Short Day Induction of Flowering in Pearl Millet (Pennisetum typhoides) and its Effect on Plant Morphology

1979 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. K. Ong ◽  
A. Everard
Keyword(s):  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Plant Morphology ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Head Development ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Leaf Appearance ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Rate Of Leaf Appearance ◽  
Short Days

SUMMARYFour hybrids of pearl millet (Pennisetutn typhoides) were screened for photoperiod sensitivity in a heated temperate glasshouse and the effects of 12 h short day induction on the reproductive development and plant morphology were examined. All the hybrids (BK 560, MBH 104, MBH 110 and ICH 105) responded to 14 short days by a considerable reduction in the time to anthesis, plant height and the final number of leaves produced, without any adverse effect on head development. In another experiment BK 560 required at least four short days for floral initiation and another four for subsequent development. Short day induction had no apparent effect on the rate of leaf appearance. The results were compared to those reported for millets in general and to millets grown in the tropics.

Photoperiod and temperature effects on the rate of leaf appearance in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa)

2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 349 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Daniel Bertero ◽  
Roderick W. King ◽  
Antonio J. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Chenopodium Quinoa ◽  
Photoperiod Sensitivity ◽  
Early Flowering ◽  
Base Temperature ◽  
Dry Climates ◽  
Leaf Appearance ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Rate Of Leaf Appearance ◽  
Photoperiod Control ◽  
Short Days

Knowledge of factors controlling leaf appearance is important for understanding climatic adaptation of a plant species. For quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) we show that both temperature and photoperiod control the rate of leaf appearance. Minimum phyllochron (thermal time between the appearance of two successive leaves as observed under short days) and photoperiod sensitivity of the phyllochron decreased as latitude of origin of a cultivar increased from 1˚13¢ N to 38˚46¢ S. Minimum phyllochron ranged from 21.8 ˚Cd in the Colombian cv. Nariño, to 15.9 ˚Cd in the Chilean cv. Baer (estimated for a common base temperature of 2˚C). Photoperiod sensitivity ranged from 1.2 ˚Cd h –1 in Nariño to insensitivity (0 ˚Cd h –1 ) in the Bolivian and Peruvian altiplano cvv. Kanckolla, Blanca de Juli and Sajama. The phyllochron sensitivities to photoperiod and temperature were linearly and positively associated with photoperiod and temperature sensitivities of time to visible flower buds (R 2 = 0.70 and 0.55, respectively, P < 0.05), so that shorter phyllochrons were associated with early flowering cultivars. Temperature sensitivity was highest in cvv. originating in cold or dry climates, and lowest for cvv. from more humid and warm climates. We suggest, therefore, that in its domestication as a crop plant, photoperiod sensitivity of quinoa has been selected for as a homeostatic mechanism to counteract the potentially reduced leaf area associated with early flowering under short days and high temperatures in the tropics.

scholarly journals Effects of nitrogen on development and growth of the leaves of vegetables. 3. Appearance and expansion growth of leaves of spinach

1995 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-260
Author(s):  
H. Biemond
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Leaf Expansion ◽  
Mature Leaf ◽  
Leaf Emergence ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Leaf Appearance ◽  
Rate Of Leaf Appearance ◽  
Main Factor

In a series of greenhouse and field trials, spinach cv. Trias plants were supplied with different amounts of N fertilizer in various split applications. Rates of leaf emergence and expansion were recorded, as well as final leaf size. The rate of leaf appearance varied between 0.16 and 0.57/day across experiments, but was hardly affected by N treatment. The rate of leaf expansion and mature leaf area increased with leaf number, reaching maximum values at leaf pair 3+4 or 5+6 and decreasing subsequently. Both characteristics were positively correlated with N supply. The duration of expansion was not influenced by N treatments and varied between 15 and 30 days in most experiments. The rate of leaf expansion was the main factor determining mature leaf size. Specific leaf area over all green leaves slowly decreased with time in most experiments and was around 300 cmsuperscript 2/g. As the differences in the number of leaves were small, the differences in total green leaf area per plant resulted from differences in the areas of individual mature leaves.

Temperature and day length response of some cocksfoot populations

1967 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
P BrouT ◽  
CN Williams ◽  
CA Neal-Smith ◽  
L Albrecht
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Relative Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata L ◽  
Leaf Appearance ◽  
Rate Of Leaf Appearance ◽  
Short Days

Seedling plants of seven cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) populations were exposed to day/night temperatures of 20/15, 15/10, 12/7, and 9/4°C at day lengths of either 8 or 16 hr. Leaf size, rate of leaf appearance, and relative growth rate decreased as temperature decreased. At higher temperatures, relative growth rate was greater in long than in short days, but at 9/4° it was greater in short days. Long days increased leaf size but slightly reduced the rate of leaf appearance at higher temperatures; the increased leaf size, however, more than compensated for the slightly lower rate of leaf appearance, so that relative growth rate was greater in long than in short days. At 9/4°, however, greater leaf size did not compensate for the much slower rate of leaf appearance in long days. Growth rates were consequently lower in long than in short days at 9/4°. The populations showed a general similarity in response, although significant differences between populations were recorded for particular treatments. There was no apparent relationship between seedling growth rates at low temperatures in this experiment and winter growth of these populations under field conditions.

Development and Growth of Pearl Millet (Pennisetum typhoides) in Response to Water Supply and Demand

1986 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Squire ◽  
B. Marshall ◽  
C. K. Ong
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
High Water ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Saturation Deficit ◽  
Leaf Appearance ◽  
Response To Water ◽  
Rate Of Leaf Appearance

SUMMARYStands of pearl millet were grown in three controlled environment glasshouses in which were imposed different combinations of atmospheric saturation deficit (1.5 to 2.3 kPa) and soil water content (fully irrigated and not irrigated). Consistent differences in saturation deficit (SD) were maintained throughout the experiment (100 days) but a high water table restricted differences in water supply to the first 40 days. Responses to SD and soil water were observed in some variables but not in others. Developmental processes such as the rate of leaf appearance were unaffected, whereas the efficiency for conversion of intercepted solar energy decreased by 24% and the rate at which the canopy expanded by 50%, in the driest compared to the wettest conditions.

COMPLETION OF THE JUVENILE STAGE IN ORCHARDGRASS

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. KOZUMPLIK ◽  
B. R. CHRISTIE
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Stage ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Induction Treatment ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Leaf Appearance ◽  
Different Origins ◽  
Main Tiller ◽  
Rate Of Leaf Appearance

Three orchardgrass strains of different origins were used to determine the stage at which seedlings become capable of responding to induction treatment. The seedlings were grown under long photoperiods and warm temperatures after emergence until the sixth to ninth leaf appeared on the main tiller (shoot), and were then exposed to the induction conditions (10 hr photoperiod at 10 C) for 6 weeks. The juvenile stage in all three strains was completed at the eighth to ninth leaf stage. From the practical point of view, the eighth leaf stage can be used as an indicator of the completion, since about 90% of the seedlings induced at this stage subsequently developed heads, compared with 100% at the ninth leaf stage and 30–60% at the seventh leaf stage. Different photoperiods (14, 17, 24 hr) and different temperatures (15.5, 21 C), prior to the induction treatment, influenced the rate of leaf appearance, but did not affect subsequent heading. The maximum rate of leaf appearance occurred under long photoperiods (17 and 24 hr) and a warm temperature (21 C). Under these conditions, seedlings reached the eight-leaf stage in 3–4 weeks after emergence. The number of tillers was not as good a criterion of the completion of the juvenile stage as was the number of leaves on the main tiller.

Rate of leaf appearance in sugarcane, including a comparison of a range of varieties

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 829 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. D. Bonnett
Keyword(s):  
Power Law ◽  
Large Change ◽  
Thermal Time ◽  
Linear Polynomial ◽  
Appearance Rate ◽  
Biological Explanation ◽  
Leaf Appearance Rate ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Leaf Appearance ◽  
Rate Of Leaf Appearance

Leaf appearance rate is a major determinant of canopy establishment, radiation interception and therefore yield. The effect of genotype on leaf appearance rate in sugarcane is largely unknown. Leaf appearance rate was recorded for the mainstems of pot grown sugarcane plants of nine commercial varieties, over 10 months in Townsville, Australia. Bi-phasic linear, polynomial and power-law models were fitted to data describing leaf appearance with thermal time. The bi-phasic model (previously used for sugarcane) had a single large change in phyllochron for which no biological explanation is apparent. Polynomials were less likely to predict leaf appearance accurately outside the range of fitted data. The power-law model gave a continuously increasing thermal time between the appearance of successive leaves (phyllochron) and was used to compare the varieties. An increasing phyllochron for the first 15 leaves could be explained, in part, by the increasing length of lamina each successive leaf had to grow through. However, an explanation for an increasing phyllochron throughout ontogeny has yet to be found. The rate of leaf appearance was significantly different between the varieties. After 5000˚Cd the number of leaves predicted to have appeared ranged from 35 to 46. These variety specific parameters make an important contribution to describing how different varieties produce leaf area.

The growth and development of cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata) under tropical field conditions: 1. Leaf area

1979 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. Littleton ◽  
M. D. Dennett ◽  
J. Elston ◽  
J. L. Monteith
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Constant Number ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Leaf Appearance ◽  
Rate Of Leaf Appearance ◽  
Ibadan Nigeria

SUMMARYThe pattern of leaf growth and death was followed in stands of cowpea grown in the field at Ibadan, Nigeria. Temperature affected this pattern. Leaf area index increased quicker and leaf death started sooner during warm seasons. Individual leaves died while pods at the same node were filling. The rate of leaf appearance increased with temperature and the duration of expansion of individual leaves decreased so that a constant number of leaves were expanding at one time. The mean rate of expansion of individual leaves increased with temperature proportionately more than the duration decreased, hence final leaf size increased with temperature. Base temperatures for leaf appearance and leaf expansion were 16 and 20 °C respectively.

scholarly journals Effect of light intensity, temperature and daylength on the rate of leaf appearance of maize.

1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-76
Author(s):  
H.D.G. Meyling
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Natural Radiation ◽  
Rate Of Development ◽  
Leaf Appearance ◽  
Rate Of Leaf Appearance ◽  
Short Days ◽  
Effect Of Light

Periodic sowings of maize cv. C.I.V. 2 were made between 1 Feb. and 25 Nov. in glasshouses controlled at 16 or 25 deg C with light intensity about 75% of natural radiation. Some plants were grown in natural daylength, others in 17-h photoperiods. RGR was considerably affected by light intensity and temperature; at 16 deg C it was only about half that at 25 deg C. Rate of leaf appearance was higher at 25 deg C, and rate of development at 25 deg C was double that at 16 deg C. Plants produced 14.2 leaves in long days and 12.8 leaves in short days. Graphs are given showing the effect of light intensity on NAR and rate of development up to tassel emergence. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

scholarly journals Identifying new variation at the J locus, previously identified as e6, in long juvenile ‘Paranagoiana’ soybean

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nour Nissan ◽  
Elroy R. Cober ◽  
Michael Sadowski ◽  
Martin Charette ◽  
Ashkan Golshani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Gene ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Gene Control ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Exon 4 ◽  
Short Days ◽  
Kasp Markers

Abstract Key message A previously identified soybean maturity locus, E6, is discovered to be J, with the long juvenile allele in Paranagoiana now deemed j−x. Abstract Soybean grown at latitudes of ~20° or lower can produce lower grain yields due to the short days. This limitation can be overcome by using the long juvenile trait (LJ) which delays flowering under short day conditions. Two LJ loci have been mapped to the same location on Gm04, J and E6. The objective of this research was to investigate the e6 allele in ‘Paranagoiana’ and determine if E6 and J are the same locus or linked loci. KASP markers showed that e6 lines did not have the j−1 allele of LJ PI 159925. A population fixed for E1 but segregating for E6, with e6 introgressed from Paranagoiana, showed single gene control for flowering and maturity under short days. Sequencing Glyma.04G050200, the J gene, with long amplification Taq found that the e6 line ‘Paranagoiana’ contains a Ty1-copia retrotransposon of ~10,000 bp, inserted within exon 4. PCR amplification of the cDNA of Glyma.04G050200 also showed differences between the mRNA sequences (presence of insertion in j−x). Hence, we conclude that the loci E6 and J are one locus and deem this new variation found in Paranagoiana as j−x.

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