A diurnal Rhythm in the Emergence of Pegomyia Betae Curtis from the Puparium

There is a clear diurnal rhythm in the emergence of the Beet Fly, Pegomyia betae (Curt.), from the soil, peak emergence occurring daily between 06. and 07. hr., when the soil temperature at a depth of 2 in. and the air temperature are at about their minimum, or are just beginning to rise, and humidity is at its maximum. In two observations on the emergence of the first generation, 82·2 and 85·6 per cent, of the daily emergence occurred before 08. hr., whilst in two observations on the emergence of the adults of the non-diapausing part of the second generation, 79·1 and 76·3 per cent, of the daily emergence occurred before 08. hr.During the period of emergence of flies from a batch of puparia, the rhythm was most marked at the time of peak emergence, and was less marked at the beginning and end of the emergence period.The rhythm of emergence was much less pronounced, and the peak occurred later in the day, when puparia were kept at constant temperature from two days before the first flies emerged.Experiments led to the conclusion that the fly reaches the soil surface within one hour of leaving the puparium at a depth of 2 in. in soil, and that the processes of wing expansion and cuticle tanning are probably controlled by a nervous mechanism.The possible initiators of the diurnal rhythm are discussed. It is concluded that the results obtained could be explained by the suggestion that the rhythm is induced by the effect of temperature or light fluctuation at some time before the late pupal stage, or that it might be inborn in the species, and that it is further regulated by temperature variation at the time of emergence. Further work will be necessary before the suggested explanation can be shown to be valid or otherwise.

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Soil temperatures in Egypt

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600018906 ◽

1928 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 90-122 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

E. McKenzie Taylor

Keyword(s):

Soil Temperature ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Temperature Wave ◽

Maximum Temperature ◽

Straight Line ◽

Temperature Waves ◽

Soil Temperatures ◽

The Times ◽

Maximum Air Temperature

1. The soil temperatures in Egypt at a number of depths have been recorded by means of continuous recording thermometers. In general, the records show that the amplitude of the temperature wave at the surface of the soil is considerably greater than the air temperature wave. There is, however, a considerable damping of the wave with depth, no daily variation in temperature being observed at a depth of 100 cm.2. No definite relation between the air and soil temperatures could be traced. The maximum air temperature was recorded in May and the maximum soil temperature in July.3. The amplitude of the temperature wave decreases with increase in depth. The decrease in amplitude of the soil temperature wave is not regular owing to variations in the physical properties of the soil layers. Between any two depths, the ratio of the amplitudes of the temperature waves is constant throughout the year. The amplitude of the soil temperature wave bears no relation to the amplitude of the air temperature wave.4. The time of maximum temperature at the soil surface is constant throughout the year at 1 p.m. The times of maximum temperature at depths below the surface lag behind the time of surface maximum, but they are constant throughout the year. When plotted against depth, the times of maximum at the various soil depths lie on a straight line.

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Specifics of soil temperature under winter wheat canopy

Contributions to Geophysics and Geodesy ◽

10.2478/congeo-2013-0013 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 43 (3) ◽

pp. 209-223 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jana Krčmáŕová ◽

Hana Stredová ◽

Radovan Pokorný ◽

Tomáš Stdŕeda

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Winter Wheat ◽

Soil Temperature ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Surface Air Temperature ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Regression Equations ◽

Experimental Plot ◽

Near Surface ◽

Soil Temperatures

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the course of soil temperature under the winter wheat canopy and to determine relationships between soil temperature, air temperature and partly soil moisture. In addition, the aim was to describe the dependence by means of regression equations usable for phytopathological prediction models, crop development, and yield models. The measurement of soil temperatures was performed at the experimental field station ˇZabˇcice (Europe, the Czech Republic, South Moravia). The soil in the first experimental plot is Gleyic Fluvisol with 49-58% of the content particles measuring < 0.01 mm, in the second experimental plot, the soil is Haplic Chernozem with 31-32% of the content particles measuring < 0.01 mm. The course of soil temperature and its specifics were determined under winter wheat canopy during the main growth season in the course of three years. Automatic soil temperature sensors were positioned at three depths (0.05, 0.10 and 0.20 m under soil surface), air temperature sensor in 0.05 m above soil surface. Results of the correlation analysis showed that the best interrelationships between these two variables were achieved after a 3-hour delay for the soil temperature at 0.05 m, 5-hour delay for 0.10 m, and 8-hour delay for 0.20 m. After the time correction, the determination coefficient reached values from 0.75 to 0.89 for the depth of 0.05 m, 0.61 to 0.82 for the depth of 0.10 m, and 0.33 to 0.70 for the depth of 0.20 m. When using multiple regression with quadratic spacing (modeling hourly soil temperature based on the hourly near surface air temperature and hourly soil moisture in the 0.10-0.40 m profile), the difference between the measured and the model soil temperatures at 0.05 m was −2.16 to 2.37 ◦ C. The regression equation paired with alternative agrometeorological instruments enables relatively accurate modeling of soil temperatures (R2 = 0.93).

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Low Tunnels inside Mediterranean Greenhouses: Effects on Air/Soil Temperature and Humidity

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11101973 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (10) ◽

pp. 1973

Author(s):

Alejandro López-Martínez ◽

Francisco D. Molina-Aiz ◽

María de los Ángeles Moreno-Teruel ◽

Araceli Peña-Fernández ◽

Fátima J. F. Baptista ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Temperature ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Citrullus Lanatus ◽

Absolute Humidity ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Average Temperature ◽

Row Covers ◽

Temperature And Humidity ◽

Low Tunnels ◽

Insect Attack

The main objective of this work was to analyze the microclimate generated inside a low tunnel (floating row cover) installed in an Almería-type greenhouse. Low tunnels are commonly used in the open field to protect plants against insect attack and to improve the production of muskmelon and strawberry. Floating row covers can also be used inside greenhouses during the first few weeks after the transplantation of muskmelon and watermelon crops in spring-summer cycles. This work was carried out during the first weeks of a watermelon culture (Citrullus lanatus Thunb.) growing with a polyethylene row cover inside an Almería-type greenhouse (2115 m2). Air temperature and humidity, plant temperature and soil temperature and humidity were measured in the greenhouse inside and outside the row covers. During the three days of measurement, all greenhouse vent openings were closed. The use of the low tunnels increased average air temperature around plants from 24.0 ± 9.0 °C to 26.9 ± 9.7 °C. A maximum difference in air temperature of about 5.9 °C was observed at noon. The average daily temperature of the crop was 28.2 ± 11.8 °C inside the row cover and 24.6 ± 8.9 °C without it. Similarly, the absolute humidity of air was clearly higher inside the low tunnel (0.0201 ± 0.0098 g/g) than around the plant rows without floating cover (0.0131 ± 0.0048 g/g). The soil temperature was also higher inside the low tunnel compared to the area without this second plastic cover. The effect of the tunnel decreased with depth, with average temperature differences of 1.2 ± 0.5 °C on the soil surface and 0.6 ± 0.5 °C at 20 cm depth.

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Mismatches between soil and air temperature

10.32942/osf.io/pksqw ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jonas Lembrechts ◽

Johan van den Hoogen ◽

Juha Aalto ◽

Michael Ashcroft ◽

Pieter De Frenne ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Temperature ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Environmental Science ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Ecosystem Functions ◽

Soil Carbon Storage ◽

Cold Environments ◽

The Difference ◽

The Relationship ◽

Temperature Time

Research in environmental science relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature at around 2 meter above ground1-3. These climatic grids however fail to reflect conditions near and below the soil surface, where critical ecosystem functions such as soil carbon storage are controlled and most biodiversity resides4-8. By using soil temperature time series from over 8500 locations across all of the world’s terrestrial biomes4, we derived global maps of soil temperature-related variables at 1 km resolution for the 0–5 and 5–15 cm depth horizons. Based on these maps, we show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding 2 m gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C, with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Soils in cold and/or dry biomes are annually substantially warmer (3.6°C ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are slightly cooler (0.7 ± 2.3°C). As a result, annual soil temperature varies less (by 17%) across the globe than air temperature. The effect of macroclimatic conditions on the difference between soil and air temperature highlights the importance of considering that macroclimate warming may not result in the same level of soil temperature warming. Similarly, changes in precipitation could alter the relationship between soil and air temperature, with implications for soil-atmosphere feedbacks9. Our results underpin that the impacts of climate and climate change on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments.

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Daily course of the soil temperature in summer in chosen ecosystems of Słowiński National Park, northern Poland

Quaestiones Geographicae ◽

10.2478/v10117-010-0001-x ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

pp. 5-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ewa Bednorz ◽

Leszek Kolendowicz

Keyword(s):

Solar Radiation ◽

Surface Temperature ◽

Soil Temperature ◽

Air Temperature ◽

National Park ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Global Solar Radiation ◽

Northern Poland ◽

Soil Surface Temperature ◽

Solar Energy Flux

Daily course of the soil temperature in summer in chosen ecosystems of Słowiński National Park, northern Poland Patterns of the daily changes of the soil temperature in summer at three different ecosystems within the Słowiński National Park were analyzed. Strong correlation between the solar radiation and the soil temperature was found, particularly for the bare sandy surfaces, while the plant and humus cover hampers the solar energy flux to the soil. In the same way, correlations between the temperature of soil surface and the air temperature were computed. Finally, logarithmic models for the relationship between the global solar radiation and the soil surface temperature and between the soil surface temperature and the air temperature were constructed.

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Irrigation and ground cover management effect on soil temperature in a mature peach orchard

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps93-112 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 73 (3) ◽

pp. 857-870 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

C. S. Tan ◽

R. E. C. Layne

Keyword(s):

Soil Temperature ◽

Snow Cover ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Prunus Persica ◽

Ground Cover ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Soil Temperatures ◽

Peach Orchard ◽

Management Effect ◽

Minimum Air Temperature

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of two irrigation (trickle vs. no irrigation) and two ground cover treatments (temporary cover vs. permanent sod) on soil temperature in a mature peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] orchard on Fox sand. The soil temperatures at the surface, 5, 10 and 20 cm depths were monitored continuously all-year during 1987 and 1988. Irrigation reduced the fluctuations in soil temperature during summer and winter. The average daily soil temperature in nonirrigated plots during the summer was as high as 34 °C at the soil surface and 28 °C at the 20-cm depth, while corresponding temperatures in irrigated plots were 28 and 26 °C, respectively. The average daily soil temperature in nonirrigated plots without snow cover during the winter was −12 °C at the soil surface and −5 °C at the 20-cm depth, while corresponding temperatures in irrigated plots were −6 and −1 °C, respectively. The effect of irrigation on soil temperature was greatly diminished by snow cover. The soil temperatures at all depths remained around 0 to −2 °C for both nonirrigated and irrigated plots under snow cover, even when the minimum air temperature dropped to −15 °C. The permanent sod cover provided some protection against cold although this effect was masked by snow cover. In the summer, the permanent sod cover reduced average daily soil temperature by 1.5 and 1 °C at the 10 and 20 cm depths. Key words: Prunus persica, snow cover, Fox sand

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Effect of temperature and moisture on O2 evolution rate of cultivated Phaeozem: analyses of a long-term field experiment

Plant Soil and Environment ◽

10.17221/3576-pse ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 51 (No. 5) ◽

pp. 213-219 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

V.O. Lopes de Gerenyu ◽

I.N. Kurganova ◽

L.N. Rozanova ◽

V.N. Kudeyarov

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Soil Temperature ◽

Linear Equations ◽

Ecological Factors ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Evolution Rate ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Data Set ◽

Exponential Equations

Soil temperature and moisture are the main ecological factors regulating the processes of production and emission of CO2 from soil surface. The CO2 evolution rate from cultivated clay Phaeozem (Russia, Moscow region; 54°50’N, 37°35’E) were studied under field conditions from November 1997 to October 2002. The daily mean CO2 evolution rate varied widely – from 0.9 to 246 mg C/m2/h. The total annual CO2 flux from cultivated Phaeozem averaged 352 ± 148 g C/m2/yr, the interannual variability amounted to 42%. We found significant linear trends (R = 0.46–0.55, P < 0.001) reflecting the relationship between CO2 emission and soil temperature through the whole observation period and during spring and autumn seasons as well. The exponential equations described these relationships for the same periods more adequately than the simple linear equations (R = 0.62–0.68, P < 0.01). The temperature coefficient Q10 comprised 2.3 (for the whole data set) and was essentially higher 3.2–3.6 during the spring and autumn. The correlation between CO2 evolution rate and soil moisture was insignificant for the whole period, winter, spring and autumn seasons as well. During the summer, correlation between CO2 evolution rate and soil moisture was positive and very close (R = 0.74, P < 0.001), indicating that the soil moisture content was a main factor limitative the rate of CO2 emission from soil for this period.

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Soil Temperature in the Peanut Pod Zone with Subsurface Drip Irrigation

Peanut Science ◽

10.3146/pnut.29.2.0007 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 29 (2) ◽

pp. 115-122 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

R. B. Sorensen ◽

F. S. Wright

Keyword(s):

Soil Temperature ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Drip Irrigation ◽

Soil Depth ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Subsurface Drip Irrigation ◽

Average Maximum ◽

Soil Temperatures ◽

Subsurface Drip ◽

Maximum Air Temperature

Abstract Maintaining soil temperatures at specified levels (below 29 C) in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is vital to crop growth, development, and pod yield. Subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) systems are not designed to wet the soil surface. Possible lack of moisture in the pod zone could result in elevated soil temperatures that could be detrimental to the peanut crop. The objective of this study was to document the response of pod zone soil temperature when irrigated with a SDI system. Thermocouple sensors were inserted at 5-cm soil depth in the crop row and at specified distances from the crop row in SDI and nonirrigated (NI) treatments. Maximum hourly and daily soil temperature data were measured at three locations, one in Virginia and two in Georgia. The maximum daily soil temperature decreased as plant canopy increased. During the first 50 d after planting (DAP), the average maximum soil temperature was 1 to 2 C cooler for both the SDI and NI treatments than the average maximum air temperature. From 50 DAP to harvest, the average maximum soil temperatures for SDI and NI treatments were 6 C cooler than the average maximum air temperature. During pod filling and maturation, the average maximum soil temperature was about 5 C cooler (27 C) for SDI treatments than the maximum air temperature and 2 C cooler than the recommended 29 C. Soil temperature in the NI treatments did exceed 29 C during periods of drought but decreased to values similar to SDI treatments immediately following a rainfall event. Overall, SDI can maintain maximum soil temperatures below critical values (29 C) during peanut fruit initiation to crop harvest.

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Edaphic microclimate and its influence on soil respiration of mezohemerobic ecosystem in the Upper Dniester Basin

Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography ◽

10.30970/vgg.2014.45.1155 ◽

2014 ◽

pp. 106-113

Author(s):

T. Partyka ◽

T. Bedernichek ◽

Z. Hamkalo

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Soil Moisture ◽

Soil Respiration ◽

Soil Temperature ◽

Key Words ◽

Temperature Increase ◽

Co2 Emission ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Hygroscopic Moisture

The values of the field and hygroscopic moisture, soil temperature under different scenarios of forest and land use have been characterized. The effect of temperature increase on CO2 emission from the soil surface has been investigated. Key words: edaphic climate, CO2 emissions, soil temperature, soil moisture.

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RELATIONSHIP OF DEVELOPMENT RATES OF CORN FROM PLANTING TO SILKING TO AIR AND SOIL TEMPERATURE AND TO ACCUMULATED THERMAL UNITS IN A PRAIRIE ENVIRONMENT

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps89-014 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 69 (1) ◽

pp. 121-132 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

H. W. CUTFORTH ◽

C. F. SHAYKEWICH

Keyword(s):

Soil Temperature ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Stem Elongation ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Maximum Temperature ◽

Thermal Indices ◽

Thermal Models ◽

Heat Units ◽

Threshold Temperatures ◽

Relationship Of

The effect of temperature on the phenological development of corn (Zea mays L.) was studied under field conditions at several locations throughout southeastern Manitoba, an area where the average annual corn heat unit accumulation is in the range 2100–2500. Twelve location years of data were collected from eight sites during 1980–1983. Two early-maturing hybrids, Pioneer 3995 and Northrup King 403 and one medium maturity hybrid, Pride 1108, were used. The duration from planting to emergence (PE) was predominantly controlled by soil temperature (ST). The duration from emergence to stem elongation (ESE) was significantly related to air temperature (AT), but not to ST. For both the PE and ESE growth phases, the thermal models — corn heat units (CHU), growing degree days (GDD) and modified corn heat units (MCHU) — were better estimators of duration than calendar days. The MCHU model, with threshold temperatures of 7 and 15 °C for the response functions to daily minimum and maximum temperature, respectively, estimated the duration of ESE more accurately than did the other thermal models. For the duration from stem elongation to silking (SESI), calendar days were better estimators than the thermal models. From emergence to silking (ESI), the thermal models using air temperature were generally better estimators of ESI duration than calendar days.Key words: Maize, thermal indices

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