Plant density and wheat stem sawfly (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) resistance in Syrian wheats

1993 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.H. Miller ◽  
S. El Masri ◽  
K. Al Jundi
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Wheat Stem Sawfly ◽  
Stem Solidness ◽  
Plant Characteristics

AbstractBread and durum wheat varieties varying in wheat stem sawfly resistance were sown at different densities in northern Syria for two seasons to examine the effect of density on plant characteristics related to infestations of the wheat stem sawflies Cephus pygmeus (Linnaeus) and Trachelus spp. Plants sown at low densities had a longer interval between developmental stages and had higher stem solidity than those sown at high densities. Stem solidness was negatively correlated with the percentage of sawfly-infested stems. Plant height and grain yield were neither strongly nor consistently correlated with wheat stem sawfly infestation but were influenced by variety and density. These results differ from those of previous studies in North America where widely spaced plants suffered higher infestations than did closely spaced plants. Results of our study suggest that stand density should be considered when recommending wheat stem sawfly-resistant wheats to farmers in west Asia and North Africa and when designing screening trials for wheat stem sawfly resistance in the field.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF SOWING DATES AND SEEDING RATES ON PRODUCTIVITY OF WINTER WHEAT VARIETIES IN THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-58
Author(s):  
Irina Fadeeva ◽  
Marsel Tagirov ◽  
Ilyas Gazizov ◽  
Fail' Kurmakaev
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Factor C ◽  
Sowing Period

In 2018-2019 in the Republic of Tatarstan the studies were carried out to study the effect of sowing dates and seeding rates on productuvuty of new varieties of winter wheat to identify the optimal elements of cultivation technology. The experiment scheme provided for the study of the following options: variety (factor A) - Darina, Universiada, Sultan; sowing time (factor B) - September 1 ... 2 (first, optimal), September 15 ... 17 (second); seeding rate (factor C) - 5.0; 5.5; 6.0; 6.5 million viable seeds per hectare. The predecessor is pure steam. Plot area 25 m2. The formation of the grain yield was mainly influenced by the sowing period (28.6%), the choice of the variety (21.2%) and the interaction of the three factors studied (15.8%). Universiada variety formed a yield of 4.91 t/ha during the first sowing period with a pure fallow and a seeding rate of 5.5 million pcs/ha. Sowing after September 15 resulted in a 33.78% decrease in the productivity of this variety. Darina variety formed the highest stand density among all the studied genotypes, both at the first (551.5 pieces/m2) and at the second (476.0 pieces/ m2) sowing dates. The highest grain yield of this variety was noted with the optimal (first) sowing period for pure fallow and the seeding rate of 6.0 million pcs/ha - 4.70 t/ha. A shift in sowing to a later date reduced its yield by 26.48%. Sultan variety formed the highest grain yield when sowing on September 1 ... 2 on a clean fallow with a seeding rate of 6.0 million pcs/ha. With a delay in sowing, like other varieties, the value of this indicator decreased by 24.65%. The analysis of correlations showed the dependence of the yield at the optimal sowing time in a medium degree on the grain size (r = 0.66), with a late one - on the number of productive stems for harvesting (r = 0.56). Key words: winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), variety, productivity, yield, grain weight, correlation

Efficacy of high seeding rates to increase grain yield of winter wheat and winter triticale in southern Alberta

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 503-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross H McKenzie ◽  
Eric Bremer ◽  
Allan B Middleton ◽  
Pat G Pfiffner ◽  
Robert F Dunn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Winter Triticale ◽  
Southern Alberta ◽  
Plant Stand ◽  
The Impact

Field trials were conducted for 3 yr (2002/2003 to 2004/2005) at three locations in southern Alberta to determine the impact of seeding rate and opener type on plant stand and grain yield of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and winter triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack). Responses were determined for an optimum date of seeding in early to mid-September and for a late seeding in early to mid-October. Conditions were generally favourable for crop establishment, winter survival and growth, and average site yields ranged from 4.5 to 8.9 Mg ha-1. The disc opener increased spring plant density by 12.5% compared with the hoe opener, but did not affect grain yield. Spring plant density was 23% lower for winter triticale than winter wheat and 20% lower for October-seeded cereals than September-seeded cereals. Late seeding reduced grain yields of winter wheat and winter triticale by an average of 18 and 11%, respectively. Increases in target seeding rates from 150 to 350 plants m-2 (approximately 70 to 160 kg ha-1) did not affect grain yield and quality of September-seeded cereals, but increased grain yield of late-seeded crops by an average of 5 kg per kg increase in seeding rate. High seeding rates did not fully compensate for yield losses caused by late seeding. Key words: Triticum aestivum, × Triticosecale, plant stand density, yield

Variation for stem solidness and its association with agronomic traits in spring wheat

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 775-780 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Hayat ◽  
J. M. Martin ◽  
S. P. Lanning ◽  
C. F. McGuire ◽  
L. E. Talbert
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Cross Combination ◽  
Canadian Prairie ◽  
Wheat Stem Sawfly ◽  
Stem Solidness

The wheat stem sawfly (Cephus cinctus Norton) is a major insect pest of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the Northern Great Plains of the US and Canadian Prairie provinces. The development of solid-stemmed wheat cultivars has been the main strategy to minimize losses from this insect. Solid-stemmed cultivars generally yield less than hollow-stemmed cultivars of the same era, and there are reports that degree of stem solidness is inversely related to grain yield. Our purpose was to examine the association between stem solidness and other agronomic traits and measure changes in progeny performance from three solid-stemmed parents representing different eras of cultivar development. Random, F4-derived F6 lines were obtained from crosses between solid-stemmed Rescue, Fortuna, and Lew and hollow-stemmed Newana and Thatcher. The random lines plus parents were evaluated in three environments. Changes during time from Rescue to Lew were in the desired direction for days to heading, plant height, and test weight, while stem-solidness score decreased for the parents themselves and in cross combination. Grain yield showed significant gains in two of three environments. A significant solid-stemmed × hollow-stemmed parent interaction was observed for stem solidness score suggesting epistatic gene action in the inheritance of this trait. The only significant associations of stem solidness score with agronomic traits were with plant height in one cross and grain protein concentration in two crosses. Results show the development of high yielding, solid-stemmed cultivars is not limited by undesirable associations between degree of stem solidness and other agronomic traits. Key words: Wheat stem sawfly, solid-stemmed wheat, trait associations

scholarly journals THE INFLUENCE OF MINERAL FERTILIZERS AND PLANT DENSITY ON YIELD FORMATION OF CORN GRAIN IN NORTHERN FOREST-STEPPE OF THE AVERAGE VOLGA REGION

2020 ◽  
pp. 27-33
Author(s):  
Anatoliy Andreevich Moiseev ◽  
Aleksey Vladimirovich Sidorov ◽  
Alexander Vasilievich Ivoylov
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Northern Forest ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Plant Stand ◽  
Yield Formation ◽  
Different Doses

The results of research on the influence of plant stand density and different doses of mineral fertilizers on the formation of grain yield of early-maturing maize hybrid on dark-gray forest medium-loam soil are presented. It is established that with increase in planting rates decreased indices of grain yield, grain mass of one cob and number of grains in one cob, and a mass of 1 000 grains. The use of fertilizers increased the weight of grain from the cob by 55.0-84.4 %, the lake content of the cob – by 24.9-40.9 %, and the absolute weight of grain-by 23.1-31.8 % compared to the variants without fertilizers. At the same time, the best indicators were obtained when N90 and N120 were added to the NQC. The application of mineral fertilizers increased the grain yield, on average, by 76.4-112.8% in relation to the control (2.97 t/ha). The largest increase was provided by the introduction of N90P30K30 and N120P30K30-2.95 and 3.35 t / ha. the highest efficiency of fertilizers was noted against the background with a density of 65 thousand plants/ha-an increase relative to the control of 80.1-121.5 %.

YIELD OF CORN HYBRIDS DEPENDING ON PLANT DENSITY AND FERTILIZATION SYSTEMS

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Polyakov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Field Calculation ◽  
Corn Hybrids ◽  
Maize Hybrid ◽  
Fertilizer System

The article presents the results of research on the formation of corn yield for grain depending on the elements of cultivation technology in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. The goal of the research was to identify the influence of plant density and fertilizer system on the yield of corn hybrids for grain. The research was conducted during 2017-2019 in the research field of Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University (Bila Tserkva NAU). Research methods: field, calculation and statistical. Results. Regularities of growth, development and formation of yield by plants are revealed, both in concrete conditions of years of researches, and taking into account average long-term values taking into account features of hybrid-oriented technology. According to the results of the experiment it was recorded that the maximum yields for growing early-maturing maize hybrid DN PIVYHA with FAO 180 in general were obtained at a pre-harvest density of 75 thousand units/ha and the use of combined organo-mineral fertilizer system - 11.09 t/ha; medium-early maize hybrid DN ORLYK, FAO 280 in general in the experiment provided a grain yield of 9.60 t/ha, and in terms of 2017 - 7.86 t/ha, in 2018 - 11.22 t/ha and in 2019 - 9, 72 t/ha, but the medium-ripe hybrid of corn DN SARMAT, FAO 380 provided a grain yield of 10.81 t/ha, and in the context of 2017 - 9.31 t/ha, in 2018 - 11.68 t/ha and in 2019 - 11.44 t/ha. Significant influence on the formation of the yield of corn has a hybrid factor (27 %), fertilizer system determines the level of productivity by 21 % and interacts closely with the conditions of the growing season (factor BV 9 %), growing season conditions also determine the level of productivity of corn plants (19 %), and the pre-harvest density determines this feature by 18 %. Conclusions: In the conditions of the Right Bank part of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine there is an increase in the level of productivity of maize hybrids from early to medium-ripe hybrids, regardless of the influence of other experimental factors.

scholarly journals Optimizing Grain Yield and Water Use Efficiency Based on the Relationship between Leaf Area Index and Evapotranspiration

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 313
Author(s):  
Guoqiang Zhang ◽  
Bo Ming ◽  
Dongping Shen ◽  
Ruizhi Xie ◽  
Peng Hou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Irrigation Level ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
The Relationship

Achieving optimal balance between maize yield and water use efficiency is an important challenge for irrigation maize production in arid areas. In this study, we conducted an experiment in Xinjiang China in 2016 and 2017 to quantify the response of maize yield and water use to plant density and irrigation schedules. The treatments included four irrigation levels: 360 (W1), 480 (W2), 600 (W3), and 720 mm (W4), and five plant densities: 7.5 (D1), 9.0 (D2), 10.5 (D3), 12.0 (D4), and 13.5 plants m−2 (D5). The results showed that increasing the plant density and the irrigation level could both significantly increase the leaf area index (LAI). However, LAI expansion significantly increased evapotranspiration (ETa) under irrigation. The combination of irrigation level 600 mm (W3) and plant density 12.0 plants m−2 (D4) produced the highest maize yield (21.0–21.2 t ha−1), ETa (784.1–797.8 mm), and water use efficiency (WUE) (2.64–2.70 kg m−3), with an LAI of 8.5–8.7 at the silking stage. The relationship between LAI and grain yield and evapotranspiration were quantified, and, based on this, the relationship between water use and maize productivity was analyzed. Moreover, the optimal LAI was established to determine the reasonable irrigation level and coordinate the relationship between the increase in grain yield and the decrease in water use efficiency.

scholarly journals Winter Wheat Adaptation to Climate Change in Turkey

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 689
Author(s):  
Yuksel Kaya
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Wheat Genotypes ◽  
Plant Characteristics

Climate change scenarios reveal that Turkey’s wheat production area is under the combined effects of heat and drought stresses. The adverse effects of climate change have just begun to be experienced in Turkey’s spring and the winter wheat zones. However, climate change is likely to affect the winter wheat zone more severely. Fortunately, there is a fast, repeatable, reliable and relatively affordable way to predict climate change effects on winter wheat (e.g., testing winter wheat in the spring wheat zone). For this purpose, 36 wheat genotypes in total, consisting of 14 spring and 22 winter types, were tested under the field conditions of the Southeastern Anatolia Region, a representative of the spring wheat zone of Turkey, during the two cropping seasons (2017–2018 and 2019–2020). Simultaneous heat (>30 °C) and drought (<40 mm) stresses occurring in May and June during both growing seasons caused drastic losses in winter wheat grain yield and its components. Declines in plant characteristics of winter wheat genotypes, compared to those of spring wheat genotypes using as a control treatment, were determined as follows: 46.3% in grain yield, 23.7% in harvest index, 30.5% in grains per spike and 19.4% in thousand kernel weight, whereas an increase of 282.2% in spike sterility occurred. On the other hand, no substantial changes were observed in plant height (10 cm longer than that of spring wheat) and on days to heading (25 days more than that of spring wheat) of winter wheat genotypes. In general, taller winter wheat genotypes tended to lodge. Meanwhile, it became impossible to avoid the combined effects of heat and drought stresses during anthesis and grain filling periods because the time to heading of winter wheat genotypes could not be shortened significantly. In conclusion, our research findings showed that many winter wheat genotypes would not successfully adapt to climate change. It was determined that specific plant characteristics such as vernalization requirement, photoperiod sensitivity, long phenological duration (lack of earliness per se) and vulnerability to diseases prevailing in the spring wheat zone, made winter wheat difficult to adapt to climate change. The most important strategic step that can be taken to overcome these challenges is that Turkey’s wheat breeding program objectives should be harmonized with the climate change scenarios.

scholarly journals Optimizing Planting Density and Impact of Panicle Types on Grain Yield and Microclimatic Response Index of Hybrid Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guotao Yang ◽  
Xuechun Wang ◽  
Farhan Nabi ◽  
Hongni Wang ◽  
Changkun Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Hybrid Rice ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Response Index ◽  
Lower Position ◽  
High Plant Density

AbstractThe architecture of rice plant represents important and complex agronomic traits, such as panicles morphology, which directly influence the microclimate of rice population and consequently grain yield. To enhance yield, modification of plant architecture to create new hybrid cultivars is considered a sustainable approach. The current study includes an investigation of yield and microclimate response index under low to high plant density of two indica hybrid rice R498 (curved panicles) and R499 (erect panicles), from 2017 to 2018. The split-plot design included planting densities of 11.9–36.2 plant/m2. The results showed that compared with R498, R499 produced a higher grain yield of 8.02–8.83 t/ha at a higher planting density of 26.5–36.2 plant/m2. The response index of light intensity and relative humidity to the planting density of R499 was higher than that of R498 at the lower position of the rice population. However, the response index of temperature to the planting density of R499 was higher at the upper position (0.2–1.4%) than at the lower position. Compared with R498, R499 at a high planting density developed lower relative humidity (78–88%) and higher light intensity (9900–15,916 lx) at the lower position of the rice population. Our finding suggests that erect panicles are highly related to grain yield microclimatic contributors under a highly dense rice population, such as light intensity utilization, humidity, and temperature. The application of erect panicle rice type provides a potential strategy for yield improvement by increasing microclimatic conditions in rice.

Spilocaea oleaginea. [Distribution map].

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
North Africa ◽  
New South ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Olea Europea ◽  
New Distribution

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Spilocaea oleaginea (Cast.) Hughes. Hosts: Olive (Olea europea). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Africa, Algeria, Egypt, Ethiopia, Libya, Morocco, North Africa, Somalia, South Africa, Tunisia, Asia, China, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Turkey, USSR, Georgia, Australasia & Oceania, Australia, New South Wales, Europe, Cyprus, France, Greece, Italy, Crete, Sicily, Malta, Portugal, Spain, Yugoslavia, North America, USA, California, South America, Argentina, Chile, Ecuador, Peru.

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