EXPERIMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF DEFOLIATION ON GROWTH AND PRODUCTION OF WATER-STRESSED MAIZE AND COTTON PLANTS

2004 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. YANG ◽  
D. J. MIDMORE
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Cotton Plants ◽  
Maize Plants ◽  
Effect On Yield ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Reduced Water ◽  
Yield Decrease

In this study, different levels of defoliation were imposed on a determinate species (maize) and a relatively indeterminate species (cotton). The aim was to quantify the effects of defoliation on plant growth and production, under either optimum or water-stressed conditions. Under well-watered conditions, 33% defoliation twice (conducted 28 and 35 days after emergence) resulted in a 16% reduction in grain yield of maize while 67% defoliation once (conducted 28 days after emergence) had no significant effect on yield. Under water stress, the grain yields of maize plants with 33% (twice) and 67% defoliation were 13.5% and 25% greater than that of non-defoliated control plants, respectively. For cotton, the reproductive yields (seed and lint) with 33% and 67% defoliation (conducted 43 days after emergence) were reduced, under well-watered conditions, by 28% and 37% of that of the non-defoliated control, respectively. Defoliated cotton plants lost less fruiting forms (squares and young bolls) than non-defoliated plants during water stress. Therefore, under water stress the harvestable product of cotton plants with 67% defoliation was double that of non-defoliated control plants. In non-defoliated cotton plants, a second flush of flowering after release from water-stress permitted further compensatory fruit set and boll harvest. Defoliated plants did not show such levels of compensation. Defoliation significantly reduced water use by maize and cotton. The relative yield advantage of defoliated plants under water-stress conditions can be attributed to defoliation-induced improvement in water status as reflected in measures of photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance. Under anticipated drought stress, defoliation could be an important management practice to reduce drought-induced yield decrease, but this needs to be tested under field conditions.

Visual assessment of total plant relative water content, with the aid of photographic standards, as a guide to scheduling irrigation

1974 ◽  
Vol 14 (66) ◽  
pp. 76
Author(s):  
GJ Luke
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Visual Assessment ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Accurate Indication ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Scheduling Irrigation ◽  
Maize Plants ◽  
Water Contents

The relative water contents (RWC) of the top and bottom leaves of maize plants were measured. The RWC of the top leaf was higher than that of the bottom leaf when the plant was under water stress. Photographic standards based on the RWC of the whole plant were developed and tested against plants in the field. The results showed that the standards give an accurate indication of the plant's water status. Standards based on the upper leaf only would result in irrigations too infrequent to prevent severe restrictions to photosynthesis.

scholarly journals ↵​Impact of A Selected Mycorrhizal Complex and A Rhizobacterial Species on Tomato Plants’ Growth under Water Stress Conditions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Slimani Afafe ◽  
Harkousse Oumaima ◽  
Mazri Mouaad Amine ◽  
Zouahri Abdelmajid ◽  
Ouahmane Lahcen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Bacillus Sp ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
The Impact

Background: Plant strategies for adapting to drought could be improved by associations between plant roots and soil microorganisms, including arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). In this study, the impact of a selected AMF complex and a selected PGPR species on the growth of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) under induced water stress was evaluated. Methods: Three different inoculation treatments were applied to tomato seedlings (a complex of AMF composed mainly of Glomus genus a Bacillus sp. PGPR treatment and a combination of both) and three different water levels (75%, 50% and 25% of field capacity). Result: A significant damaging impact of drought on tomato growth parameters and root mycorrhizal colonization, although the presence of microbes stimulated tomato plants growth and decreased the impact ofdrought stress. Indeed inoculated plants presented greater heights, fresh and dry weights, leaves number and area; greater water status; and greater proteins, sugars and chlorophylls contents either with the AMF complex or the Bacillus sp. in normal and drought stress conditions compared to the non-inoculated plants. However dual inoculation recorded the highest values under all water levels treatments.

scholarly journals Assessing shaded-leaf effects on photochemical reflectance index (PRI) for water stress detection in winter wheat

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (15) ◽  
pp. 2937-2947 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Yang ◽  
Shishi Liu ◽  
Yinuo Liu ◽  
Xifeng Ren ◽  
Hang Su
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Photochemical Reflectance Index ◽  
Crop Density ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. The photochemical reflectance index (PRI) has emerged to be a pre-visual indicator of water stress. However, whether the varying shaded-leaf fractions, which may be caused by multiple view angles or the changing crop density in the field, affect the performance of PRI in detecting water stress of crops is still uncertain. This study evaluated the impact of the varying shaded-leaf fractions on estimating relative water content (RWC) across growth stages of winter wheat using seven formulations of PRI. Results demonstrated that for the control treatment the mean PRI of sunlit leaves was slightly higher than those of shaded leaves, but the difference between PRI of sunlit and shaded leaves increased as water resources became more limiting. Despite the difference between PRI of sunlit and shaded leaves, the significance of the linear relationship between RWC and most studied formulations of PRI did not show obvious variations with shadow fractions, except for the 100 % shaded-leaf condition. Among the studied formulations of PRI, PRI3 based on reflectance at 512 nm as the reference band provided the most accurate estimates of RWC with varying shaded-leaf fractions, except for the 100 % shaded-leaf condition. The slope and the intercept of linear regression models with PRI3 also showed minimized variations with shaded-leaf fractions. We then applied a uniform RWC prediction model to the data of varying shaded-leaf fractions and found that the accuracy of RWC predictions was not significantly affected in the mixture of sunlit and shaded leaves. However, RWC estimated with PRI of the 100 % shaded-leaf condition had the highest root mean square error (RMSE), implying that PRI of the pure shaded leaves may yield inaccurate estimates of plant water status.

scholarly journals Grazing winter wheat relieves plant water stress and transiently enhances photosynthesis

2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (8) ◽  
pp. 726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew T. Harrison ◽  
Walter M. Kelman ◽  
Andrew D. Moore ◽  
John R. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Rubisco Activity ◽  
Leaf Water Status ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Plant Water Stress ◽  
The Impact

To model the impact of grazing on the growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), we measured photosynthesis in the field. Grazing may affect photosynthesis as a consequence of changes to leaf water status, nitrogen content per unit leaf area (Na) or photosynthetic enzyme activity. While light-saturated CO2 assimilation rates (Asat) of field-grown wheat were unchanged during grazing, Asat transiently increased by 33–68% compared with ungrazed leaves over a 2- to 4-week period after grazing ended. Grazing reduced leaf mass per unit area, increased stomatal conductance and increased intercellular CO2 concentrations (Ci) by 36–38%, 88–169% and 17–20%, respectively. Grazing did not alter Na. Using a photosynthesis model, we demonstrated that the increase in Asat after grazing required an increase in Rubisco activity of up to 53%, whereas the increase in Ci could only increase Asat by up to 13%. Increased Rubisco activity was associated with a partial alleviation of leaf water stress. We observed a 68% increase in leaf water potential of grazed plants that could be attributed to reduced leaf area index and canopy evaporative demand, as well as to increased rainfall infiltration into soil. The grazing of rain-fed grain cereals may be tailored to relieve plant water stress and enhance leaf photosynthesis.

scholarly journals Absence of Yield Reduction after Controlled Water Stress during Prehaverst Period in Table OliveTrees

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 258 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Martín-Palomo ◽  
Mireia Corell ◽  
Ignacio Girón ◽  
Luis Andreu ◽  
Alejandro Galindo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Irrigation Season ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Olive Trees ◽  
Effect On Yield

Deficit irrigation scheduling is becoming increasingly important under commercial conditions. Water status measurement is a useful tool in these conditions. However, the information about water stress levels for olive trees is scarce. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effect on yield of a moderate controlled water stress level at the end of the irrigation season. The experiment was conducted in the experimental farm of La Hampa (Coria del Río, Seville, Spain) during three years. A completely randomized block design was performed using three different irrigation treatments. Deficit irrigation was applied several (4 or 2) weeks before harvest. Irrigation was controlled using the midday stem water potential, with a threshold value of −2 MPa and compared with a full irrigated treatment. This water stress did not reduced gas exchange during the deficit period. The effect on yield was not significant in any of the three seasons. In the high-fruit load season, fruit volume was slightly affected (around 10%), but this was not significant at harvest. Results suggest an early affection of fruit growth with water stress, but with a slow rate of decrease. Moderate water stress could be useful for the management of deficit irrigation in table olive trees.

scholarly journals Influence of Zeolite and Phosphorus Applications on Water Use, P Uptake and Yield in Rice under Different Irrigation Managements

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zheng ◽  
Chen ◽  
Chi ◽  
Xia ◽  
Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Paddy Fields ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Plant P Uptake ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Reduced Water

Phosphorus (P) deficiency often occurs in paddy fields due to its high fixation, and low solubility and mobility in soils, especially under water stress. Available soil P and plant P uptake could be improved through the application of zeolite. However, little is known about the impact of zeolite on P uptake in rice under water stress. A two-year lysimetric experiment using a split-split plot design investigated the effects of zeolite (0 or 15 t ha−1) and P (0 or 60 kg ha−1) applications on water use, P uptake, and grain yield in rice under two irrigation management systems (continuous flooding irrigation (CF) and improved alternate wetting and drying irrigation (IAWD)). Both irrigation systems produced equivalent effective panicles and grain yield. Compared with CF, IAWD reduced water use and aboveground P uptake and improved water-use efficiency (WUE) in rice. The applications of zeolite or P alone increased grain yield, WUE, soil available P, and stem, leaf, and panicle P concentration, and aboveground P uptake, but had no significant effect on water use. The enhanced grain yield induced by zeolite was related to the increase in aboveground P uptake. The zeolite application enhanced NH4+–N retention in the topsoil and prevented NO3−–N from leaching into deeper soil layers. Moreover, Zeolite made lower rates of P fertilizer possible in paddy fields, with benefits for remaining P supplies and mitigating pollution due to excessive P. These results suggest that the combined application of zeolite and P under improved AWD regime reduced water use, improved P uptake and grain yield in rice, and alleviated environment risk.

scholarly journals Cold Hardiness of Evergreen Azaleas Is Increased by Water Stress Imposed at Three Dates

1996 ◽  
Vol 121 (2) ◽  
pp. 296-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomasz Anisko ◽  
Orville M. Lindstrom
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Current Water ◽  
Early Fall ◽  
Reduced Water

The effect of water stress imposed at three dates in late summer and early fall on cold hardiness was examined in Rhododendron L. `Coral Bell', `Hinodegiri', and `Red Ruffle'. The persistence of the water stress-induced cold hardiness was also examined following plant recovery from the stress. Container-grown plants were exposed to three weeks of reduced water supply starting 8 Aug., 29 Aug., or 19 Sept., while control plants were well watered. Cold hardiness of leaves, lower, middle, and upper stems was evaluated with laboratory freeze tests. Reduced water supply independent of time initiated increased cold hardiness by 1 to 4C in the majority of the tested plant parts in the three cultivars. Cold hardiness of all plant parts tested strongly depended on the current water status of the plants as indicated by the stem water potential. In most cases, 3 weeks after rewatering, the cold hardiness of previously water stressed plants did not differ from that of nonstressed plants.

scholarly journals The Physiological Impact of GFLV Virus Infection on Grapevine Water Status: First Observations

Plants ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 161
Author(s):  
Anastazija Jež-Krebelj ◽  
Maja Rupnik-Cigoj ◽  
Marija Stele ◽  
Marko Chersicola ◽  
Maruša Pompe-Novak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Virulent Strain ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Vessel Occlusion ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Severe Water Stress ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Physiological Impact ◽  
The Impact

In a vineyard, grapevines are simultaneously exposed to combinations of several abiotic (drought, extreme temperatures, salinity) and biotic stresses (phytoplasmas, viruses, bacteria). With climate change, the incidences of drought in vine growing regions are increased and the host range of pathogens with increased chances of virulent strain development has expanded. Therefore, we studied the impact of the combination of abiotic (drought) and biotic (Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) infection) stress on physiological and molecular responses on the grapevine of cv. Schioppettino by studying the influence of drought and GFLV infection on plant water status of grapevines, on grapevine xylem vessel occlusion, and on expression patterns of 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase 1 (NCED1), 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase 2 (NCED2), WRKY encoding transcription factor (WRKY54) and RD22-like protein (RD22) genes in grapevines. A complex response of grapevine to the combination of drought and GFLV infection was shown, including priming in the case of grapevine water status, net effect in the case of area of occluded vessels in xylem, and different types of interaction of both stresses in the case of expression of four abscisic acid-related genes. Our results showed that mild (but not severe) water stress can be better sustained by GFLV infection rather than by healthy vines. GFLV proved to improve the resilience of the plants to water stress, which is an important outcome to cope with the challenges of global warming.

scholarly journals Grape Rootstock Response to Salinity, Water and Combined Salinity and Water Stresses

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald L. Suarez ◽  
Nydia Celis ◽  
Ray G. Anderson ◽  
Devinder Sandhu
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Water Application ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Salinity Water ◽  
Salt Creek ◽  
Reduced Water

Diminishing availability of non-saline water in arid and semiarid regions is of concern to all irrigated agricultural producers, including wine and grape producers. Grapes are not a salt tolerant crop and producers often face the choice of either limiting fresh water application, using alternative saline waters or a combination of both. We examined the salt tolerance and effect of restricted water application on three purported salt tolerant rootstocks grafted to Cabernet Sauvignon scion in a 4-year replicated field experiment. ANOVA indicated significant effects of salinity water stress and rootstock on fruit yields. The 140 Ruggeri scion was the top producer across all treatments including control, followed by Salt Creek, with St. George significantly less productive than 140 Ruggeri across all treatments. In terms of salt tolerance, Salt Creek and 140 Ruggeri were not statistically different but St. George was significantly less tolerant than Salt Creek. In terms of drought tolerance (relative yield), there were no statistical differences among rootstocks. Soil salinity profiles and soil moisture sensors indicated reduced water consumption under high salinity, thus no matric stress under 60% of optimal water application when high salt stress was present. The multiplicative stress model where salt and water stress are individually evaluated did not satisfactorily predict yield under combined salinity and reduced water application, likely due to decreased water consumption under saline conditions. Short term (one year) experiments underestimate salt damage to grape vines as salt tolerance decreased over the 4-year experiment.

scholarly journals Hydrophilic Polymer Amendment in Field Soil to Improve Establishment of Perennial Wildflowers at Transplanting

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 592g-593
Author(s):  
Jyotsna Sharma ◽  
Steve Pallardy ◽  
Denny Schrock
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Stomatal Resistance ◽  
Hydrophilic Polymer ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Field Soil ◽  
Drought Period ◽  
Reduced Water ◽  
Amended Soil

Perennial wildflowers, once established, are a low-maintenance alternative in a flowerbed. However, water stress and poor root development in field soil can be detrimental to young plants at the time of transplanting. A fully expanded hydrogel, HydroSource, was incorporated to replace 0% (control), 7.5%, 15% (recommended rate), and 30% of the volume of a clayey field soil to determine its effect on plant water status. Addition of hydrogel reduced water stress in Asclepias incarnata and Gaillardia grandiflora plants. Plants growing in hydrogel amended soil had: 1) significantly lower stomatal resistance (P < 0.01); and 2) significantly higher leaf water potential (P < 0.01). Gaillardia grandiflora control plants showed considerable wilting (reflected in high stomatal resistance and low water potential readings) on the 3rd day of the drought period while those with 15% and 30% hydrogel were turgid even on the 5th day. Hydrogel-amended soil appeared less compacted, and root growth in Asclepias incarnata increased with the increasing rate of hydrogel added to the soil.

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