Field application and effects of chlorpyrifos residues onSitona discoideus(Coleoptera: Curculionidae) adults and implications for biological control byMicroctonus aethiopoides(Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

1996 ◽  
Vol 86 (5) ◽  
pp. 559-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.R. McNeill ◽  
L.M. Hunt ◽  
R.B. Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
Field Application ◽  
Significant Decline ◽  
Late Instar ◽  
Sampling Intervals ◽  
Host Mortality ◽  
Activity Decay ◽  
Parasitoid Development ◽  
Microctonus Aethiopoides

AbstractChlorpyrifos was applied to field lucerne at a rate (0.3 kg/ha) recommended to control the weevilSitona discoideusGyllenhal. The fate of the weevil population and that of the immature stages of its parasitoidMicroctonus aethiopoidesLoan were examined by field sampling. A single application of chlorpyrifos reduced the weevil population by 96.2% 14 days after application. There was no significant decline in the control population between sampling intervals nor a change in the parasitism levels. However, in the insecticide-treated plotsc. 88% of survivors (n=8) were parasitized. The effects of chlorpyrifos residues at 0.3 and 1.0 kg/ha were also examined. At the lower rate, residues producedc. 40–60% weevil mortality for up to 15 days after application although a significant decline in activity only occurred between days 1 and 3. At 1.0 kg/ha, the activity decay curve was much slower with no significant decline in weevil mortality for the first 15 days of the experiment. Weevil gender was shown to be a significant factor influencing mortality. Mortality of unparasitized weevils was also significantly greater than for parasitized hosts while the stage of parasitoid development had a significant effect on mortality. Where parasitoid development was sufficiently advanced, late-instar larva emerged and successfully pupated from cadavers up to 18 h following host mortality. The consequences of applying insecticide to controlS. discoideusas they relate to the parasitoid and the success of biological control are discussed.

scholarly journals Limited host range in the idiobiont parasitoid Phymasticus coffea, a prospective biological control agent of the coffee pest Hypothenemus hampei in Hawaii

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fazila Yousuf ◽  
Peter A. Follett ◽  
Conrad P. D. T. Gillett ◽  
David Honsberger ◽  
Lourdes Chamorro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Classical Biological Control ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Hypothenemus Hampei ◽  
Parasitism Rate ◽  
Limited Host Range ◽  
Parasitoid Development

AbstractPhymastichus coffea LaSalle (Hymenoptera:Eulophidae) is an adult endoparasitoid of the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) (Coleoptera:Curculionidae:Scolytinae), which has been introduced in many coffee producing countries as a biological control agent. To determine the effectiveness of P. coffea against H. hampei and environmental safety for release in Hawaii, we investigated the host selection and parasitism response of adult females to 43 different species of Coleoptera, including 23 Scolytinae (six Hypothenemus species and 17 others), and four additional Curculionidae. Non-target testing included Hawaiian endemic, exotic and beneficial coleopteran species. Using a no-choice laboratory bioassay, we demonstrated that P. coffea was only able to parasitize the target host H. hampei and four other adventive species of Hypothenemus: H. obscurus, H. seriatus, H. birmanus and H. crudiae. Hypothenemus hampei had the highest parasitism rate and shortest parasitoid development time of the five parasitized Hypothenemus spp. Parasitism and parasitoid emergence decreased with decreasing phylogenetic relatedness of the Hypothenemus spp. to H. hampei, and the most distantly related species, H. eruditus, was not parasitized. These results suggest that the risk of harmful non-target impacts is low because there are no native species of Hypothenemus in Hawaii, and P. coffea could be safely introduced for classical biological control of H. hampei in Hawaii.

scholarly journals Biology and parasitic potential of Doryctobracon areolatuson Anastrepha fraterculus larvae

2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 669-671 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrise Medeiros Nunes ◽  
Dori Edson Nava ◽  
Fernanda Appel Müller ◽  
Rafael da Silva Gonçalves ◽  
Mauro Silveira Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Parasitism Rate ◽  
Anastrepha Fraterculus ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Parasitoid Development

The objective of this work was to study the biology and parasitic potential of Doryctobracon areolatus on larvae of Anastrepha fraterculus. The egg-adult period, the sex ratio, the longevity, the pupal viability, and the parasitism rate of D. areolatus were determined in laboratory, using A. fraterculus as host. The parasitoid development from oviposition to adult emergence required 25.00±1.70 days, the sex ratio was 0.62±0.09, and the mean longevity was 16.36±3.62 days for males and 10.24±1.71 days for females. The mean parasitism rate was 53.50±8.93%, varying from 41.60 to 68.60%, which shows the potential of this parasitoid for biological control of A. fraterculus.

scholarly journals A Preliminary Preparation of Endophytic Bacteria CE3 Wettable Powder for Biological Control of Postharvest Diseases

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hua CHENG ◽  
Linling LI ◽  
Juan HUA ◽  
Honghui YUAN ◽  
Shuiyuan CHENG
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Safety Evaluation ◽  
Field Application ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Postharvest Diseases ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Wettable Powder ◽  
Endothia Parasitica

Recently, there has been an increasing interest among researchers in using combinations of biological control agents to exploit potential synergistic effects among them. In the present study, there were investigated commercially acceptable formulations of Bacillus cereus CE3 wetting powder with long storage life and retained efficacy to control chestnut and other fruit rot caused by Endothia parasitica (Murr) and Fusarium solani. The study sought to develop a new B. cereus formulation that would be more effective and better suited to the conditions of field application. By a series of experiments, the formulation was confirmed as follows: 60% B. cereus freeze-dried powder, 28.9% diatomite as carrier, 4% sodium lignin sulfonate as disperser, 6% alkyl naphthalene sulfonate as wetting agent, 1% K2HPO4 as stabilizer, 0.1% β-cyclodextrin as ultraviolet protectant. The controlling experiments showed that the diluted 100 times of 60% B. cereus wetting powder had 79.47% corrosion rate to chestnut pathogens; and this result is comparable to the diluted 1,000 times of 70% thiophanate-methyl. Safety evaluation results showed that rats acute oral lethal dose 50% was 5,000.35, therefore application of B. cereus wettable powder could not cause a person or animal poisoning. This work illustrated that 60% B. cereus wetting powder had commercial potential; however, to apply this formulation as a biological pesticide in the field, masses production processes need to be further studied.

scholarly journals Observations on the predatory potential of Lutzia fuscana on Aedes aegypti larvae: implications for biological control (Diptera: Culicidae)

2016 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 137
Author(s):  
Soujita Pramanik ◽  
Sampa Banerjee ◽  
Soumyajit Banerjee ◽  
Goutam K. Saha ◽  
Gautam Aditya
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
The Body ◽  
Larval Habitats ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Augmentative Release ◽  
Predatory Potential

Among the natural predators, larval stages of the mosquito <em>Lutzia fuscana (</em>Wiedemann, 1820) (Diptera: Culicidae) bear potential as a biological control agent of mosquitoes. An estimation of the predatory potential of the larva of <em>L. fuscana</em> against the larva of the dengue vector <em>Aedes aegypti</em> (Linnaeus, 1762) (Diptera: Culicidae) was made to highlight its use in vector management. Laboratory experiments revealed that the larva of<em> L</em>. <em>fuscana</em> consumes 19 to 24 <em>A. aegypti</em> larvae per day, during its tenure as IV instar larva. The consumption of <em>A. aegypti</em> larvae was proportionate to the body length (BL) and body weight (BW) of the predatory larva<em> L. fuscana</em> as depicted through the logistic regressions: y = 1 / (1 + exp(-(-2.09 + 0.35*BL))) and y = 1 / (1 + exp(-(0.4+ 0.06*BW))). While the prey consumption remained comparable among the days, the net weight gained by the <em>L</em>. <em>fuscana</em> larva showed a decreasing trend with the age. On the basis of the results, it is apparent that the larva of the mosquito <em>L. fuscana</em> can be used in the regulation of the mosquito <em>A. aegypti</em> through augmentative release, particularly, in the smaller mosquito larval habitats.

Distribution of late instar Lymantria dispar cadavers killed by Entomophaga maimaiga on trunks of several tree species in southwestern Japan

2007 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shota Jikumaru ◽  
Toshikazu Sano
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Lymantria Dispar ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Quercus Serrata ◽  
Broadleaf Forest ◽  
Entomophaga Maimaiga ◽  
Quercus Glauca ◽  
Resting Spores ◽  
Late Instar ◽  
Clethra Barbinervis

Attachment of late-instar Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) cadavers killed by Entomophaga maimaiga Humber, Shimazu et Soper (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) on trunks of five dominant tree species was determined in a broadleaf forest in southwestern Japan. The highest numbers of cadavers were found attached to the trunk of Pasania glabra (Thunb.) Oerst., while there were moderate numbers of cadavers on the trunks of Quercus glauca Thunb. and Quercus serrata Thunb. and no cadavers were found attached to trunks of Ilex pedunculosa Miq. and Clethra barbinervis Sieb. et Zucc.. All examined cadavers contained E. maimaiga resting spores. The differences in cadaver attachment among tree species may influence density of E. maimaiga resting spores around tree bases, which act as reservoirs for fungal survival during unfavorable periods or over numerous years. Our results provide important information as to where to collect E. maimaiga resting spores for biological control of L. dispar, especially in forests containing many tree species.

scholarly journals Potential for biological control of porina (Wiseana spp) with a novel insecticidal bacterium Yersinia n sp (MH96) EN65 strain

2008 ◽  
Vol 61 ◽  
pp. 229-235
Author(s):  
M. Brownbridge ◽  
C. Ferguson ◽  
D.J. Saville ◽  
J. Swaminathan ◽  
M.R.H. Hurst ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Broth Culture ◽  
Bacterial Survival ◽  
Feeding Damage ◽  
Commercial Formulation ◽  
Novel Bacterium ◽  
Late Instar ◽  
Significant Mortality

Porina (Wiseana spp larvae) are endemic pests of pasture If detected early young larvae can be controlled with diflubenzuron but generally damage is not predicted and organophosphate insecticides (eg diazinon chlorpyrifos chlorfon) are required Yersinia n sp (MH96) cf entomophaga (EN65 strain) a novel bacterium with insecticidal properties is pathogenic to late instar Wiseana spp larvae in laboratory assays and has potential as a biopesticide This trial measured the effect of two formulations of EN65 and a commercial formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis var kurstaki (Btk) against late instar porina EN65 was formulated in a sprayable biopolymer and on to a kibbled wheat bait Both EN65 formulations caused significant mortality of porina larvae and reduced feeding damage on white clover; efficacy was superior to Btk Survival of the bacterium in the sprayable biopolymer formulation was enhanced compared to a nonformulated broth culture Bacterial survival on the kibbled wheat bait was better when stored at 4C compared to 20C over 3 months

scholarly journals Initial establishment of the irish strain of Microctonus aethiopoides in New Zealand

2007 ◽  
Vol 60 ◽  
pp. 203-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.J. Gerard ◽  
T.M. Eden ◽  
S. Hardwick ◽  
C.F. Mercer ◽  
M.W.A. Slay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Early Winter ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Sitona Lepidus ◽  
Microctonus Aethiopoides ◽  
Made In

Four experimental releases of the parthenogenetic strain of Microctonus aethiopoides from Ireland were made in early 2006 in the Waikato Manawatu (two sites) and Hawkes Bay By early winter establishment was confirmed at all sites with parasitism levels exceeding 10 in the target host Sitona lepidus a serious pest of white clover in New Zealand Subsequent monitoring revealed considerable betweensite variation At the Hawkes Bay and Manawatu Feilding sites where overwintering weevil adults were still present in October over 30 parasitism was found in newly emerged weevils in December 2006 In contrast at the Waikato and Manawatu Bulls sites where there was no overlap of host generations parasitism was below detectable levels during spring and early summer but recovered subsequently The Irish M aethiopoides appears to have four generations a year and diapauses over winter as a first instar larva Following the initial success releases have commenced in other regions

scholarly journals Collections of Microctonus aethiopoides Loan (Hymenoptera Braconidae) from Ireland

2006 ◽  
Vol 59 ◽  
pp. 290-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.R. McNeill ◽  
J.R. Proffitt ◽  
P.J. Gerard ◽  
S.L. Goldson
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Natural Enemy ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Sitona Lepidus ◽  
Microctonus Aethiopoides

The biological control programme against Sitona lepidus (Gyllenhal) (Coleoptera Braconidae) commenced in 1998 with the first parasitised weevils imported into New Zealand quarantine in 2000 Extensive collections in Europe confirmed that the solitary endoparasitoid Microctonus aethiopoides Loan (Hymenoptera Braconidae) was the principal natural enemy of adult S lepidus With one exception all M aethiopoides reared from S lepidus collected in Europe have been arrhenotokous All M aethiopoides collected from Ireland are thelytokous which obviates the risk of hybridisation with an arrhenotokous Moroccan strain already established in New Zealand Levels of parasitism in S lepidus fieldcollected from Ireland were low (lt;8) and overall averaged 07 Rates of parasitism of S lepidus in New Zealand quarantine have averaged 25 but ranged from 0 to 95 Aspects relating to the rearing and management of Irish M aethiopoides are discussed including possible reasons for low rates of parasitism in quarantine

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