scholarly journals Low Tunnels inside Mediterranean Greenhouses: Effects on Air/Soil Temperature and Humidity

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1973
Author(s):  
Alejandro López-Martínez ◽  
Francisco D. Molina-Aiz ◽  
María de los Ángeles Moreno-Teruel ◽  
Araceli Peña-Fernández ◽  
Fátima J. F. Baptista ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Citrullus Lanatus ◽  
Absolute Humidity ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Row Covers ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Low Tunnels ◽  
Insect Attack

The main objective of this work was to analyze the microclimate generated inside a low tunnel (floating row cover) installed in an Almería-type greenhouse. Low tunnels are commonly used in the open field to protect plants against insect attack and to improve the production of muskmelon and strawberry. Floating row covers can also be used inside greenhouses during the first few weeks after the transplantation of muskmelon and watermelon crops in spring-summer cycles. This work was carried out during the first weeks of a watermelon culture (Citrullus lanatus Thunb.) growing with a polyethylene row cover inside an Almería-type greenhouse (2115 m2). Air temperature and humidity, plant temperature and soil temperature and humidity were measured in the greenhouse inside and outside the row covers. During the three days of measurement, all greenhouse vent openings were closed. The use of the low tunnels increased average air temperature around plants from 24.0 ± 9.0 °C to 26.9 ± 9.7 °C. A maximum difference in air temperature of about 5.9 °C was observed at noon. The average daily temperature of the crop was 28.2 ± 11.8 °C inside the row cover and 24.6 ± 8.9 °C without it. Similarly, the absolute humidity of air was clearly higher inside the low tunnel (0.0201 ± 0.0098 g/g) than around the plant rows without floating cover (0.0131 ± 0.0048 g/g). The soil temperature was also higher inside the low tunnel compared to the area without this second plastic cover. The effect of the tunnel decreased with depth, with average temperature differences of 1.2 ± 0.5 °C on the soil surface and 0.6 ± 0.5 °C at 20 cm depth.

Strretlight pole metal as the medium of Tetragonula sp nest in Indralaya, South Sumatra

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanifa Marisa
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Hevea Brasiliensis ◽  
Citrullus Lanatus ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Surface Diameter ◽  
Very High

An investigation had been done to Tetragonula (Tetragona) sp nest at Indralaya, South Sumatra to describe the Tetragonula sp nest that use streetlight pole as nest medium during April - May 2019. Purpossive sampling is used to select the target nest. Two streetlight pole found be used by Tetragonula sp as their home. The coordinate of location, heght from ground surface, diameter of streetlight pole, air temperature and humidity, and floral species around nest, were noted. Spot coordinate are S 30 14’ 19.2498’’ and E 1040 39’ 15,3288’’ ; 1,5 m above the ground surface, 12 cm diameter pole, highest air temperature was 35 o C at daylight (April and May 2019), 80 – 90 % humidity at April-May 2019; which Switenia macrophyla, Hevea brasiliensis, Zea mays, and Citrullus lanatus floral species are planted around. Air temperature in the pole is very high, around 40 0 C during daylight.

Wildfire and Postfire Restoration Action Effects on Microclimate and Seedling Pine Tree Survivorship

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 174-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald J. Brown ◽  
Ivana Mali ◽  
Michael R.J. Forstner
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Absolute Humidity ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Burned Areas ◽  
High Severity ◽  
Postfire Management

Abstract Through modification of structural characteristics, ecological processes such as fire can affect microhabitat parameters, which in turn can influence community composition dynamics. The prevalence of high-severity forest fires is increasing in the southern and western United States, creating the necessity to better understand effects of high-severity fire, and subsequent postfire management actions, on forest ecosystems. In this study we used a recent high-severity wildfire in the Lost Pines ecoregion of Texas to assess effects of the wildfire and postfire clearcutting on six microclimate parameters: air temperature, absolute humidity, mean wind speed, maximum wind speed, soil temperature, and soil moisture. We also assessed differences between burned areas and burned and subsequently clearcut areas for short-term survivorship of loblolly pine Pinus taeda seedling trees. We found that during the summer months approximately 2 y after the wildfire, mean and maximum wind speed differed between unburned and burned areas, as well as burned and burned and subsequently clearcut areas. Our results indicated air temperature, absolute humidity, soil temperature, and soil moisture did not differ between unburned and burned areas, or burned and burned and subsequently clearcut areas, during the study period. We found that short-term survivorship of loblolly pine seedling trees was influenced primarily by soil type, but was also lower in clearcut habitat compared with habitat containing dead standing trees. Ultimately, however, the outcome of the reforestation initiative will likely depend primarily on whether or not the trees can survive drought conditions in the future, and this study indicates there is flexibility in postfire management options prior to reseeding. Further, concerns about negative wildfire effects on microclimate parameters important to the endangered Houston toad Bufo (Anaxyrus) houstonensis were not supported in this study.

Performance Evaluation of a Smart Mobile Air Temperature and Humidity Sensor for Characterizing Intracity Thermal Environment

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (10) ◽  
pp. 1891-1905
Author(s):  
Chang Cao ◽  
Yichen Yang ◽  
Yang Lu ◽  
Natalie Schultze ◽  
Pingyue Gu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Humidity Sensor ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Absolute Humidity ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Vegetation Fraction ◽  
Temperature And Humidity

AbstractHeat stress caused by high air temperature and high humidity is a serious health concern for urban residents. Mobile measurement of these two parameters can complement weather station observations because of its ability to capture data at fine spatial scales and in places where people live and work. In this paper, we describe a smart temperature and humidity sensor (Smart-T) for use on bicycles to characterize intracity variations in human thermal conditions. The sensor has several key characteristics of internet of things (IoT) technology, including lightweight, low cost, low power consumption, ability to communicate and geolocate the data (via the cyclist’s smartphone), and the potential to be deployed in large quantities. The sensor has a reproducibility of 0.03°–0.05°C for temperature and of 0.18%–0.33% for relative humidity (one standard deviation of variation among multiple units). The time constant with a complete radiation shelter and moving at a normal cycling speed is 9.7 and 18.5 s for temperature and humidity, respectively, corresponding to a spatial resolution of 40 and 70 m. Measurements were made with the sensor on street transects in Nanjing, China. Results show that increasing vegetation fraction causes reduction in both air temperature and absolute humidity and that increasing impervious surface fraction has the opposite effect.

Soil temperatures in Egypt

1928 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. McKenzie Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Temperature Wave ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Temperature Waves ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
The Times ◽  
Maximum Air Temperature

1. The soil temperatures in Egypt at a number of depths have been recorded by means of continuous recording thermometers. In general, the records show that the amplitude of the temperature wave at the surface of the soil is considerably greater than the air temperature wave. There is, however, a considerable damping of the wave with depth, no daily variation in temperature being observed at a depth of 100 cm.2. No definite relation between the air and soil temperatures could be traced. The maximum air temperature was recorded in May and the maximum soil temperature in July.3. The amplitude of the temperature wave decreases with increase in depth. The decrease in amplitude of the soil temperature wave is not regular owing to variations in the physical properties of the soil layers. Between any two depths, the ratio of the amplitudes of the temperature waves is constant throughout the year. The amplitude of the soil temperature wave bears no relation to the amplitude of the air temperature wave.4. The time of maximum temperature at the soil surface is constant throughout the year at 1 p.m. The times of maximum temperature at depths below the surface lag behind the time of surface maximum, but they are constant throughout the year. When plotted against depth, the times of maximum at the various soil depths lie on a straight line.

scholarly journals Specifics of soil temperature under winter wheat canopy

2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Krčmáŕová ◽  
Hana Stredová ◽  
Radovan Pokorný ◽  
Tomáš Stdŕeda
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Experimental Plot ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Soil Temperatures

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the course of soil temperature under the winter wheat canopy and to determine relationships between soil temperature, air temperature and partly soil moisture. In addition, the aim was to describe the dependence by means of regression equations usable for phytopathological prediction models, crop development, and yield models. The measurement of soil temperatures was performed at the experimental field station ˇZabˇcice (Europe, the Czech Republic, South Moravia). The soil in the first experimental plot is Gleyic Fluvisol with 49-58% of the content particles measuring < 0.01 mm, in the second experimental plot, the soil is Haplic Chernozem with 31-32% of the content particles measuring < 0.01 mm. The course of soil temperature and its specifics were determined under winter wheat canopy during the main growth season in the course of three years. Automatic soil temperature sensors were positioned at three depths (0.05, 0.10 and 0.20 m under soil surface), air temperature sensor in 0.05 m above soil surface. Results of the correlation analysis showed that the best interrelationships between these two variables were achieved after a 3-hour delay for the soil temperature at 0.05 m, 5-hour delay for 0.10 m, and 8-hour delay for 0.20 m. After the time correction, the determination coefficient reached values from 0.75 to 0.89 for the depth of 0.05 m, 0.61 to 0.82 for the depth of 0.10 m, and 0.33 to 0.70 for the depth of 0.20 m. When using multiple regression with quadratic spacing (modeling hourly soil temperature based on the hourly near surface air temperature and hourly soil moisture in the 0.10-0.40 m profile), the difference between the measured and the model soil temperatures at 0.05 m was −2.16 to 2.37 ◦ C. The regression equation paired with alternative agrometeorological instruments enables relatively accurate modeling of soil temperatures (R2 = 0.93).

scholarly journals An Anthurium Growth Environment Monitoring System Based on Wireless Sensor Network

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (05) ◽  
pp. 69
Author(s):  
Jianqing Huang ◽  
Debing Liu ◽  
Qi Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Network ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Sensor Network ◽  
Monitoring System ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Growth Environment ◽  
Temperature And Humidity

Anthurium is known as a famous and precious cut flower in the world, but its growth and ornamental effect is easily affected by environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity and light intensity. An environment parameter monitoring system based on wireless sensor network is proposed to let flower managers understand the status of anthurium growth environment at any time, and take effective measures to improve the environment. The proposed system uses sensor nodes to acquire data of air temperature and humidity, light intensity and soil temperature and humidity, sink node to collect data from sensor nodes through wireless sensor network, and send data to the PC of monitoring center. By using MSP430F149 as the main controller, nRF905 as the communication module, and AM2306, GY－30 and SMTS-II-485X as the air temperature and humidity, light intensity and soil temperature and humidity sensors, the hardware of the wireless sensor network nodes are realized. The node software is developed based on IAR Embedded Workbench and the computer monitoring software by VB6.0. The results show that the proposed system which is accurate and stable can make real-time monitoring of anthurium growth environment in a large scale.  Therefore it can be widely applied in agricultural environmental monitoring.

scholarly journals DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSE OF SEVERAL ROW COVERS ON YIELD OF WHITE POTATOES IN MISSOURI

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 860e-860
Author(s):  
Mack A. Wilson ◽  
Michael Aide
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Differential Response ◽  
Potato Plants ◽  
Row Covers ◽  
The Mean

Four types of row covers were evaluated on 'Norchip' and 'Atlantis' potatoes at Charleston, Missouri on a Lilbourn sandy loam entisol. Row covers used were spun-bonded polyester, insolar slitted, clear slitted and VisPore. The row covers increased the mean afternoon soil temperature above the ambient afternoon air temperature from 3 to 25°F when potato plants were covered. The number of plants which emerged were significantly different among treatment for the cultivar 'Norchip'. Data for plant height was significantly different between the bare soil control and the row cover treatments. Yield (Kg/HA) were higher with the spunbonded polyester and insolar slitted row covers for both number and weight of grade A (47.6-82.6 mm) potatoes, and results were significantly different.

scholarly journals Mismatches between soil and air temperature

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas Lembrechts ◽  
Johan van den Hoogen ◽  
Juha Aalto ◽  
Michael Ashcroft ◽  
Pieter De Frenne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Environmental Science ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Ecosystem Functions ◽  
Soil Carbon Storage ◽  
Cold Environments ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Temperature Time

Research in environmental science relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature at around 2 meter above ground1-3. These climatic grids however fail to reflect conditions near and below the soil surface, where critical ecosystem functions such as soil carbon storage are controlled and most biodiversity resides4-8. By using soil temperature time series from over 8500 locations across all of the world’s terrestrial biomes4, we derived global maps of soil temperature-related variables at 1 km resolution for the 0–5 and 5–15 cm depth horizons. Based on these maps, we show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding 2 m gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C, with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Soils in cold and/or dry biomes are annually substantially warmer (3.6°C ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are slightly cooler (0.7 ± 2.3°C). As a result, annual soil temperature varies less (by 17%) across the globe than air temperature. The effect of macroclimatic conditions on the difference between soil and air temperature highlights the importance of considering that macroclimate warming may not result in the same level of soil temperature warming. Similarly, changes in precipitation could alter the relationship between soil and air temperature, with implications for soil-atmosphere feedbacks9. Our results underpin that the impacts of climate and climate change on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments.

scholarly journals The effect of artificial forest plantations on the thermophysical properties of chernozems

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-38
Author(s):  
V. A. Gorban
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Heat Capacity ◽  
Thermal Diffusivity ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Thermophysical Properties ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Ordinary Chernozem ◽  
Forest Plantations ◽  
Average Temperature

As a result of a study of the effect of artificial forest plantations formed by Robinia pseudoacacia L. and Quercus robur L., on the thermophysical features of the chernozems of the Komissarovsky reserve (Pyatykhatsky district, Dnepropetrovsk region, Ukraine), it was found that the stand of robinia reduced air temperature by 4, 5 °С, oak – by 9.4 °С in comparison with the open area. The maximum temperature of the soil surface is found in ordinary chernozem. The effect of robinia plantation manifested itself in the form of a decrease in the temperature of the soil surface by 5.4 °C, and the oak surface by 8.0 °C. The maximum soil temperature at a depth of 50 cm is also found in ordinary chernozem. At the same depth, the soil under robinia plantation turned out to be 7.6 °C, under oak – 6.9 °C colder. According to the average temperature of the 50-centimeter layer of all the studied soils, ordinary chernozem is distinguished, the soils under the plantations almost do not differ according to this indicator. The smallest difference between the air temperature and the average temperature of the soil layer 0–50 cm was in the soil under oak plantation, the largest – in the soil under robinia plantation. The smallest difference between the temperature of the soil surface and at a depth of 50 cm was found in the soil under oak plantation, and the greatest difference in the soil under robinia plantations. Based on the analysis of the results obtained, an assumption was made about the thermal features of the upper horizons, which fall within the interval of 0–50 cm, of each of the three studied soils. The soil under robinia plantation is characterized by maximum values of thermal diffusivity, and ordinary chernozem – minimal. The soil under the oak plantation occupies an intermediate value for this indicator. Ordinary chernozem is characterized by maximum values of heat capacity, slightly smaller values are characteristic of soil for robinia plantations. The minimum values of heat capacity are characteristic of oak plantation soil. The soil under robinia plantation is sharply distinguished by the maximum values of thermal conductivity compared to ordinary chernozem and the soil under oak planting. The actual study of thermophysical properties confirmed the correctness of the assumption in only one of the three indicators for each of the studied soils. This indicates a significant limitation of predicting the thermophysical indicators of soils, based only on measuring their temperature. The influence of robinia plantation on the thermal physical properties of ordinary chernozems is manifested in an increase in their thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity, as well as in a certain decrease in heat capacity. The influence of oak stands is characterized by an increase in thermal diffusivity and heat capacity, as well as a decrease in thermal conductivity of ordinary chernozem.

scholarly journals Daily course of the soil temperature in summer in chosen ecosystems of Słowiński National Park, northern Poland

2010 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Bednorz ◽  
Leszek Kolendowicz
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
National Park ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Global Solar Radiation ◽  
Northern Poland ◽  
Soil Surface Temperature ◽  
Solar Energy Flux

Daily course of the soil temperature in summer in chosen ecosystems of Słowiński National Park, northern Poland Patterns of the daily changes of the soil temperature in summer at three different ecosystems within the Słowiński National Park were analyzed. Strong correlation between the solar radiation and the soil temperature was found, particularly for the bare sandy surfaces, while the plant and humus cover hampers the solar energy flux to the soil. In the same way, correlations between the temperature of soil surface and the air temperature were computed. Finally, logarithmic models for the relationship between the global solar radiation and the soil surface temperature and between the soil surface temperature and the air temperature were constructed.

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