The life cycle of Gregarina cuneata in the midgut of Tribolium castaneum and the effects of parasitism on the development of insects

AbstractTribolium castaneum Herbst 1797 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), an important pest of stored grains and byproducts, is naturally infected by Gregarina cuneata Stein 1848 (Apicomplexa: Gregarinidae). Changes in the life cycle of insects caused by the parasite development in the midgut were studied. Trophozoites, gamonts (solitary and associated), and gametocysts were present in the midgut of the insects. In young trophozoites, the apical region differentiated into an epimerite that firmly attached the parasite to the host epithelial cells. With maturation, trophozoites developed in gamonts that were associated with the initiation of sexual reproduction in the cell cycle, culminating in the formation of the spherical gametocyst. Morpho-functional analyses indicated that gregarines absorb nutrients from infected cells and can occlude the midgut as they develop. Consequently, nutritional depletion may interfere with the host's physiology, causing decreased growth, delayed development, and high mortality rates of the parasitized insects. These results suggest G. cuneata could be an important biological agent for controlling T. castaneum in integrated pest management programs.

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Changes in Shape, Texture and Airflow Improve Efficiency of Monitoring Traps for Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Insects ◽

10.3390/insects11110778 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 778

Author(s):

Panamulla A. H. Sajeewani ◽

Dissanayaka M. S. K. Dissanayaka ◽

Leanage K. W. Wijayaratne ◽

Charles S. Burks

Keyword(s):

Tribolium Castaneum ◽

Status Quo ◽

Capture Efficiency ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Trap Efficiency ◽

The Status ◽

Important Pest ◽

Forced Air ◽

Monitoring Traps ◽

Coleoptera Tenebrionidae

The red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, is an important pest of stored products. We compared an existing standard commercial trap with five experimental trap designs differing from the status quo in shape, surface texture, and in forced air capability provided by fans. We tested the five new traps and a commercial trap with T. castaneum adults with the presence/absence of air flow and the availability of either the pheromone only or both the pheromone and kairomone. Without using the fans and baited with pheromone only, these new trap designs capture beetles three to five times as efficiently as the status quo trap. Use of both pheromone and kairomone doubled the capture efficiency of the status quo trap but did not significantly affect the capture efficiency of the new trap designs, all of which captured significantly more effectively than the status quo trap. Turning on fans for forced ventilation significantly improved trap efficiency of the more effective of the newer traps compared to monitoring with both pheromone and kairomone but no fan. This study provides new insights into factors affecting trap efficiency for monitoring of T. castaneum in grain storage facilities, and suggests ways in which existing traps might be improved.

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Toxicity of High Oxygen Atmospheres to Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)2

Journal of Entomological Science ◽

10.18474/0749-8004-26.1.197 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 197-204

Author(s):

Moshe Calderon ◽

J. G. Leesch ◽

E. G. Jay

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Tribolium Castaneum ◽

Adult Stage ◽

Larval Mortality ◽

High Oxygen ◽

High O2 ◽

As Effects ◽

Coleoptera Tenebrionidae

Adults, larvae, and pupae of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) were exposed to atmospheres containing 70%, 80%, and 90% O2 for 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. Ninty-nine percent morality of adults was obtained after 21 days at 90% O2, while a maximum mortality of 80 and 38% was achieved after 28 days at 80% and 70% O2 respectively. The effect of O2 on larvae was found to be greater than on pupae: 100% larval mortality was obtained at 90% O2 after 14 days while complete mortality was achieved with pupae after 28 days. After treatment with high O2, the appearance of abnormal insects as well as effects on their life cycle were observed. When larvae were treated for 14 days at 80% O2, only a few individuals developed to adults. No larvae reached the adult stage after exposure to 90% O2 for 14 days. In all treatments, except those conducted at 90% O2, insects exposed as pupae developed into adults.

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The Efficiency of Using Ozone Gas and Heat to Control Larvae and Adult Stage of Red Flour Beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Baghdad Science Journal ◽

10.21123/bsj.14.4.677-681 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 677-681

Author(s):

Baghdad Science Journal

Keyword(s):

Heat Treatment ◽

Tribolium Castaneum ◽

Exposure Time ◽

Adult Stage ◽

Total Mortality ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

High Heat ◽

Red Flour Beetle ◽

Two Stages ◽

Coleoptera Tenebrionidae

The effect of ozone gas with temperatures 35. 40 and 45 Celsius to control on larval and adult stages of Tribolium castaneum was tested and at time of exposure 1.0, 3.0, 7.0, 9.0, 11.0, 13.0 hours and the level of relative humidity prevailing during the test 45 ± 1%. Results showed significant differences between the exposure times, when the percentage of mortality 100% between larvae (primary, intermediate and advanced) in the treatment effect at a temperature of 35 Celsius with ozone gas at exposure time to 9.0, 11.0, 11.0 hours for the three ages respectively, and adult (male and female) in the same treatment when the three heat degrees had given ratios the total mortality reached 100% of both males at exposure time to 7.0 ,3.0, 1.0 hour respectively and females at exposure time 9.0 ,7.0 ,1.0 hour respectively, While completely failed under the effect of a heat treatment at temperatures of 35 Celsius for both stages respectively, while the effect was clear when the temperature is 45 Celsius where the of total mortality of 100% when the heat treatment of the stage of the larval and adult at the time 7.0, 3.1, 1.0 hour respectively. This means that the combined effect of ozone gas with temperatures has resulted in the reduction of the time needed to get the total mortality in both insect stages and significantly influential and that mortality rates in the two stages were increasingly higher degree of exposure used heat and high heat was the lead in reducing the time of exposure and even access to the total mortality.

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Studies on the biology of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst, 1797) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) with stereomicroscopic images of its life stages

ENTOMON ◽

10.33307/entomon.v46i1.590 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 46 (1) ◽

pp. 81-86

Author(s):

Mamata Deb ◽

Dolly Kumar

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Sexual Dimorphism ◽

Tribolium Castaneum ◽

Life Stages ◽

Larval Instars ◽

Microscopic Stages ◽

Coleoptera Tenebrionidae

The life cycle and season’s studies of Tribolium castaneum indicated that the most favourable season as monsoon (27±5<” C & 80±05 % RH) where they have completed their life cycle within 22 days. The most unfavourable season was the winter (15±3<” C & 35±05 % RH) where it extended till 45 days. Results showed the presence of seven larval instars in the life cycle of the beetle. Stereomicroscope was used to study the microscopic stages like eggs, sexual dimorphism of pupae and adults, morphometric of the beetle. This is the first compiled stereomicroscopic photographs of the life cycle of T. castaneum.

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Entomotoxicity of TiO2 and ZnO Nanoparticles Against Adults Tribolium Castaneum (Herbest) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/910/1/012088 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 910 (1) ◽

pp. 012088

Author(s):

Saadi M. Hilal ◽

Ahmed Saeed Mohmed ◽

Najeha Mohamed Barry ◽

Mohammed Hadi Ibrahim

Keyword(s):

Integrated Pest Management ◽

Pest Management ◽

Tribolium Castaneum ◽

Zno Nanoparticles ◽

Red Flour Beetle ◽

High Concentration ◽

Cumulative Mortality ◽

Stored Grains ◽

The Common ◽

Coleoptera Tenebrionidae

Abstract The red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum is one of the common pests of stored grains distributed worldwide. In this study, testing the effect of TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles as insecticides on adults of T. castaneum was achieved. Results showed that the high concentration of TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles recorded high cumulative mortality of the adult insects after exposure time 1, 3, and 5 days from treatments 15.30, 23.57, and 29.85% respectively of TiO2 nanoparticles compared with 20.42, 27.08, and 33.96 % respectively of ZnO nanoparticles. The result showed that TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles are effective in controlling and can be introduced in the future in integrated pest management of T. castaneum.

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Preference and development of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst, 1797) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in whole grain and flour form of five corn varieties

Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity ◽

10.13057/biodiv/d210218 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Ludji Pantja Astuti ◽

YUNITA EKA LESTARI ◽

RINA RACHMAWATI ◽

Mutalaliah

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Tribolium Castaneum ◽

Storage Period ◽

Adult Mortality ◽

Feeding Preference ◽

Developmental Period ◽

Whole Grain ◽

Pests And Diseases ◽

F1 Progeny ◽

Coleoptera Tenebrionidae

Abstract. Astuti LP, Lestari YA, Rachmawati R, Mutala’liah. 2020. Preference and development of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst, 1797) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) on whole grain and flour form of five corn varieties. Biodiversitas 21: 564-569. Red flour beetle can cause detrimental loss on stored corn during storage period. The usual forms of stored corn are whole grain and flour form. However, the information about the infestation on both form of stored corn is limited, therefore this research aims to investigate the feeding preference and development of Tribolium castaneum on various corn varieties (Pioneer 21, Pioneer 29, Pertiwi 3, Bisi 18, and Bisma) in whole grain and flour form. The research was conducted on Plant Pest Laboratory, Department of Plant Pests and Diseases, University of Brawijaya from February until March 2016. The feeds for treatment were Pioneer 21, Pioneer 29, Pertiwi 3, Bisi 18, and Bisma in whole grain and flour form. The observed variables were the adult presence, adult mortality, the number of eggs, larvae, pupae, F1 progeny emerged, the developmental period of eggs, larvae, and pupae, egg-adult, and life cycle. Data analyzed by ANOVA and followed by LSD at 5%. The results showed that T. castaneum was more preferred to colonize and oviposition in Pioneer 21 flour than others i.e. 13.33 adults and 145 eggs. Similarly, on the population growth of T. castaneum, the highest number of eggs, larvae, pupae, and F1 progeny emerged was on Pioneer 21 flour i.e. 196 eggs, 179.67 larvae, 83.67 pupae, and 73.33 adults, respectively. Moreover, the fastest developmental period of egg, larva, and pupa, egg-adult and life cycle was also in Pioneer 21 flour i.e., 5.5, 26.77, 5.97, 38.23, and 41.87 days, respectively. Pioneer 21 corn variety has high protein content, therefore it is suitable for T. castaneum development.

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Zophobas atratus (Fabricius, 1775) – new genus and species of darkling beetles (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae) for the fauna of Ukraine

Ukrainian Entomological Journal ◽

10.15421/281802 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 10-24

Author(s):

V. N. Fursov ◽

L. S. Cherney

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Comparative Analysis ◽

Sexual Dimorphism ◽

Antennal Segment ◽

Laboratory Culture ◽

Important Species ◽

Darkling Beetles ◽

Zophobas Atratus ◽

Sensory Zone ◽

Coleoptera Tenebrionidae

Darkling beetle Zophobas atratus (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae) is recorded here for the first time as a new species for the fauna of Ukraine. Detailed study on morphology of preimaginal stages and biology of this species recently introduced to Ukraine, is given here. Zophobas atratus is an important species being easily reared in laboratory cultures and widely distributed in North and South America, Europe, and Asia. Detailed descriptions of all life stages, including egg, young and older larvae, pupa and adult of Z. atratus are required for further taxonomical study of the genus Zophobas, which isn’t yet definitively established. New identification keys for adults and larvae of the genera of tribe Tenebrionini are presented here, based on a comparative analysis of the taxonomic characters of adults and larvae of Z. atratus and species from the genera Tenebrio and Neatus. Comparative analysis of morphology of larva of Z. atratus and larvae of the tribe Cteniopodini of close subfamily Alleculinae was conducted here. The subfamily Alleculinae previously had the rank of family Alleculidae, but our analysis confirmed the reliability of its current taxonomic position as subfamily. The study of morphology of larvae of 1st and 2nd instars of Z. atratus revealed that they are characterized by special taxonomic structures that are not characteristic for oldest instars of larvae of Z. atratus. These characters include absence of spines on caudal segment, presence of a set of 4 setae at posterior margin of tergites of prothorax, metathorax, and 1st to 8th abdominal segments, strongly convex 2nd antennal segment and sensory zone in the form of an open ring on its apex, and etc. Moreover, structure of antenna of larvae of Z. atratus is similar to that of oldest larvae of most species of darkling beetles of the fauna of Ukraine. The most distinctive features of Z. atratus are: sexual dimorphism in structure of clypeus of adults; filiform sclerotized antenna of larva with a continuous sensory zone at apex of 2nd segment, weakly developed 3rd segment; fusion of sclerotized pleurites of 1st–8th abdominal segments with their tergites; sexual dimorphism in structure of 9th abdominal segment of pupa, and presence of two hooks on apex of its appendages. The data of original study of features of life cycle of Z. atratus are given. The pictures and photos of details of morphology of egg, larvae, pupa and adult of Z. atratus are presented. It was recored that life cycle of Z. atratus from laying of egg to the emergence of adult continues from 169 up to 181 days. Adults lived maximum up to 206 days. Maturation of eggs in female after copulation continues 10-11 days. Stage of egg continues 7 days, larva – up to 151 days, including pre-pupal period from 6 to 22 days, pupa – from 8 to 21 days. Twelve larval stages of Z. atratus were recorded in laboratory culture.

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Efficacy of some indigenous plants and a synthetic insecticide for the control of Tribolium castaneum (herbst.) (coleoptera: tenebrionidae)

International Journal of Bioassays ◽

10.21746/ijbio.2016.01.008 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 5 (01) ◽

pp. 4742

Author(s):

Mumtaz Akhtar ◽

Naheed Akhtar* ◽

Muhammad Arshad ◽

Naima Iram ◽

Muhammad Iqbal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tribolium Castaneum ◽

Eucalyptus Camaldulensis ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Cumulative Effects ◽

Piper Nigrum ◽

Paper Test ◽

Indigenous Plants ◽

Synthetic Insecticide ◽

Insecticidal Action ◽

Coleoptera Tenebrionidae

Research studies were carried out to evaluate insecticidal action of two plant products and a synthetic insecticide on a major stored-product insect, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). The plant species studied were, Piper nigrum and Eucalyptus camaldulensis, whereas methoprene used as synthetic insecticide. Two formulations viz., powder and ethanol extract of each plant and four concentrations (5ppm, 10ppm, 15ppm and 20 ppm) of methoprene were tested. Repellency was tested using the filter paper test whereas mortality, weight loss protection and anti-feedant potential of all treatments was evaluated by using whole maize grains. Our results were highly significant as compared to control however; P. nigrum was more effective as compared to E. camaldulensis. The investigation of cumulative effects of botanical and synthetic insecticide and isolation of active ingredients of botanicals are further issues to be investigated for their inclusion in. I. P. M programs.

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Role of Virally-Encoded Deubiquitinating Enzymes in Regulation of the Virus Life Cycle

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22094438 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (9) ◽

pp. 4438

Author(s):

Jessica Proulx ◽

Kathleen Borgmann ◽

In-Woo Park

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Life Cycle ◽

Deubiquitinating Enzyme ◽

Deubiquitinating Enzymes ◽

Antiviral Immune Response ◽

Cellular Processes ◽

Virus Life Cycle ◽

Infected Cells ◽

Dependent Processes

The ubiquitin (Ub) proteasome system (UPS) plays a pivotal role in regulation of numerous cellular processes, including innate and adaptive immune responses that are essential for restriction of the virus life cycle in the infected cells. Deubiquitination by the deubiquitinating enzyme, deubiquitinase (DUB), is a reversible molecular process to remove Ub or Ub chains from the target proteins. Deubiquitination is an integral strategy within the UPS in regulating survival and proliferation of the infecting virus and the virus-invaded cells. Many viruses in the infected cells are reported to encode viral DUB, and these vial DUBs actively disrupt cellular Ub-dependent processes to suppress host antiviral immune response, enhancing virus replication and thus proliferation. This review surveys the types of DUBs encoded by different viruses and their molecular processes for how the infecting viruses take advantage of the DUB system to evade the host immune response and expedite their replication.

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