Soluble Salts Quantitative Characterization and Thermodynamic Modeling on Roman Bricks to Assess the Origin of Their Formation

The environmental weathering and the formation of efflorescences on the brick walls are studied at the “Casa di Diana” Mithraeum at Ostia Antica archaeological site. Previous studies on subsoil, bedrock, hydrological systems and environmental conditions, and new ion chromatography analysis combined with ECOS-RUNSALT and Medusa-Hydra thermodynamic modelling software, had allowed us to identify the subsoil contamination related to soluble salts. The atmospheric acidic gases, CO2 and SO2, are determined as the main salt weathering species. A dry deposition after a subsequent hydration action from the shallow freshwater aquifer that reaches up to 1 m on the walls is identified as the mechanism of salt formation. An evaluation of potential sources such as the nearby Fiumicino airport, CO2-rich gases inputs from fumaroles and CO2 inputs was also debated. The risk level of contamination the surfaces of the materials should be considered mildly/very polluted with a medium/high risk of hygroscopic moisture due to the high concentration of sulphates.

Elemental composition of forest litters of cod-podzolic soils in trial areas of forest experimental dacha

The object to study iselemental composition of lime and pine forests litter of mixed grasses. In average samples, ground up and sieved through a sieve with adiameter of 0.25 mm, we determined the following: the hygroscopic moisture by drying in a desiccator above P2O5, the ash content by weight method, C, H, N content on a CHNS –vario Microcube automatic analyzer, the elemental composition by X-ray fluorescence method on the ReSPECTanalyzer of substance composition.Compared to lime forest litter, the organic part of pine forest one contains more aromatic, depleted in nitrogen-containing groups and oxidized compounds. The ash content of lime forest litter is 11.46%, pine forest litter - 7.19%. The chemical composition of the litter mineral part is formed by two groups of elements: macroelements (Ca, Si, Al, Fe, Mn, Mg, K, P, S, Na, Cl), which content varies from 0.02-0.03 to 2.36-3.07 % and microelements (Zn, Cr, Sr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Rb, As, Hg) contained in amounts from 0.24-0.39 to 151-199 μg / g. In the lime and pine forest litter in forest experimental dacha, Ca and Si absolutely prevail, which account for more than 70% in totalsum of the macroelements. Zn, Cr, Sr account for 74% in the total microelementsin pine forest litter and for 82% in lime forest one. Moreover, the total mineral elements content in the lime forest litter is higher except for Ni, Pb and Mn. The data obtained can be used for environmental monitoring. Keywords: FOREST LITTER, LIME FOREST, PINEFOREST, ORGANOGEN ELEMENTS, MACROELEMENTS, MICROELEMENTS, TRANSITION ELEMENTS

STUDY OF AGRO-PRODUCTIVE FEATURE FEATURES OF SOIL COVER OF GANJA-KAZAKH REGION OF AZERBAIJAN

In the article, the object of study of the Ganja-Gazakh steppe is widely distributed in the following areas: Mountain-forest brown soils washed from carbonates (Haplic Castanozems). Mountain-brown soils (Kastonozems) from the forest, washed from carbonates. Under the forest, carbonate mountain-brown soils (Kastonozems). Wild mountain-forest brown soils (Mollic Leptosols Eutric). Carbonate mountain-black soils (Chernozems, 1350 m). Dark mountain gray-brown soils (Castanozems). Ordinary mountain gray-brown soils (Castanozems). Light mountain gray-brown soils (Castanozems). Dark gray-brown soils (Haplic Castanozems Chromic). Common gray-brown soils (Haplic Castanozems Chromic). Dark gray-brown, Light gray-brown soils (Castanozems). Wetland-meadow soils (Gleysols). Field-soil-erosion researches were carried out, numerous sections were made in these soils and samples were taken from different genetic layers and laboratory analyzes were carried out, their granulometric composition, agro-chemical and water-physical properties were studied and studied. solid phase density, hygroscopic moisture, soil swelling ability, its compaction capacity, pH.In water suspension, the sum of absorbed bases, m.eq., the sum of absorbed bases, Na%, Carbonate content, total nitrogen and humus content were determined and their erosion limits were determined.

On agro-industrial assessment of territorial lands of Tartar region (on the example of Borsunlu village)

Annotation: Due to the climatic features of Azerbaijan, its soil is subject to severe erosion. Thus, eroded (washed, loosened, loosened, etc.) soils are often found in the country. This is explained by the fact that, as is clear from the morphological description of the section in the study area, the color of the soil here is brown in the upper layer, light brown in the middle layer, and straw in the last layer. The structure is heavy clayey in the upper layer, medium clayey in the middle layer and in the last layer. Roots and rhizomes, insect tracts, rust spots are found in new derivatives and fruits. These soils are boiled under the influence of 10% hydrochloric acid (HCl). Hygroscopic moisture is less moisture throughout the profile. The transitions in the genetic layers are clear and gradual.It should be noted that in general, erosion processes lead to erosion and destruction of the topsoil. According to the results of laboratory analysis of soil samples on different soil types from different experimental areas, the actual soil fertility determined for the suitability of different types of agricultural crops, a number of types of agricultural culture. grapes and clover-cheese.This article presents the results of a comparative analysis of the degree of erosion of the land cover formed in the territory of the Tartar region of the Republic of Azerbaijan using aerospace images and studied.Key words: Soil-forming rocks, soil granulometric composition, physicochemical properties, soil mineralogical composition, soil profile, genetic layers, parent rock, erosion process.

Physicochemical Properties and Stability of Microencapsulated Betacyanin Pigments from Red Dragon Fruit Peels and Flesh

Dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) is known for its purple-coloured peels and pulp, which can be attributed to the presence of betalains. In this study, the potential of red dragon fruit as a source of natural colorant was investigated. Betacyanins were extracted from red dragon fruit peels and flesh in 1:3 ratio with water. Microencapsulation by spray-drying was done by adding 5% and 10% (w/v) maltodextrin (DE 11.8) to peels and flesh extracts, respectively. The spray-dried colorant powders all obtained <10% moisture content, 5.261-6.409 g/100g hygroscopic moisture content, and 5.317-7.349(mg/100L) betacyanin content. Morphological characterization revealed spherical, agglomerated particles with visible cracks on the surface. The stability study conducted showed that pigment retention was lowest at 70°C and highest at 4°C. Keywords: Hylocereus polyrhizus; Red dragon fruit; Betacyanin; Microencapsulation; Physicochemical properties

Proposals on establishing a methodology for the systematic analysis of energy coal mixtures in judicial practice

There are several situations in which it is necessary to clarify the types of coal that enter into the composition of mixtures: technical expertise and/or establishing the nature of some coal wastes, often from old stockpiles, in order to eliminate them. The proposed method is based on the identification and description of those mineralogical-petrographic and physico-chemical properties whose pursuit can lead to a diagnosis in differentiation of coal types. Systematic analysis involves in the first stage the identification of the different types of coal present in the sample by mineralogical analysis. From the sample subjected to mineralogical analysis, granules are extracted from the different types of coal present in the sample and the characteristics defining them are determined: moisture and hygroscopic moisture content, volatile matter content, fixed carbon content, agglutination characteristics, etc. Further, the characteristics of the mixtures are determined on another part of the sample and their structure is determined by algebraic methods.

PECULIARITIES OF KINETICS OF THE COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY DEPENDING ON THE HUMIDITY RATE OF WALL BLOCKS MADE OF AGRICULTURAL WASTES

The article considers the prospect of plant wastes usage as aggregates while constructing new building materials in the form of wall blocks. The results of the research on water absorption of the wall blocks at the relative air humidity of 97 % are presented. The kinetics of change in humidity and the coefficient of thermal conductivity of the blocks with the rye and buckwheat straw coarse aggregate, and also the blocks with fine coarse aggregate of flax boon and atomized buckwheat are analyzed. Empirical dependences of the coefficient of thermal conductivity on the rate of humidity of wall blocks are obtained from experimental observations. After the maximum rate of hygroscopic moisture absorption, the best indexes are recorded on the blocks made of flax and straw. The humidity rate of the composite does not exceed 10,9 % with the increase of thermal conductivity up to 0.104 W/(m•°С). In the result of the research, the solution to the sustainable use of agricultural wastes to get environmental responsible building materials is proposed. Blocks can be are used in the erection of supporting and filler walls in one-story buildings and multistoried frame housing construction when filling exterior wall openings.

On Wood–Water Interactions in the Over-Hygroscopic Moisture Range—Mechanisms, Methods, and Influence of Wood Modification

Wood is a hygroscopic material that absorbs and desorbs water to equilibrate to the ambient climate. Within material science, the moisture range from 0 to about 95–98% relative humidity is generally called the hygroscopic moisture range, while the exceeding moisture range is called the over-hygroscopic moisture range. For wood, the dominating mechanisms of moisture sorption are different in these two moisture ranges; in the hygroscopic range, water is primarily bound by hydrogen bonding in cell walls, and, in the over-hygroscopic range, water uptake mainly occurs via capillary condensation outside cell walls in macro voids such as cell lumina and pit chambers. Since large volumes of water can be taken up here, the moisture content in the over-hygroscopic range increases extensively in a very narrow relative humidity range. The over-hygroscopic range is particularly relevant for durability applications since fungal degradation occurs primarily in this moisture range. This review describes the mechanisms behind moisture sorption in the over-hygroscopic moisture range, methods that can be used to study the interactions between wood and water at these high humidity levels, and the current state of knowledge on interactions between modified wood and water. A lack of studies on interactions between modified wood and water in the over-hygroscopic range was identified, and the possibility of combining different methods to acquire information on amount, state, and location of water in modified wood at several well-defined high moisture states was pointed out. Since water potential is an important parameter for fungal growth, such studies could possibly give important clues concerning the mechanisms behind the increased resistance to degradation obtained by wood modification.

FEATURES OF A COMPREHENSIVE FORENSIC RESEARCH OF HYDROLYZED LIGNIN

The article deals with the peculiarities of complex expert research of lignin, since knowledge of the forensic and chemical and forensic examinations was required. It was noted that in the microscopic study, all of the samples submitted for research revealed small particles of brown wood with different shades and brown conglomerates. The maceration method investigated specially processed samples of the substances provided. A qualitative reaction to lignin revealed the presence of molecules provided for the study of substances, the conifer aldehyde group and the structural chain that is characteristic of lignin. Qualitative reactions revealed that iron, calcium, magnesium, aluminum and sulfate ions were identified in all lignin samples, which characterizing qualitative composition of vegetable raw materials. It has been determined that further studies of lignin should be carried out in a well-established manner, namely: determination of carbon content; quantitative determination of solids and hygroscopic moisture; determination of ash content; determination of the quantitative content of calcium; quantitative determination of magnesium; determination of quantitative content of iron.