State by Proxy: Privatized Government in the Andes

2010 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Krupa
Keyword(s):  
Political Power ◽  
State Theory ◽  
The State ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
African Countries ◽  
World Today ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Administration Of Justice ◽  
The World ◽  
State Functions

Recent ethnographic work on the state has exposed a crack in one of the founding myths of modern political power. Despite the state's transcendental claim to wielding absolute, exclusive authority within national territory, scholars have shown that in much of the world there are, in fact, “too many actors competing to perform as state,” sites where various power blocs “are acting as the state and producing the same powerful effects” (Aretxaga 2003: 396, 398) Achille Mbembe (2001: 74), writing of the external fiscal controls imposed upon African countries during the late 1980s, has termed this a condition of “fractionated sovereignty”—the dispersal of official state functions among various non-state actors. There is, as Mbembe suggests, “nothing particularly African” about this situation (ibid.). Around the world, the power of various “shadow” organizations like arms dealers and paramilitary groups seems increasingly to depend upon their ability to out-perform the state in many of its definitive functions, from the provision of security and welfare to the collection of taxes and administration of justice (Nugent 1999; Nordstrom 2004; Hansen 2005). These observations present a serious challenge to conventional state theory. They force us to consider whether such conditions of fragmented, competitive statecraft might be better understood not as deviant exceptions to otherwise centralized political systems but, rather, as the way that government is actually experienced in much of the world today.

Pacifism and the State in Colonial Pennsylvania

1939 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-74
Author(s):  
Guy Franklin Hershberger
Keyword(s):  
Social Philosophy ◽  
The State ◽  
Peace Movement ◽  
World Today ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of

There are many varieties of pacifism in the world today. And the history of the peace movement shows that most of them, if not all, have had a long existence. Each type of pacifism is usually based on some corresponding variety of theology, religion, ethics, or political or social philosophy.

Editors' Introduction

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald Bloxham ◽  
A. Dirk Moses
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Small Group ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
The State ◽  
Historical Understanding ◽  
World Today ◽  
Genocide Studies ◽  
The World ◽  
The Relationship

This article describes the state of genocide studies, historicization, and causation, placing genocide into its historical context, and genocide in the world today. ‘Genocide’ is unfortunately ubiquitous, all too often literally in attempts at the destruction of human groups, but also rhetorically in the form of a word that is at once universally known and widely invoked. The comparative scholarship of genocide began with Raphael Lemkin and through the later Cold War period was continued by a small group of dedicated scholars. The discussion also opens the probing of the limits and the utility of the concept of genocide for historical understanding, and placing this crime back in its context that may often include mass non-genocidal violence. It also reflects on the debate about the relationship between individual acts of genocide and the wider political economy and norms of the worlds in which they occur.

scholarly journals Communicating Cultural Heritage Resources to the Public: Experiences from the Makonde of Mtwara Region, Tanzania.

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Festo Wachawaseme Gabriel
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
General Public ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Public Archaeology ◽  
The State ◽  
African Countries ◽  
The Public ◽  
The World

Communicating cultural heritage to the public has gained popularity in many African countries and the world at large. However,little efforts have been done to promote the practice of public archaeology in Tanzania. The main reason is the dominance of conventional archaeology which is mainly meant for academic consumption. In this kind of practice, the participation of local communities has been passive. This paper explores local communities’ understanding of cultural heritage resources focusing on local communities in the Mtwara Region of Tanzania. The results of this study reveal that little effort has been made by archaeologists and cultural heritage professionals to create awareness among local communities on matters related to archaeology and cultural heritage resources. Apart from discussing the state of local communities’ awareness on archaeology and cultural heritage resources, the paper also discusses the importance of communicating cultural heritage resources to the general public and the need to engage local communities in the conservation and preservation of cultural heritage resources.

scholarly journals Terror in utopia: Crisis (mis-) management during the COVID-19 pandemic in Sweden

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 961-1007
Author(s):  
Sörensen Stilhoff
Keyword(s):  
Political Culture ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Crisis Response ◽  
The State ◽  
Care Homes ◽  
The Political ◽  
The World ◽  
Early Account ◽  
State Functions

This article provides an early account to document Swedens strategy to the COVID-19 pandemic and critically examines the countrys crisis response during the first six months of 2020. Sweden stood out internationally with a hands-off approach that gained much attention. Schools remained open, no lock-downs were underaken, no face masks reccommended, even in care homes, and testing-tracing-isolation was very limited. Although Swedens death rate per million was among the seven highest in the world during the period, there was no change in strategy. The article employs concepts to analyse and understand this peculiar approach and the secutity culture and political culture underpinning it. It uncovers deeper systemic defects and a breakdown in the state functions accompanyied by secrecy and cover-ups, as well as a totalitarian element in the political culture.

Part VII Structure and Operations, Ch.43 Organizational Culture

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelson Stephen C ◽  
Weaver Catherine
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Culture ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Political Power ◽  
World Today ◽  
Explanatory Factors ◽  
The World ◽  
Material Interests ◽  
Complex Forms

This chapter argues that attention to organizational culture, in addition to other explanatory factors, can greatly enrich how we understand and explain the complex forms, functions, and dynamics of international organizations (IOs) in the world today. It begins by conceptualizing organizational culture in a way that is amenable to observation and analysis. It then demonstrates how and when culture matters, and how much culture matters, especially in relation to factors such as political power and material interests. Finally, it discusses problems of measurement and inference in the study of IO cultures. Not only is it important to make the case for why we must pay attention to organizational culture in the study of IOs, but we must also make a clear and persuasive case for how we study organizational culture.

scholarly journals Translation Studies – The State of the Art

2005 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 777-785 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfram Wilss
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Translation Studies ◽  
The State ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
The World

Abstract Translation has spoken with growing impact and urgency to mankind for more than two millennia. Not only has it facilitated the understanding of sociocultural structures, economico-political systems, and technological/technical processes; it has also pushed forward our knowledge of the world (including our awareness of “otherness”) and widened our (inter-) linguistic and (inter-)cultural horizon.

Evolution of a political industry with examples from Chinese history

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 384-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shixiong Cao
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
National Income ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
The State ◽  
Chinese History ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Political Intervention ◽  
Autocratic Politics ◽  
State Functions

In explaining the development and operation of states, analysis has focused on economics (e.g. production, and the buying and selling of products) and its relationships with laws, customs, and government, as well as with the distribution of national income and wealth; however, researchers have paid less attention to the economic efficiency of the associated “political industry”. This lacuna is puzzling because politics is a form of industry that is born when a state forms, that develops as the state matures, and that flourishes as democracy and globalization become dominant. The state functions as a monopoly that reaps huge profits, and either seeks more profit through military or political intervention in the affairs of other states or uses military or political force to protect itself against such behavior by other states. A growing focus on human rights causes this industry to flourish while giving birth to new political systems that weaken autocratic politics. To reduce the costs of political affairs by increasing their efficiency, states have explored both top-down and bottom-up approaches. To understand the nature and functioning of this industry, I discuss its origins and subsequent development to provide insights into how the functioning of a state can become more effective. I provide specific Chinese examples to show how these approaches work.

scholarly journals THE PUSH FOR THE DIGITALIZATION OF THE COURTS IN THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION, IN THE WAKE OF COVID 19 AND ITS SOCIAL IMPACT

2022 ◽  
pp. 70-72
Author(s):  
Dr. N Jayarama Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Social Impact ◽  
The State ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Indian Constitution ◽  
Human Conduct ◽  
Administration Of Justice ◽  
The World ◽  
Court Proceedings ◽  
To Come

According to Salmond ‘Law may be defined as the body of principles Recognized and applied by the state in the administration of justice. We cannot Imagine our life without the law as it also governs the human conduct in day to day life, In a young democracy like that of democracy the Importance of Judiciary is Magnified, although it has its flaws, the Indian judiciary, especially the higher judiciary, has come through for the citizens more often than not, Things changed when the pandemic that struck the world in 2019 made its presence in India as well. It brought the life to standstill, like everything and everyone the judiciary was also affected by the deadly virus too, there was delay in justice, when the most foundational mandate of an institution is not being fulfilled, and its credibility will be called into question. On the other hand the Pandemic has blessed the judiciary in many ways, Indian judiciary has always lacked behind when it came to digital access, and digitalization was limited only to those people who wanted to access individual cases. The court proceedings were still based on old aged approach, however like it forced everyone hand to embrace a new way of living , the Pandemic forced the Indian judiciary to come out of its shell.

scholarly journals HARMONY OF NATIONAL AND RELIGIOUS VALUES IN THE GOVERNMENT OF AMIR TEMUR

2021 ◽  
pp. 5-16
Author(s):  
Tulkin ALIMARDONOV
Keyword(s):  
Political Power ◽  
Cultural Distance ◽  
The State ◽  
Religious Values ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
The People ◽  
State Administration ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
The Government ◽  
Relationship Of

The article examines the state administration of Amir Temur and his belief in the spiritual heritage, religious values, customs and traditions is considered as a factor in the development of the mentality of the people. People are naturally united only in justice, equality, faith and other values. Determining the socio-political status of values in public administration, the public activity of the state is actually ensured. Therefore, it is emphasized that in ancient times our ancestors created appropriate political systems based on values, paid special attention to the divine source of power, the pursuit of justice, truth and good deeds was an integral part of political power. The beginning of human civilization and the process of statehood have been preserved at a cultural distance from Zoroastrianism to Islam, and one of the greatest legacies of Amir Temur in state building is the creation of a philosophical structure of political power. The role and place of each in the relationship of society, state, religion is based on the fact that these institutions have always been relevant as key issues in the corresponding period and culture, defining the external forms of this single civilizational structure and internal architecture of any state. Therefore, the study of issues of interaction between power and religion allows you to find mutually beneficial forms of the state. Historical experience shows that the greatness of the state creates a legal (fair) environment only through the values of society. Historical examples of how Amir Temur in his policy, by the will of the Creator, achieved the image of greatness and reached the eternity of such power are considered.

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