scholarly journals The Physiological Impact of GFLV Virus Infection on Grapevine Water Status: First Observations

Plants ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 161
Author(s):  
Anastazija Jež-Krebelj ◽  
Maja Rupnik-Cigoj ◽  
Marija Stele ◽  
Marko Chersicola ◽  
Maruša Pompe-Novak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Virulent Strain ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Vessel Occlusion ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Severe Water Stress ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Physiological Impact ◽  
The Impact

In a vineyard, grapevines are simultaneously exposed to combinations of several abiotic (drought, extreme temperatures, salinity) and biotic stresses (phytoplasmas, viruses, bacteria). With climate change, the incidences of drought in vine growing regions are increased and the host range of pathogens with increased chances of virulent strain development has expanded. Therefore, we studied the impact of the combination of abiotic (drought) and biotic (Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) infection) stress on physiological and molecular responses on the grapevine of cv. Schioppettino by studying the influence of drought and GFLV infection on plant water status of grapevines, on grapevine xylem vessel occlusion, and on expression patterns of 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase 1 (NCED1), 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase 2 (NCED2), WRKY encoding transcription factor (WRKY54) and RD22-like protein (RD22) genes in grapevines. A complex response of grapevine to the combination of drought and GFLV infection was shown, including priming in the case of grapevine water status, net effect in the case of area of occluded vessels in xylem, and different types of interaction of both stresses in the case of expression of four abscisic acid-related genes. Our results showed that mild (but not severe) water stress can be better sustained by GFLV infection rather than by healthy vines. GFLV proved to improve the resilience of the plants to water stress, which is an important outcome to cope with the challenges of global warming.

Single hyperspectral bands are highly sensitive to water stress in adult mandarin trees

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Berríos ◽  
Abdelmalek Temnani ◽  
Susana Zapata ◽  
Manuel Forcén ◽  
Sandra Martínez-Pedreño ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Plant Water Status ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Severe Water Stress

<p>Mandarin is one of the most important Citrus cultivated in Spain and the sustainability of the crop is subject to a constant pressure for water resources among the productive sectors and to a high climatic demand conditions and low rainfall (about 250 mm per year). The availability of irrigation water in the Murcia Region is generally close to 3,500 m<sup>3</sup> per ha and year, so it is only possible to satisfy 50 - 60% of the late mandarin ETc, which requires about 5,500 m<sup>3</sup> per ha. For this reason, it is necessary to provide tools to farmers in order to control the water applied in each phenological phase without promoting levels of severe water stress to the crop that negatively affect the sustainability of farms located in semi-arid conditions. Stem water potential (SWP) is a plant water status indicator very sensitive to water deficit, although its measurement is manual, discontinuous and on a small-scale.  In this way, indicators measured on a larger scale are necessary to achieve integrating the water status of the crop throughout the farm. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the sensitivity to water deficit of different hyperspectral single bands (HSB) and their relationship with the midday SWP in mandarin trees submitted to severe water stress in different phenological phases. Four different irrigation treatments were assessed: i) a control (CTL), irrigated at 100% of the ETc throughout the growing season to satisfy plant water requirements and three water stress treatments that were irrigated at 60% of ETc throughout the season – corresponding to the real irrigation water availability – except  during: ii) the end of phase I and beginning of phase II (IS IIa), iii) the first half of phase II (IS IIb) and iv) phase III of fruit growth (IS III), which irrigation was withheld until values of -1.8 MPa of SWP or a water stress integral of 60 MPa day<sup>-1</sup>. When these threshold values were reached, the spectral reflectance values were measured between 350 and 2500 nm using a leaf level spectroradiometer to 20 mature and sunny leaves on 4 trees per treatment. Twenty-four HVI and HSB were calculated and a linear correlation was made between each of them with SWP, where the ρ940 and ρ1250 nm single bands reflectance presented r-Pearson values of -0.78** and -0.83***, respectively. Two linear regression curves fitting were made: SWP (MPa) = -11.05 ∙ ρ940 + 7.8014 (R<sup>2</sup> =0.61) and SWP (MPa) = -13.043 ∙ ρ1250 + 8.9757 (R<sup>2</sup> =0.69). These relationships were obtained with three different fruit diameters (35, 50 and 65 mm) and in a range between -0.7 and -1.6 MPa of SWP. Results obtained show the possibility of using these single bands in the detection of water stress in adult mandarin trees, and thus propose a sustainable and efficient irrigation scheduling by means of unmanned aerial vehicles equipped with sensors to carry out an automated control of the plant water status and with a suitable temporal and spatial scale to apply precision irrigation.</p>

Stomatal conductance and growth of five Alnusglutinosa clones in response to controlled water stress

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 421-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. C. Hennessey ◽  
E. M. Lorenzi ◽  
R. W. McNew
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Black Alder ◽  
Severe Water Stress ◽  
Progressive Water Stress

An experiment to quantify the response of unnodulated, fertilized European black alder (Alnusglutinosa (L.) Gaertn.) seedlings to progressive water stress showed contrasting drought tolerance among five clones, using stomatal conductance, leaf area, and height as indices of drought sensitivity. In particular, one rapidly growing clone (AG 8022-14) showed the ability to moderate changes in water stress more efficiently than the more slowly growing clones. After 30 days of moderate levels of water stress, clones that had higher stomatal conductance also had greater leaf area and height growth. Leaf area and height were both sensitive to plant water status, although no threshold of stress associated with a cessation of leaf area or height expansion was found even though stomatal conductance decreased to 0.05 cm s−1 under severe water stress.

scholarly journals ↵​Impact of A Selected Mycorrhizal Complex and A Rhizobacterial Species on Tomato Plants’ Growth under Water Stress Conditions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Slimani Afafe ◽  
Harkousse Oumaima ◽  
Mazri Mouaad Amine ◽  
Zouahri Abdelmajid ◽  
Ouahmane Lahcen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Bacillus Sp ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
The Impact

Background: Plant strategies for adapting to drought could be improved by associations between plant roots and soil microorganisms, including arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). In this study, the impact of a selected AMF complex and a selected PGPR species on the growth of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) under induced water stress was evaluated. Methods: Three different inoculation treatments were applied to tomato seedlings (a complex of AMF composed mainly of Glomus genus a Bacillus sp. PGPR treatment and a combination of both) and three different water levels (75%, 50% and 25% of field capacity). Result: A significant damaging impact of drought on tomato growth parameters and root mycorrhizal colonization, although the presence of microbes stimulated tomato plants growth and decreased the impact ofdrought stress. Indeed inoculated plants presented greater heights, fresh and dry weights, leaves number and area; greater water status; and greater proteins, sugars and chlorophylls contents either with the AMF complex or the Bacillus sp. in normal and drought stress conditions compared to the non-inoculated plants. However dual inoculation recorded the highest values under all water levels treatments.

scholarly journals Assessing shaded-leaf effects on photochemical reflectance index (PRI) for water stress detection in winter wheat

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (15) ◽  
pp. 2937-2947 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Yang ◽  
Shishi Liu ◽  
Yinuo Liu ◽  
Xifeng Ren ◽  
Hang Su
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Photochemical Reflectance Index ◽  
Crop Density ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. The photochemical reflectance index (PRI) has emerged to be a pre-visual indicator of water stress. However, whether the varying shaded-leaf fractions, which may be caused by multiple view angles or the changing crop density in the field, affect the performance of PRI in detecting water stress of crops is still uncertain. This study evaluated the impact of the varying shaded-leaf fractions on estimating relative water content (RWC) across growth stages of winter wheat using seven formulations of PRI. Results demonstrated that for the control treatment the mean PRI of sunlit leaves was slightly higher than those of shaded leaves, but the difference between PRI of sunlit and shaded leaves increased as water resources became more limiting. Despite the difference between PRI of sunlit and shaded leaves, the significance of the linear relationship between RWC and most studied formulations of PRI did not show obvious variations with shadow fractions, except for the 100 % shaded-leaf condition. Among the studied formulations of PRI, PRI3 based on reflectance at 512 nm as the reference band provided the most accurate estimates of RWC with varying shaded-leaf fractions, except for the 100 % shaded-leaf condition. The slope and the intercept of linear regression models with PRI3 also showed minimized variations with shaded-leaf fractions. We then applied a uniform RWC prediction model to the data of varying shaded-leaf fractions and found that the accuracy of RWC predictions was not significantly affected in the mixture of sunlit and shaded leaves. However, RWC estimated with PRI of the 100 % shaded-leaf condition had the highest root mean square error (RMSE), implying that PRI of the pure shaded leaves may yield inaccurate estimates of plant water status.

scholarly journals Irrigation of biomass plantations may globally increase water stress more than climate change

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabian Stenzel ◽  
Peter Greve ◽  
Wolfgang Lucht ◽  
Sylvia Tramberend ◽  
Yoshihide Wada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Carbon Capture ◽  
Carbon Capture And Storage ◽  
Change Scenario ◽  
Land Use Patterns ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Severe Water Stress ◽  
The Impact

AbstractBioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) is considered an important negative emissions (NEs) technology, but might involve substantial irrigation on biomass plantations. Potential water stress resulting from the additional withdrawals warrants evaluation against the avoided climate change impact. Here we quantitatively assess potential side effects of BECCS with respect to water stress by disentangling the associated drivers (irrigated biomass plantations, climate, land use patterns) using comprehensive global model simulations. By considering a widespread use of irrigated biomass plantations, global warming by the end of the 21st century could be limited to 1.5 °C compared to a climate change scenario with 3 °C. However, our results suggest that both the global area and population living under severe water stress in the BECCS scenario would double compared to today and even exceed the impact of climate change. Such side effects of achieving substantial NEs would come as an extra pressure in an already water-stressed world and could only be avoided if sustainable water management were implemented globally.

scholarly journals Grazing winter wheat relieves plant water stress and transiently enhances photosynthesis

2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (8) ◽  
pp. 726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew T. Harrison ◽  
Walter M. Kelman ◽  
Andrew D. Moore ◽  
John R. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Rubisco Activity ◽  
Leaf Water Status ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Plant Water Stress ◽  
The Impact

To model the impact of grazing on the growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), we measured photosynthesis in the field. Grazing may affect photosynthesis as a consequence of changes to leaf water status, nitrogen content per unit leaf area (Na) or photosynthetic enzyme activity. While light-saturated CO2 assimilation rates (Asat) of field-grown wheat were unchanged during grazing, Asat transiently increased by 33–68% compared with ungrazed leaves over a 2- to 4-week period after grazing ended. Grazing reduced leaf mass per unit area, increased stomatal conductance and increased intercellular CO2 concentrations (Ci) by 36–38%, 88–169% and 17–20%, respectively. Grazing did not alter Na. Using a photosynthesis model, we demonstrated that the increase in Asat after grazing required an increase in Rubisco activity of up to 53%, whereas the increase in Ci could only increase Asat by up to 13%. Increased Rubisco activity was associated with a partial alleviation of leaf water stress. We observed a 68% increase in leaf water potential of grazed plants that could be attributed to reduced leaf area index and canopy evaporative demand, as well as to increased rainfall infiltration into soil. The grazing of rain-fed grain cereals may be tailored to relieve plant water stress and enhance leaf photosynthesis.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Drought Tolerance of Five Maize Genotypes by Virtue of Physiological and Molecular Responses

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Khalil M. Saad-Allah ◽  
Afaf A. Nessem ◽  
Mohsen K. H. Ebrahim ◽  
Dina Gad
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Maize Genotypes ◽  
Severe Water Stress ◽  
Metabolic Activities ◽  
Primary Focus

Drought has been recognized as a potential challenge to maize production around the world, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. The primary focus of the present study was to investigate the metabolic and physiological adjustment mechanisms as well as drought-responsive gene expression patterns in five maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes (G314, G2, G10, G123, and G326) with varying drought-tolerance capacities at the vegetative stage. Twenty-one days-old maize plants from five maize genotypes were submitted to a well-watered (10 days) watering interval as a control, mild water stress (15 day interval), and severe water stress (20 day interval) treatments in a field experiment for two successive seasons (2019 and 2020). For all maize genotypes, the results showed that water stress significantly reduced plant height, leaf area, biomass, and yield characteristics. However, water stress, which was associated with the length of the watering interval, increased the concentrations of glycine betaine, amino acids, proline, phenols, flavonoids, soluble proteins, and soluble sugars, as well as catalase and peroxidase activities. On the transcriptional level, prolonged water stress increased the expression of drought-responsive genes (LOS5, Rad17, NCED1, CAT1, and ZmP5CS1), with G10 and G123 genotypes being the most drought-resistant. Herein, genotypes G10 and G123 were shown in this study to be relatively water stress tolerant due to improved osmoregulatory, antioxidant, and metabolic activities under water stress conditions, as well as the fact that they were endowed with stress-responsive genes.

EXPERIMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF DEFOLIATION ON GROWTH AND PRODUCTION OF WATER-STRESSED MAIZE AND COTTON PLANTS

2004 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. YANG ◽  
D. J. MIDMORE
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Cotton Plants ◽  
Maize Plants ◽  
Effect On Yield ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Reduced Water ◽  
Yield Decrease

In this study, different levels of defoliation were imposed on a determinate species (maize) and a relatively indeterminate species (cotton). The aim was to quantify the effects of defoliation on plant growth and production, under either optimum or water-stressed conditions. Under well-watered conditions, 33% defoliation twice (conducted 28 and 35 days after emergence) resulted in a 16% reduction in grain yield of maize while 67% defoliation once (conducted 28 days after emergence) had no significant effect on yield. Under water stress, the grain yields of maize plants with 33% (twice) and 67% defoliation were 13.5% and 25% greater than that of non-defoliated control plants, respectively. For cotton, the reproductive yields (seed and lint) with 33% and 67% defoliation (conducted 43 days after emergence) were reduced, under well-watered conditions, by 28% and 37% of that of the non-defoliated control, respectively. Defoliated cotton plants lost less fruiting forms (squares and young bolls) than non-defoliated plants during water stress. Therefore, under water stress the harvestable product of cotton plants with 67% defoliation was double that of non-defoliated control plants. In non-defoliated cotton plants, a second flush of flowering after release from water-stress permitted further compensatory fruit set and boll harvest. Defoliated plants did not show such levels of compensation. Defoliation significantly reduced water use by maize and cotton. The relative yield advantage of defoliated plants under water-stress conditions can be attributed to defoliation-induced improvement in water status as reflected in measures of photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance. Under anticipated drought stress, defoliation could be an important management practice to reduce drought-induced yield decrease, but this needs to be tested under field conditions.

scholarly journals Irrigation of biomass plantations may globally increase water stress more than climate change

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabian Stenzel ◽  
Peter Greve ◽  
Wolfgang Lucht ◽  
Sylvia Tramberend ◽  
Yoshihide Wada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Carbon Capture ◽  
Carbon Capture And Storage ◽  
Land Use Patterns ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Severe Water Stress ◽  
Change Impact ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) is considered an important negative emissions (NEs) technology, but might involve substantial irrigation on biomass plantations. Potential water stress resulting from the additional withdrawals for irrigation warrants evaluation against the avoided climate change impact. Here we quantitatively assess potential side effects of BECCS with respect to water stress by disentangling the associated drivers (irrigated bioenergy, climate, land use patterns) using comprehensive global model simulations. By considering a widespread use of irrigated BECCS to limit global warming to 1.5°C, our results suggest that both the global area and population living under severe water stress will double by the end of the 21st century, which could even exceed the impact of climate change avoided by the NEs (3°C warming). Such side-effects of achieving substantial NEs would come as an extra pressure in an already water-stressed world and could only be avoided if sustainable water management would be implemented globally.

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