The diurnal activity of the chicken-biting black fly, Simulium griseicolle Becker (Diptera, Simuliidae) in Northern Sudan

1976 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 481-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. El Bashir ◽  
M. H. El Jack ◽  
H. M. El Hadi
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
The Other ◽  
Diurnal Activity ◽  
Black Fly ◽  
Early Afternoon ◽  
Trapping Methods ◽  
Two Peaks

AbstractThe diurnal flight activity of Simulium griseicolle Becker was determined at Shambat, Khartoum, by means of a suction trap and a vehicle-mounted trap; and the biting activity by means of a chicken-baited trap. Only incidental observations of mammal-biting activity were made. The three trapping methods indicated two peaks of activity, one in the morning and the other late in the afternoon. Fly activity was lowest in the early afternoon when temperature and light intensity were highest, wind speed was moderate and relative humidity was least. Females outnumbered males in all the catches, except in the early morning when more males were sometimes recorded.

DIURNAL BEHAVIOR AND BITING HABITS OF BLACK FLIES (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE) IN THE FORESTS OF QUEBEC

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 489-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. S. Wolfe ◽  
D. G. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Wind Velocity ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Flight Activity ◽  
Black Flies ◽  
Late Afternoon ◽  
Early Afternoon ◽  
Diurnal Behavior

Studies in the region of Baie Comeau, Quebec, from 1954 to 1956, showed that black flies were most active in the morning 1 to 2 hours after dawn and in the evening [Formula: see text] to 1 hour before sunset. Flight activity appeared to depend on light intensity if the temperature was not below 45° F, the wind velocity not above 2 m.p.h., and the relative humidity not below 50%. In the morning, activity was greatest at higher levels of light intensity, i.e., 20 ft-c, than in the evening, 5 ft-c. Activity increased before thunderstorms and rain and the increase appeared related more to the change in light intensity than to changes in atmospheric pressure or humidity. At night, black flies moved to resting places in the tops of the trees, probably because of the more suitable light intensity at the higher levels just before dark. Oviposition commenced in the late afternoon and continued until dark except on overcast days, when it commenced in early afternoon. Simulium (Simulium) venustum Say bit man mainly on the back of the neck.

The Reactions of the Desert Locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forsk.), (Orthoptera, Acrididae) to Physical Factors, with special Reference to Relative Humidity

1957 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 515-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Aziz
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Schistocerca Gregaria ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
The Other ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Desert Locust ◽  
Level Of Activity ◽  
Enclosed Space ◽  
Very High

Reactions of 3-day-old first- and fourth-instar hoppers of Schistocerca gregaria (Forsk.) of phase gregaria, to three physical factors, namely to relative humidity, temperature and light have been studied in an alternative chamber apparatus designed to give an enclosed space with gradients of humidity. The responses to each factor independent of the others, and to the interactions of these factors, were considered.It was found that both the first- and the fourth-instar hoppers respond strongly to humidity. They are agitated by low, and even more by very high, humidities, but become more quiescent within a zone of 60–70 per cent. R.H., where they spend more time. Within this zone they hop and turn less and this decrease in activity appears to be a response which is independent of both temperature and of light intensity. This zone of decreased agitation has been called “the zone of minimum activity”. However, the speed of walking in contrast to the other types of activity, increased progressively with humidity.Increase in light intensity raises the level of activity at all humidities, i.e., it increases the duration of activity within the limits of experimental time and the speed of walking. With rise in temperature there is an increase in hopping, in klinokinesis and orthokinesis.

Observations on Rate of Growth, Coloration, and the abnormal Six-instar Life-cycle in Locusta migratoria migratorioides, R. &. F.

1936 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. H. L. Key
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Locusta Migratoria ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
The Other ◽  
Locusta Migratoria Migratorioides ◽  
The Third ◽  
Rate Of Growth ◽  
Progression Factor

1. All material was reared under constant conditions of temperature, light intensity and relative humidity. Two relative humidities were used—very wet and very dry. In some cases various coloured backgrounds were used. All material was solitaria, and was kept isolated.2. Average weights were calculated from weighings made at all periods within the stadia, and thus represent the weights at the mid-points of the stadia.3. The figures could not be fitted to the theory of a progression factor of 2.4. Females are on the average 50 per cent, heavier than males even in the third instar; the sexes can probably be distinguished in this way much earlier.5. The first three stadia are of about the same length; the fourth is longer, the fifth much longer.6. The percentage rate of growth between the mid-points of successive stadia is of the same order for all pairs, though somewhat lower for the first and last pairs.7. Hoppers kept in a very dry atmosphere are much lighter than those kept wet —proportionally more so in the later than in the earlier instars; on the other hand each stadium is lengthened—proportionally more so in the earlier than in the later stadia; the percentage rate of growth is just half that of hoppers kept wet.8. The findings of Faure in regard to the causes of differences in coloration were fully confirmed.9. The occurrence of a sixth instar in the females is due to an inherited factor.10. This “ extra ” instar may represent an extra morphological third instar or an extra morphological fourth instar.

The age-structure and biting behaviour of Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae) from Manaus, Brazil

1980 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 549-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Charlwood ◽  
J. Lopes
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Age Structure ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽  
Physiological Age ◽  
Late Afternoon ◽  
Early Afternoon ◽  
Biting Behaviour

AbstractThe physiological age of female Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) caught biting horses during seven all-day catches and 20 catches in the morning or afternoon during the rainy season (January-July) in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil, was determined by examination of their ovaries. Males and unmated females with undeveloped ovaries had similar biting patterns, with peaks of activity in the early morning and late afternoon, when the relative humidity was between 50 and 80%. Nulliparous inseminated females with ovaries at Stages II to V attacked throughout the day, with no pronounced peaks, whereas parous females showed a peak of biting in the late morning and early afternoon. The majority of parous flies had oviposited less than four times and had distended overiolar sacs, indicative of recent oviposition.

scholarly journals Effects of the Production Environment on the Susceptibility of Rose Flowers to Postharvest Infection by Botrytis cinerea

1996 ◽  
Vol 121 (2) ◽  
pp. 314-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip E. Hammer ◽  
Kathleen B. Evensen
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Production Environment ◽  
High Wind ◽  
Secondary Effects ◽  
Air Velocity ◽  
High Wind Speed ◽  
Low Wind Speed ◽  
Air Movement

We studied the effects of environmental conditions during production on susceptibility of roses to postharvest infection by B. cinerea. For flowers harvested from a commercial greenhouse, susceptibility was linearly correlated (r = 0.97) with mean air velocity during the 5-week periods before each harvest. Susceptibility was also correlated with mean leaf to air temperature gradient (r = 0.83) and inversely correlated with wetness measured on an electronic leaf (r = -0.92), but these correlations were interpreted as secondary effects of the correlation with air movement. Susceptibility was not correlated with temperature, relative humidity (RH), or the other factors measured. In growth chamber experiments, flowers grown under high wind speed (0.55 m·s-1) were significantly more susceptible to infection than flowers grown under low wind speed (0.18 m·s-1). High relative humidity during production increased background infection levels (i.e., those infections not caused by laboratory inoculation) but did not affect susceptibility.

scholarly journals Birch pollen grains in the air of Szczecin in 2000-2004

2012 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 325-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Puc
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Meteorological Parameters ◽  
Birch Pollen ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Pollen Concentration ◽  
Pollen Seasons ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Two Peaks

Betula pollen is a common cause of pollinosis in northern and central Europe. The aim of the study was to characterize the birch pollen seasons in Szczecin in 2000 - 2004 and diurnal periodicity of pollen in the air. Measurements were performed using the volumetric method. The analysed meteorological parameters were the maximum temperature, relative humidity, rainfall and wind speed. The beginning and end of a season were established by the 95% method. During five studied years the highest concentration of birch pollen in the air was noted in 2003, with the pollen season starting in the middle of April and lasting till the 11<sup>th</sup> of May. The highest pollen count of 5736 grains per 1m<sup>3</sup> was observed in the end of April. Two peaks of the of birch pollen grains per 1m<sup>3</sup> were observed daily. The highest concentration was noted between 2-4 p.m. A positive and statistically significant correlation was found between the birch pollen concentration and air temperature and wind speed. A negative correlation was found in case of the relative humidity. Besides the individual rhythm of pollination, the meteorological conditions are the most important factors influencing the birch pollen concentration in the air.

Melatonin rhythm is not shifted by lights that suppress nocturnal melatonin in humans under entrainment

1996 ◽  
Vol 270 (5) ◽  
pp. R1073-R1077 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Hashimoto ◽  
K. Nakamura ◽  
S. Honma ◽  
H. Tokura ◽  
K. Honma
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
The Other ◽  
Melatonin Level ◽  
Young Males ◽  
Melatonin Rhythm ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

Effects of a single light exposure on the circadian rhythm in plasma melatonin were, examined in young males to obtain the threshold of light intensity for suppressing the nocturnal melatonin level on the one hand and to understand the relationship between the light-induced phase shift of melatonin rhythm and the melatonin suppression on the other hand. Eight subjects spent 3 days in an experimental living facility where light intensity was set below 200 lx and were exposed to light for 3 h in the early morning on the 2nd day. The same procedure was repeated five times in each subject with an interval of at least 3 wk, and one of five light intensities was tested in each trial. As a result, nocturnal melatonin level was not suppressed by light of 200 lx but significantly suppressed by light of intensity > or + 500 lx. On the other hand, the circadian melatonin rhythm was not shifted by any light intensity up to 10,000 lx. It is concluded that the threshold of light intensity for suppressing the melatonin level is located between 200 and 500 lx in young Japanese males, and the threshold for phase shifting the circadian melatonin rhythm was much greater than that for suppressing the nocturnal melatonin level in humans under entrained conditions.

Fruit abscission in Acer saccharinum with reference to seed dispersal

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (11) ◽  
pp. 2277-2283 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. F. Greene ◽  
E. A. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Seed Dispersal ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Power Law ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Acer Saccharinum ◽  
Fruit Abscission ◽  
Early Afternoon ◽  
Separation Layers

Winged fruits and seeds travel approximately twice as far as predicted by micrometeorological models of seed dispersal by the wind. We hypothesize that seeds preferentially abscise at higher velocities because the motive force for abscission is drag (proportional to the square of the wind velocity). A 3-year study of fruit abscission in Acer saccharinum L., supplemented by experimental studies, demonstrates that for this species (i) separation layers develop rapidly when relative humidity is low (the early afternoon in a typical diurnal relative humidity cycle), and (ii) the exponents in power law equations relating abscission rate to wind speed are somewhat higher than the expected value of 2.0. Consequently, micrometeorological models of dispersal must be modified to account for the nonrandom nature of abscission. Key words: seed dispersal, abscission, Acer saccharinum.

scholarly journals Karakteristik Iklim Mikro Dan Produksi Jagung Manis Pada Beberapa Sistem Tanam

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Risa Wentasari ◽  
Rizka Novi Sesanti
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Light Interception ◽  
The Other ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Planting System

The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of the micro-climate(temperature, humidity, and light intensity) and the production of sweet corn on a sigle row,doble row, twin row, and Twin seed planting system. This study was conducted in anexperimental garden of Politeknik Negeri Lampung, Hajimena South Lampung, in July-September, 2015. This study is based on randomized block design with one factor croppingsystem consists of 4 treatment ie : Sigle Row (SR) (20cm x 75cm), Doble Row ( DR ) (20cm x20cm x 80 cm), Twin Row (TR) (20cm x 10cm x 80 cm) , and Twin Seed (TS) with plantSpacing (40cm x 75cm 2 seed in one planting hole). Parameter observations of this studyconsisted of (1) micro-climate (temperature (oC), relative humidity (RH %) and Interceptionof Light (%) ) and (2)production (corn length (cm) , corn diameter (m ) and Corn weights(grams). The data were analyzed using the F test at 1 % and 5 % level and than followed bytest BNT. The conclusion of this study were (1) The characteristics of the microclimate : a)There is a noticeable difference in the temperature of the top of the current crop of 4 mst andat 9 mst there is a significant difference in the temperature of the bottom , where SR has adifferent temperature involves the other b) All systems planting has a relative humidity (%)were not significantly different , and c ) there is a difference light interception ( % ) duringthe day when 4 mst , where the twins seed has a light interception is different from othertreatments and there is a difference light interception during 9 mst where sigle row has adifferent light interception to other treatments. (2) The production of sweet corn on thetreatment SR, DR, TR and TS were not significantly different and has a weight of corn (SR =354.8 grams, DR = 316.5 grams, 328.5 grams TR and TS = 325.4 grams) same withdescription bonanza varieties (270-300 grams).Keywords : Cropping Systems , Micro Climate , Production

scholarly journals Some climatological aspects of thunderstorms and squalls over Guwahati Airport

MAUSAM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-240
Author(s):  
GAJENDRA KUMAR ◽  
M. MOHAPATRA
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Frequency Distribution ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Maximum Wind ◽  
The Past ◽  
Average Maximum

Lkkj & xqokgkVh gokbZ vM~Ms ij vk, paMokr ls tqM+s okf"kZd vkSj ekfld ckjEckjrk dk forj.k] xtZ ds lkFk vk, rwQkuksa  vkSj paMokrksa ds vkjEHk gksus dk le; vkSj mudh vof/k rFkk i;kZoj.kh; ifjorZuksa dk fo’ys"k.k fd;k x;k gSA rwQku vkSj paMokr lcls T;knk ebZ ds eghusa esa vkrs gSa vkSj mlds ckn viSzy ds eghus esa vkrs gSaA rwQkuksa vkSj paMokrksa dh vko`fr;k¡ lcls T;knk ebZ ds eghusa esa gksrh gSa vkSj mlds ckn vizSy ds eghus esa gksrh gSaA vf/kdk¡’k rwQku ekulwu _rq ls iwoZ vkSj ekulwu _rq ds nkSjku vkrs gSa rFkk paMokr Qjojh ls ebZ ds eghuksa ds nkSjku vkrs gSaA ekulwu _rq ls iwoZ vkus okys vf/kdk¡’k rwQku e/; jkf= ls ysdj rM+ds lqcg ds le; esa vkrs gSa tcfd ekulwu _rq ds nkSjku vkus okys rwQku 0600&1200 ;w- Vh- lh- ds chp vk;k djrs gSa  vf/kdk¡’k rwQkuksa dh vof/k rhu ?kaVksa ls Hkh de dh gksrh gSA vf/kdk¡’k paMokrksa dh vof/k pkj feuVksa ls Hkh de dh gksrh gS] fn’kk mÙkj if’pe vkSj ;s 0900&2100 ;w- Vh- lh- ds le; vkrs gSaA xqokgkVh gokbZ vM~Ms ij paMokr ds vkus ls i;kZoj.kh; rkieku vkSlru 2-2° lsa- rd fxj tkrk gS] lkisf{kd vknzZrk 8-5 izfr’kr rd c<+ tkrh gS vkSj nkc 1-6 gSDVkikLdy rd c<+ tkrk gSA xqokgkVh gokbZ vM~Ms ij paMokr ds vkus ls vf/kdre iou xfr vkSlru yxHkx 39 ukWV~l gksrh gSA fiNys v/;;uksa ls rqyuk djus ij ;g irk pyrk gS fd fiNys dqN o"kksZa esa rQkuksa vkSj paMokrksa ds y{k.kksa esa fo’ks"k ifjorZu ugha vk;k gSA  The annual and monthly frequency distribution, time of commencement and duration of thunderstorms & squalls and environmental changes associated with occurrence of squall at Guwahati Airport have been analyzed. The frequencies of thunderstorms and squalls are maximum in the month of May followed by April. Most of the thunderstorms occur during premonsoon and monsoon season and squalls occur during Feb-May. Most of the premonsoon thunderstorms commence during midnight to early morning while the thunderstorms during monsoon season have preference to commence between 0600-1200 UTC. Majority of thunderstorms is of the duration of less than three hours. Majority of squalls have the duration of less than four minutes, direction as northwesterly and occur during 0900-2100 UTC. On the average, environmental temperature falls by 2.2° C, the relative humidity rises by 8.5%, and the pressure increases by 1.6 hPa due to squall over Guwahati Airport. The average maximum wind speed associated with a squall over Guwahati Airport is about 39 knots. Comparison with the past studies indicates that characteristics of thunderstorms and squalls have not changed significantly over the years.

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