Global Cognitive Function ◽  
Gait Parameters

Abstract Background: Gait is associated with cognitive function and is a trait marker of dementia; however, research on gait and cognitive function usually concentrates on several individual gait parameters. This study used wearable sensors to measure gait parameters in different aspects and comprehensively explored the association of gait with global cognitive function and domain-specific cognitive function.Methods: The data of this cross-sectional study were obtained from 236 community-dwelling Japanese older adults (125 men and 111 women) aged 70–81 years. Gait was measured by asking participants to walk a 6-meter course and back using the Physilog® sensors (GaiUp®, Switzerland). Global cognitive function and cognitive domains were evaluated by face-to-face interviews using the Japanese version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. Twenty gait parameters were summarized as independent gait factors using factor analysis. A generalized linear model and linear regression model were used to explore the relationship of gait with global cognitive function and domain-specific cognitive function adjusted for several confounding factors.Results: Factor analysis yielded four gait factors: general cycle, initial contact, propulsion, and mid-swing. Among them, general cycle factor was significantly associated with global cognitive function (β=-0.565, [-0.967, -0.163]), executive function (P=0.012), and memory (P=0.045); initial contact was associated with executive function (P=0.019).Conclusion: Better gait was related to better cognitive function, especially the general cycle, which was correlated with both global and domain-specific cognitive function. The predictive value should be examined in future cohort studies.

scholarly journals High Folate and Vitamin Low B12 Status: Potential Interactions with Cognitive Function Among U.S. Older Adults, NHANES 2011–2014

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1189-1189
Author(s):  
Regan Bailey ◽  
Shinyoung Jun ◽  
Lisa Murphy ◽  
Ralph Green ◽  
Josh Miller
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Folic Acid ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Vitamin B12 ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
High Serum ◽  
Serum Folate ◽  
Cognitive Test ◽  
Digit Symbol Substitution Test ◽  
Cut Points

Abstract Objectives Potential safety concerns may exist with high folate/folic acid exposures combined with low vitamin B12 (B12) status relative to cognitive function; therefore, we investigated this relationship, leveraging cognitive test performance with folate and B12 biomarker data among a nationally-representative survey of U.S. older adults. Methods We analyzed data from 2420 older adults (≥60 y) from the 2011–2014 NHANES. High folate status was defined as unmetabolized serum folic acid (UMFA) &gt; 1 nmol/L or serum folate &gt; 74.1 nmol/L. Low B12 status was defined using age-specific cut-points for serum B12 [≤429 pmol/L (in 60–69 y) and ≤370 pmol/L (in ≥70 y)] or using a combination of traditional cut-points [elevated methylmalonic acid (&gt;271 nmol/L) and deficient serum B12 (&lt; 150 pmol/L)]. Multivariable logistic regression models estimated odds ratios (OR) of scoring low on one of four cognitive tests: Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease [CERAD; Word Learning (WL) and Delayed Recall (DR)], and Animal Fluency Test (AF). Results Among older adults with low B12 status, high UMFA was associated with a higher OR of having a low score on the DSST (&lt;34, OR 2.16; 95% CI 1.05–4.47) and high serum folate was associated with a higher OR of having a low score on the AF (&lt;14, OR 1.93; 95% CI 1.08–3.45), only when using traditional cut-points for B12. Among those with normal B12 status, having a high UMFA was protective on the CERAD-DR, regardless of B12 status being defined using age-specific or traditional cut-points. Compared to those with normal B12 (using traditional cut-points) and high UMFA, those with low B12 and high UMFA had a higher risk of scoring low on the DSST (&lt;40, OR 2.22; 95% CI 1.31–3.75) and AF (&lt;14, OR 1.97; 95% CI 1.30–2.97), those with low B12 and lower UMFA had a higher risk of scoring low on the DSST (&lt;40, OR 1.69; 95% CI 1.16–2.47), and those with normal B12 and lower UMFA had a higher risk of scoring low on the CERAD-DR (&lt;17, OR 1.38; 95% CI 1.02–1.85); similar patterns were found with serum folate. Conclusions In older adults, high folate was associated with better cognitive performance when vitamin B12 status is normal, whereas high folate was associated with poorer cognitive performance when vitamin B12 status is low. Funding Sources N/A.

scholarly journals Interactions between plasma concentrations of folate and markers of vitamin B12status with cognitive performance in elderly people not exposed to folic acid fortification: the Hordaland Health Study

2013 ◽  
Vol 111 (6) ◽  
pp. 1085-1095 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esmée L. Doets ◽  
Per M. Ueland ◽  
Grethe S. Tell ◽  
Stein Emil Vollset ◽  
Ottar K. Nygård ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Folic Acid ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Sex Education ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Plasma Vitamin ◽  
Folic Acid Fortification ◽  
Plasma Folate

A combination of high folate with low vitamin B12plasma status has been associated with cognitive impairment in a population exposed to mandatory folic acid fortification. The objective of the present study was to examine the interactions between plasma concentrations of folate and vitamin B12markers in relation to cognitive performance in Norwegian elderly who were unexposed to mandatory or voluntary folic acid fortification. Cognitive performance was assessed by six cognitive tests in 2203 individuals aged 72–74 years. A combined score was calculated using principal component analysis. The associations of folate concentrations, vitamin B12markers (total vitamin B12, holotranscobalamin (holoTC) and methylmalonic acid (MMA)) and their interactions in relation to cognitive performance were evaluated by quantile regression and least-squares regression, adjusted for sex, education, apo-ɛ4 genotype, history of CVD/hypertension and creatinine. Cross-sectional analyses revealed an interaction (P= 0·009) between plasma concentrations of folate and vitamin B12in relation to cognitive performance. Plasma vitamin B12concentrations in the lowest quartile ( < 274 pmol/l) combined with plasma folate concentrations in the highest quartile (>18·5 nmol/l) were associated with a reduced risk of cognitive impairment compared with plasma concentrations in the middle quartiles of both vitamins (OR 0·22, 95 % CI 0·05, 0·92). The interaction between folate and holoTC or MMA in relation to cognitive performance was not significant. In conclusion, this large study population unexposed to mandatory folic acid fortification showed that plasma folate, but not plasma vitamin B12, was associated with cognitive performance. Among the elderly participants with vitamin B12concentrations in the lower range, the association between plasma folate and cognitive performance was strongest.

scholarly journals B-vitamins and prevention of dementia

2008 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Folic Acid ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
B Vitamins ◽  
Vitamin Supplementation ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Principal Investigators ◽  
Individual Participant ◽  
B Vitamin

Elevated plasma homocysteine (Hcy) concentrations have been implicated with risk of cognitive impairment and dementia, but it is unclear whether low vitamin B12 or folate status is responsible for cognitive decline. Most studies reporting associations between cognitive function and Hcy or B-vitamins have used a cross-sectional or case–control design and have been unable to exclude the possibility that such associations are a result of the disease rather than being causal. The Hcy hypothesis of dementia has attracted considerable interest, as Hcy can be easily lowered by folic acid and vitamin B12, raising the prospect that B-vitamin supplementation could lower the risk of dementia. While some trials assessing effects on cognitive function have used folic acid alone, vitamin B12 alone or a combination, few trials have included a sufficient number of participants to provide reliable evidence. An individual-patient-data meta-analysis of all randomised trials of the effects on cognitive function and vascular risk of lowering Hcy with B-vitamins will maximise the power to assess the epidemiologically-predicted differences in risk. Among the twelve large randomised Hcy-lowering trials for prevention of vascular disease, data should be available on about 30 000 participants with cognitive function. The principal investigators of such trials have agreed to combine individual-participant data from their trials after their separate publication.

scholarly journals The cross-sectional association between mean corpuscular volume level and cognitive function in Chinese over 45 years old: Evidence from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0243227
Author(s):  
Yao Chen ◽  
Chen’Xi’ Nan Ma ◽  
Lan Luo ◽  
Jieyun Yin ◽  
Zhan Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Mental Status ◽  
Mean Corpuscular Volume ◽  
Corpuscular Volume ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Global Cognitive Function ◽  
Male Subjects

Fewer studies have focused on the independent association between mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and cognitive performance. This study was designed to characterize the cross-sectional association between MCV and cognitive performance in a large sample of Chinese residents (age≥45 years) from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). A total of 4023 male and 4173 female adults with MCV ≥ 80 fl were included for analysis. By multivariable linear regression analysis, for the total subjects, MCV level was significantly negatively associated with global cognitive function and episodic memory. When adjusted by sex, only in male subjects, higher MCV level was associated with reduced scores for global cognitive function, episodic memory and mental status. Via binary logistic regression analysis, the higher MCV level (MCV>100 fl) was associated with poor global cognitive function (OR = 1.601; 95% CI = 1.198–2.139; p = 0.001), episodic memory (OR = 1.679; 95% CI = 1.281–2.201; p<0.001), and mental status (OR = 1.422; 95% CI = 1.032–1.959; p = 0.031) for the whole participants. When testing this association by sex, the significant relationship between higher MCV level with worse episodic memory was observed both in male (OR = 1.690; 95% CI = 1.211–2.358; p = 0.002) and female (OR = 1.729; 95% CI = 1.079–2.770; p = 0.023) subjects; while the association between higher MCV level and poor global cognitive function (OR = 1.885; 95% CI = 1.329, 2.675; p<0.001) and mental status (OR = 1.544; 95% CI = 1.034, 2.306; p = 0.034) only existed in male subjects. Further studies are warranted to clarify the association between MCV level and cognitive performance by considering sex into consideration both cross-sectionally and longitudinally.

scholarly journals Folate and vitamin B12status in relation to cognitive impairment and anaemia in the setting of voluntary fortification in the UK

2008 ◽  
Vol 100 (5) ◽  
pp. 1054-1059 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Clarke ◽  
Paul Sherliker ◽  
Harold Hin ◽  
Anne M. Molloy ◽  
Ebba Nexo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Folic Acid ◽  
Older People ◽  
Serum Folate ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Folic Acid Fortification ◽  
Folate Status ◽  
Cross Sectional Studies ◽  
The Uk

Concerns about risks for older people with vitamin B12deficiency have delayed the introduction of mandatory folic acid fortification in the UK. We examined the risks of anaemia and cognitive impairment in older people with low B12and high folate status in the setting of voluntary fortification in the UK. Data were obtained from two cross-sectional studies (n2403) conducted in Oxford city and Banbury in 1995 and 2003, respectively. Associations (OR and 95 % CI) of cognitive impairment and of anaemia with low B12status (holotranscobalamin < 45 pmol/l) with or without high folate status (defined either as serum folate >30 nmol/l or >60 nmol/l) were estimated after adjustment for age, sex, smoking and study. Mean serum folate levels increased from 15·8 (sd14·7) nmol/l in 1995 to 31·1 (sd26·2) nmol/l in 2003. Serum folate levels were greater than 30 nmol/l in 9 % and greater than 60 nmol/l in 5 %. The association of cognitive impairment with low B12status was unaffected by highv.low folate status (>30 nmol/l) (OR 1·50 (95 % CI 0·91, 2·46)v.1·45 (95 % CI 1·19, 1·76)), respectively. The associations of cognitive impairment with low B12status were also similar using the higher cut-off point of 60 nmol/l for folate status ((OR 2·46; 95 % CI 0·90, 6·71)v.(1·56; 95 % CI 1·30, 1·88)). There was no evidence of modification by high folate status of the associations of low B12with anaemia or cognitive impairment in the setting of voluntary fortification, but periodic surveys are needed to monitor fortification.

scholarly journals Association between anemia and cognitive decline among Chinese middle-aged and elderly: evidence from the China health and retirement longitudinal study

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tingting Qin ◽  
Mingming Yan ◽  
Zhen Fu ◽  
Yating Song ◽  
Wanrong Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Cognitive Test ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Global Cognitive Function

Abstract Background Our objective was to characterize the relationship of anemia and hemoglobin concentrations with cross-sectional cognitive functions and changes in cognitive functions over 2 years in a large sample of Chinese middle aged and elderly. Methods Ten thousand nine hundred eighteen adults aged 45 years or older participating in the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) were used for cross-sectional analyses and 9324 were used for longitudinal analysis. Cognitive functions were assessed by memory recall (episodic memory), mental status (TICS), and global cognitive function at baseline survey (Visit 1) and first follow-up survey (Visit 2). The lower the cognitive test score, the worse the cognitive function. Anemia was defined as hemoglobin concentrations lower than 13 g/dl for men and lower than 12 g/dl for women. Adjusted multivariate regression analyses were used to explore the relationships of different cognitive domains with anemia and hemoglobin concentration. Results Overall, the prevalence of anemia was 12.86% and the mean hemoglobin concentration was 14.37 ± 2.20 g/dl. After adjusting for socio-demographic and health-related covariates, the cross-sectional association between anemia and global cognitive function [β (95%CI) = − 0.49(− 0.69~ − 0.29)], episodic memory [β (95%CI) = − 0.14(− 0.23~ − 0.05)], and TICS [β (95%CI) = − 0.23(− 0.38~ − 0.08)] were significant and did not differ by gender. The hemoglobin concentration was also associated with global cognitive function among the whole sample (P < 0.05 for all). The longitudinal analyses showed global cognitive function and episodic memory were associated with anemia independent of covariates (P < 0.05 for all). Sensitivity analyses further provided significant results showing the association between anemia and cognition decline (P < 0.05). Conclusion There was a cross-sectional and longitudinal association between anemia and accelerated decline in cognitive functions in Chinese middle-aged and elderly. This suggests that anemia and low hemoglobin concentrations are independent risk factors of cognitive decline.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document