The biting habits of some Jamaican Culicoides I. C. barbosai Wirth & Blanton

1969 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 729-753 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. S. Kettle ◽  
J. R. Linley
Keyword(s):  
Field Studies ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Correction Factors ◽  
Tests Of Significance ◽  
Quantitative Studies ◽  
Experimental Errors ◽  
Meteorological Observations ◽  
Residual Variances ◽  
Made In

Field studies on the biting habits of Culicoides barbosai Wirth & Blanton were made near Montego Bay, Jamaica, during 1959 and 1960. Females of C. barbosai were collected in sufficient numbers for analysis in. seven experiments, six from Florida beach and one from Beading. Four positions were marked out on each site. Begular meteorological observations were made in the middle of the catching positions. An experiment consisted of four trials held on different days, each trial being composed of four collecting periods of 15 min. separated by 5-min. intervals. In each period four individuals collected, two exposing an arm each and two a leg. Individuals collected in a different position in each period of a trial.Catches were logarithmically transformed for analysis and tests of significance. The experiments were designed to provide correction factors for limbs, positions on Florida beach, and collectors, for use in other experiments. Correction factors are given as logarithms for application to transformed catches.More C. barbosai were collected from arms than legs, and catches in position IV were significantly higher than those in positions I, II and III. Five collectors (C, D, K, L and S) were compared. The ratio between leg/arm catches from D, who collected in only two experiments, was significantly different from those of C, L and S. The differences between the catches of C, K and L were insignificant, but all three caught significantly more than S. The catches from L were smaller after sea bathing and, compared to C and S, L’s catches increased significantly immediately after sunset. For this reason and to avoid inhibiting winds, quantitative studies on females of C. barbosai are best conducted in the early morning (dawn + 40 min.).The experimental errors (residual variances) were homogeneous with probabilities of 0.1 (C. barbosai—7 experiments) and 0.4 (C. furens (Poey)—8 experiments).

scholarly journals Willows Used for Phytoremediation Increased Organic Contaminant Concentrations in Soil Surface

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 2979
Author(s):  
Maxime Fortin Faubert ◽  
Dominic Desjardins ◽  
Mohamed Hijri ◽  
Michel Labrecque
Keyword(s):  
Soil Surface ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Soil Hydrology ◽  
Intensive Culture ◽  
Shrub Species ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Pollutant Concentrations ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Made In

The Salix genus includes shrub species that are widely used in phytoremediation and various other phytotechnologies due to their advantageous characteristics, such as a high evapotranspiration (ET) rate, in particular when cultivated in short rotation intensive culture (SRIC). Observations made in past field studies suggest that ET and its impact on soil hydrology can also lead to increases in soil pollutant concentrations near shrubs. To investigate this, sections of a mature willow plantation (seven years old) were cut to eliminate transpiration (Cut treatment). Soil concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), aliphatic compounds C10–C50, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and five trace elements (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn) were compared between the Cut and the uncut plots (Salix miyabeana ‘SX61’). Over 24 months, the results clearly show that removal of the willow shrubs limited the contaminants’ increase in the soil surface, as observed for C10–C50 and of 10 PAHs under the Salix treatment. This finding strongly reinforces a hypothesis that SRIC of willows may facilitate the migration of contaminants towards their roots, thus increasing their concentration in the surrounding soil. Such a “pumping effect” in a high-density willow crop is a prominent characteristic specific to field studies that can lead to counterintuitive results. Although apparent increases of contaminant concentrations contradict the purification benefits usually pursued in phytoremediation, the possibility of active phytoextraction and rhizodegradation is not excluded. Moreover, increases of pollutant concentrations under shrubs following migration suggest that decreases would consequently occur at the source points. Some reflections on interpreting field work results are provided.

scholarly journals Geographical vocabulary of the Shilan dialect of the Erzya-Mordovian language

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 358-367
Author(s):  
Nikolai V. Belenov
Keyword(s):  
Original Composition ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
The Other ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
The One ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
First Time ◽  
Source Materials ◽  
Made In

Introduction. The article presents the results of research of the geographical vocabulary of the Shilan dialect, one of the Erzya-Mordovian dialects of the Samara region, common among Erzya population of Shilan village in Krasnoyarsk region. The dialect belongs to rare Mordovian dialects of the Samara Volga region that were formed in the region since the middle of the XIX century, and therefore its research is of extra interest. Materials and Methods. The research methods are determined by the purpose and objectives of the study. The analysis of the geographical vocabulary of the Shilan dialect is carried out with the involvement of relevant items made in other Mordovian dialects of Samara region, adjacent territories of neighboring regions, as well as other territories of settlement of the Mordovians. Data on geographical vocabulary of the dialect introduced into research for the first time. The main source materials for the article is based on field studies in Silane village during the field seasons in 2017 and 2020, as well as in other Erzya-Mordovian and Moksha-Mordovian villages of Samara region and adjacent territories in 2015 – 2020. Results and Discussion. The study showed that the geographical vocabulary of the Shilan dialect of the Erzya-Mordovian language is significantly different from the corresponding lexical clusters in other dialects of the Mordovian region, which can be explained by natural geographical conditions surrounding Shilan village and the original composition of this lexical cluster of Erzya immigrants who founded this village. Conclusion. The analysis of the geographical vocabulary of the Shilan dialect allowed, on the one hand, to identify specific features of this cluster that distinguish it from the corresponding materials of other Mordovian dialects of the region, and, on the other hand, to identify common isoglosses between it and a number of the Erzya-Mordovian dialects of the Samara Volga region.

scholarly journals Gene Transfer of Multiple Flowers and Pubescent Leaf from Capsicum chinense into Capsicum annuum Backgrounds

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (3) ◽  
pp. 499-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.M. Shuh ◽  
James F. Fontenot
Keyword(s):  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Segregation Ratio ◽  
Gene Model ◽  
Leaf Pubescence ◽  
Segregation Ratios ◽  
Selective Elimination ◽  
Dominant Genes ◽  
Made In

The inheritance of multiple flowers and leaf pubescence resulting from the crosses between accessions from pepper species Capsicum annuum L. and C. chinense Jacq. was examined. Hand cross- and self-pollinations were made in a glass greenhouse. Only eight normal F1 plants were obtained from crosses between the two species when C. annuum L. was the female parent. F2 and backcross generations obtained from the F, and the two parents were grown in the field. Two field studies indicated that multiple flowers and leaf pubescence were controlled by dominant genes. A three-gene model leading to an F2 segregation ratio of 45:9:10 and a two-gene model leading to an F2 segregation ratio of 13:3 were suggested for the inheritance of multiple flowers and leaf pubescence, respectively. Epistasis was evoked in the interpretation of the data. No linkage was found between the two characters. The inconsistencies between F2 and backcross data might be due to selective elimination of genes from one or the other parent in an Interspecific hybridization. Segregation ratios from intraspecific crosses for leaf pubescence supported a two-gene model and gave an F2 ratio of 13 pubescent leaf : 3 glabrous leaf progeny.

scholarly journals Histochemical and Quantitative Studies of the In Vitro Dehydrogenase Activity of Spleen in Hypersplenism

Blood ◽  
1955 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
MAURICE M. BLACK ◽  
JOSEPH A. PRESTON ◽  
FRANCIS D. SPEER ◽  
PHYLLIS BRENOWITZ
Keyword(s):  
Structural Feature ◽  
Dehydrogenase Activity ◽  
Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Histological Studies ◽  
Quantitative Measurements ◽  
Quantitative Studies ◽  
Presence And Absence ◽  
Made In

Abstract Tetrazolium chloride was used to visualize the in vitro dehydrogenase activity of splenic tissues from cases with and without hypersplenism. In addition, quantitative measurements of such activity were made in the presence and absence of fluoride, malonate and azide. The data indicate that spleen slices from cases of hypersplenism differed from the controls and were characterized by (a) increased endogenous dehydrogenase activity of the lymphocytes, particularly around the follicles, (b) a decreased azide stimulation in those cases having an initial thrombocytopenia which responded to splenectomy, and (c) a decreased fluoride stimulation in those cases having an initial leukopenia which responded to splenectomy. Routine histological studies confirmed other reports that a constant structural feature of the spleen in hypersplenism is a perifollicular lymphocytic rimming.

scholarly journals Quantitative Studies of the Cellular Responses to Antigen Injections in Normal Mice

Blood ◽  
1956 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROBERT S. SPEIRS ◽  
MARY E. DREISBACH
Keyword(s):  
Intraperitoneal Injection ◽  
Peritoneal Fluid ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Blood Leukocytes ◽  
Quantitative Studies ◽  
Eosinophil Cell ◽  
Blood Eosinophils ◽  
Made In

Abstract This paper has presented a procedure for collecting undiluted peritoneal fluid its quantities sufficient for total and eosinophil cell chamber counts as well as films for differential counts. Diluents and staining procedures were described for both blood and peritoneal fluid. These included a modified Wright-Giemsa stain for bulk staining which was found to give consistent results equivalent to the best slides made in our laboratory by other Romanowski stains. These modified hematologic technics were applied to blood and peritoneal fluid of over 200 mice which had received intraperitoneal injections of various antigens. Time following observations were made: 1. The blood leukocytes showed few characteristic changes following an antigen injection into sensitized as compared with non-sensitized mice. In both groups of animals, there was a temporary neutrophilia and a slight increase in both lymphocytes and monocytes, which lasted throughout the experiment. A significant increase in blood eosinophils occurred 7 days after the injection of pollen into pollen-sensitized mice. 2. The cells of the peritoneal fluid showed very marked changes following the intraperitoneal injection of antigen: a) The neutrophils were rarely present in normal peritoneal fluid, but within one hour after intraperitoneal injection these cells were found to accumulate in great numbers in the peritoneal fluid. They disappeared almost completely by the 2nd day. b) The mononuclear cells showed very little change in number during the first 24 hour period after the injection of either pollen or albumin. They increased in both groups of animals by the 2nd day after injections, but continued to increase over a 10 day period in the animals which had been both sensitized and reinjected with pollen. c) The eosinophil response to antigen injection was significantly greater its animals which had been previously sensitized to the antigen injected. Albumin injections into pollen-sensitized mice did not produce any significant changes in the number of eosinophils in the peritoneal fluid, over a 42 day period. However, the injection of pollen into animals which had received prior injections of pollen, was followed by a progressive increase in the number of eosinophils within the first 12 hours after injection. By the 4th day, these cells averaged 45,000 cells per cu. mm. and accounted for 25 per cent of the total peritoneal cells. The number of eosinophils returned to the original levels by the l0th day and averaged about 5,000 cells per cu. mm. for the remainder of the experiment. The cosinophil response at 48 hours was found to be specific. Only a slight eosinophilia occurred following single intraperitoneal injections of pollen, bovine albumin, horse Serum, ascaris extract, or keratin into non-sensitized mice. However, marked eosinophilia occurred in all animals which had been sensitized by repeated injections of the same antigen. In conclusion, these experiments indicate that mice respond in a specific manner to the antigen with which they were sensitized. There is a quantitative increase in the mononuclear and eosinophil cells at the site of injection.

More Comprehensive Vibration Limits for Rotating Machinery

1986 ◽  
Vol 108 (4) ◽  
pp. 583-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Lifshits ◽  
H. R. Simmons ◽  
A. J. Smalley
Keyword(s):  
Failure Mechanisms ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Rotating Machinery ◽  
Machine Design ◽  
Correction Factors ◽  
Vibration Measurements ◽  
Bearing Clearance ◽  
Actual Operating ◽  
Vibration Problems ◽  
Rotating Equipment

Vibrations are often found to be the cause of rotating machinery failures. To minimize these outages a large number of vibration criteria have been introduced by technical societies, equipment manufacturers, and experienced individuals. While useful, these vibration criteria have often been found to be contradictory and restricted to particular transducer types, machine design, or failure mechanisms. Based on this work and adding the experience accumulated by SwRI with various types of rotating equipment, more comprehensive combined vibration severity limits are established. These limits are divided into several severity regions, and cover filtered and unfiltered vibration. The appropriate correction factors are also introduced to equitably accommodate different machine designs, installations, and vibration problems. Vibration severity limits are provided for relative shaft displacement, for shaft displacement with respect to bearing clearance, and for vibration measurements taken on machine casing or bearing housing. The use of these limits is clarified by reviewing the results obtained from five field studies of actual operating equipment. Advantages, disadvantages, and use of various transducer types (proximity probes, velocity pickups, accelerometers, dual probes), as well as sources of machinery vibration (subsynchronous instabilities, resonance, imbalance, misalignment, etc.) are analyzed to assure proper application of the vibration limits.

On the meteorology of the lake district of Cumberland and Westmoreland

1851 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 816-817
Keyword(s):  
Lake District ◽  
Meteorological Observations ◽  
Made In

This paper contains the results of meteorological observations made during 1848, similar to those made in the same district in preceding years, which were last year communicated to the Society. On these results, the author remarks that the fall of rain in the lake district, during the year 1848, greatly exceeds the amount in any other year since the register was commenced in 1844; and that there is a similar excess with reference to the number of wet days. The total depth of rain, in 1848, at Seathwaite, the wettest station, was 160·89 inches; and of this quantity, 114·32 inches fell in the six months, February, July, August, October, November and December. In February there fell the unprecedented quantity 30·55 inches. The mountains flanking the lake-district valleys increase in altitude with great regularity towards the head or eastern extremity of the vale, and it appears that it is there that the greatest depth of rain is invariably found. The amount increases rapidly as the stations recede from the sea, and towards the head of the valley the incremental ratio is exceedingly great. At Loweswater, Buttermere and Gatesgarth, about two miles apart in the same line of valley, the depths of rain were respectively 76 inches, 98 inches and 133·5 inches.

scholarly journals Field pH Determinations in Glacial Melt Waters

1984 ◽  
Vol 30 (104) ◽  
pp. 106-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard C. Metcalf
Keyword(s):  
Colloidal Particles ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Ph Measurements ◽  
Ice Melt ◽  
Quantitative Studies ◽  
Glacier Terminus ◽  
Stream Waters ◽  
Made In ◽  
Solute Enrichment

AbstractLaboratory pH analyses of glacial melt waters are unrepresentative ofin situvalues, due primarily to CO2gas exchange between the sample and the atmosphere, and solute enrichment from chemical reaction with sediment and colloidal particles. A method is presented which enables field pH measurements that are reproducible within ±0.04 pH units to be made in glacial melt waters, using commonly available digital pH meters with combination electrodes.During initial spring snow melt in May 1981 at Gornergletscher, Switzerland, melt waters in the proglacial stream leaving the glacier terminus were oversaturated with respect to atmosphericp(CO2), and rapidly increased pH during CO2outgassing atin situtemperature and pressure. Summer ice melt from glaciers which are temperate in the ablation zone are usually undersaturated by about ten times with respect to atmosphericp(CO2), and rapidly lower their pH values to achieve equilibrium upon encountering the atmosphere, as observed at Gornergletscher during July and August 1981. Gornergletscher summer proglacial stream waters, sometimes show pH increases from rock weathering, with the rate limited by the transfer rate of CO2across the air-water interface to drive the weathering reactions. Throughout the year, any water parcel at equilibrium with atmospheric CO2is generally at an equilibrium pH value, if filtration prohibits solute enrichment. For these reasons, laboratory pH measurements are unacceptable for quantitative studies of melt-water chemistry and should be discontinued.

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