The Ideology of the Letter of Aristeas

1958 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Tcherikover
Keyword(s):  
Special Kind ◽  
General View ◽  
Self Defense ◽  
Greek World

Modern scholars commonly regard the “Letter of Aristeas” as a work typical of Jewish apologetics, aiming at self-defense and propaganda, and directed to the Greeks. Here are some instances illustrating this general view. In 1903 Friedländer wrote that the glorification of Judaism in the Letter was no more than self-defense, though “the book does not mention the antagonists of Judaism by name, nor does it admit that its intention is to refute direct attacks.” Stein sees in the Letter “a special kind of defense which practices diplomatic tactics,” and Tramontano also speaks of “an apologetic and propagandist tendency.” Vincent characterizes it as “a small apologetic novel written for the Egyptians” (i.e. the Greeks in Egypt). Pfeiffer says: “This fanciful story of the origin of the Septuagint is merely a pretext for defending Judaism against its heathen denigrators, for extolling its nobility and reasonableness, and for striving to convert Greek speaking Gentiles to it.” Schürer classes the Letter with a special kind of literature, “Jewish propaganda in Pagan disguise,” whose works are “directed to the pagan reader, in order to make propaganda for Judaism among the Gentiles.” Andrews, too, believes that the role of a Greek was assumed by Aristeas in order “to strengthen the force of the argument and commend it to non-Jewish readers.” And even Gutman, who rightly recognizes that the Letter sprang “from an inner need of the educated Jew,” sees in it “a strong means for making Jewish propaganda in the Greek world.”

The Role of the Group in Acquiring Self-Defense Skills

2000 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 397-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kari L. Fraser ◽  
Glenda M. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Self Defense

scholarly journals B Chromosomes in Populations of Mammals Revisited

Genes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mladen Vujošević ◽  
Marija Rajičić ◽  
Jelena Blagojević
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Species ◽  
B Chromosome ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
B Chromosomes ◽  
General View ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Quantitative Characteristics ◽  
Host Parasite

The study of B chromosomes (Bs) started more than a century ago, while their presence in mammals dates since 1965. As the past two decades have seen huge progress in application of molecular techniques, we decided to throw a glance on new data on Bs in mammals and to review them. We listed 85 mammals with Bs that make 1.94% of karyotypically studied species. Contrary to general view, a typical B chromosome in mammals appears both as sub- or metacentric that is the same size as small chromosomes of standard complement. Both karyotypically stable and unstable species possess Bs. The presence of Bs in certain species influences the cell division, the degree of recombination, the development, a number of quantitative characteristics, the host-parasite interactions and their behaviour. There is at least some data on molecular structure of Bs recorded in nearly a quarter of species. Nevertheless, a more detailed molecular composition of Bs presently known for six mammalian species, confirms the presence of protein coding genes, and the transcriptional activity for some of them. Therefore, the idea that Bs are inert is outdated, but the role of Bs is yet to be determined. The maintenance of Bs is obviously not the same for all species, so the current models must be adapted while bearing in mind that Bs are not inactive as it was once thought.

scholarly journals The role of legal intellection in the lawmaking mechanism

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 67-73
Author(s):  
Ekaterina A. Petrova
Keyword(s):  
Special Kind ◽  
Thinking Style ◽  
Legal Traditions ◽  
Methods And Techniques ◽  
Legal Thinking ◽  
The Law ◽  
Legal Understanding ◽  
Law Making

The article gives the authors interpretation of legal intellection as a special kind of professional thinking. It is underlined that legal intellection is directly connected with lawmaking, since the law is a result of both of these processes. The main directions of its influence on the elements of the lawmaking mechanism are considered. The author interprets lawmaking mechanism as a set of interrelated and interdependent technical and legal elements that support law creation. These elements include the law-makers; law-making methods and techniques; the rules of claw; forms (sources) of law. It is noted that the lawyers belonging to a particular type of legal understanding determines the understanding of lawmaking process. The author analyzes the influence of legal thinking style, determined by legal traditions of various legal families, on application of various forms of law as a result of lawmaking. The examples from Russian and American legal reality are given. The problem of legal intellection level of lawmakers is discussed, because of its influence on the quality of sources of law. It is concluded that legal intellection as a special kind of professional thinking permeates all types of legal activities and, first of all, directly affects the specifics of the lawmaking mechanism, determining the content of its main elements: the law-makers are the holders of legal intellection; methods, techniques of law-making are determined by the stylistic features of legal thinking; the quality of the forms of law created in the lawmaking process directly depends on the legal thinking level of their creators.

Modes of Image Transfer

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Wengrow
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Transmission ◽  
Special Kind ◽  
Image Transfer ◽  
Modes Of Transmission ◽  
Cultural Boundaries ◽  
Institutional Contexts ◽  
Mode Of Transmission ◽  
Visual Record ◽  
Epidemiological Approach

This chapter proposes some distinct patterns of transmission that are attested across multiple chronological periods and regional settings, shedding further light on the institutional contexts of image transfer in the Bronze and Iron Ages. The distribution of composite figures in the visual record raises a number of intriguing problems for the study of cultural transmission. Their impressive transmission across cultural boundaries is consistent with the expectations of an “epidemiological” approach to the spread of culture, which would accord them a special kind of cognitive catchiness. This chapter considers the institutional role of externally derived images within centralized (or centralizing) societies and suggests that the macro-distribution of composites follows two distinct but regular modes of transmission and reception: the “transformative” mode and the “integrative” mode. It also introduces a third mode of transmission, termed “protective” mode.

Writing Experiments

2018 ◽  
pp. 64-109
Author(s):  
Maria Michela Sassi
Keyword(s):  
Critical Thinking ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Greek Philosophy ◽  
Greek Religion ◽  
Writing Technologies ◽  
Philosophical Writing ◽  
Integral Component ◽  
Literacy And Writing ◽  
Greek World

This chapter examines the role that writing in the modalities of philosophical formulation in ancient Greece. It first considers how the rise of the polis intertwined with the beginnings of Greek philosophy, taking into account the theses of Jean-Pierre Vernant and Geoffrey Lloyd, before discussing the range of interactive elements that may have contributed to the development of that particular critical life that characterizes the first expressions of philosophical rationality. One such element is the particular character of Greek religion. The chapter goes on to analyze the combination of egotism and innovation as an integral component of Greek cultural style, and the role of writing technologies in this regard, as well as how literacy and writing contributed to the development of critical thinking in the Greek world. Finally, it explores three different approaches to philosophical writing attributed to Anaximander, Xenophanes, and Heraclitus.

scholarly journals The Role of Archaeology in Forming Greek National Identity and its Embodiment in European Identity

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 448-458
Author(s):  
Olga Katsiardi-Hering
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Modern Greek ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Roman Antiquity ◽  
Europe Today ◽  
Greek World ◽  
Of Greece

The murder of Johann Joachim Winckelmann, for many the ‘founder of archaeology’, in 1768 in a Trieste inn, did not mean the end for his work, which could be said to have been the key to understanding ancient Greece, which Europe was re-discovering at the time. In the late Enlightenment, Neoclassicism, followed by Romanticism, elevated classical, Hellenistic and Roman antiquity, and archaeological research, to the centre of academic quests, while the inclusion of archaeological sites in the era’s Grand Tours fed into a belief in the ‘Regeneration’/‘Wiedergeburt’ of Greece. The Modern Greek Enlightenment flourished during this same period, the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, with a concomitant classicizing turn. Ancient Greek texts were republished by Greek scholars, especially in the European centres of the Greek diaspora. An admiration for antiquity was intertwined into the Neohellenic national identity, and the first rulers of the free Greek State undertook to take care of the nation’s archaeological monuments. In 1837, under ‘Bavarian rule’, the first Greek University and the ‘Archaeological Society of Greece in Athens’ were set up. Archaeologists flocked to Greece and those parts of the ancient Greek world that were still part of the Ottoman Empire. The showcasing of classical monuments, at the expense of the Byzantine past, would remain the rule until the latter half of the nineteenth century. Modern Greek national identity was primarily underpinned by admiration for antiquity, which was viewed as a source of modern Hellenism, and for ‘enlightened, savant, good-governed Europe’. Today, the ‘new archaeology’ is striving to call these foundations into question.

scholarly journals Phagocytosis: A Fundamental Process in Immunity

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Rosales ◽  
Eileen Uribe-Querol
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Host Response ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
General View ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Fundamental Process ◽  
Target Particle ◽  
Acquired Immune Responses

One hundred years have passed since the death of Élie Metchnikoff (1845–1916). He was the first to observe the uptake of particles by cells and realized the importance of this process for the host response to injury and infection. He also was a strong advocate of the role of phagocytosis in cellular immunity, and with this he gave us the basis for our modern understanding of inflammation and the innate and acquired immune responses. Phagocytosis is an elegant but complex process for the ingestion and elimination of pathogens, but it is also important for the elimination of apoptotic cells and hence fundamental for tissue homeostasis. Phagocytosis can be divided into four main steps: (i) recognition of the target particle, (ii) signaling to activate the internalization machinery, (iii) phagosome formation, and (iv) phagolysosome maturation. In recent years, the use of new tools of molecular biology and microscopy has provided new insights into the cellular mechanisms of phagocytosis. In this review, we present a general view of our current knowledge on phagocytosis. We emphasize novel molecular findings, particularly on phagosome formation and maturation, and discuss aspects that remain incompletely understood.

Morphological Change

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carola Trips
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Change ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
General View ◽  
Inflectional Morphology ◽  
Linguistic Change ◽  
Morphological Theory ◽  
History Of ◽  
Abstract Level ◽  
Types Of Change

Morphological change refers to change(s) in the structure of words. Since morphology is interrelated with phonology, syntax, and semantics, changes affecting the structure and properties of words should be seen as changes at the respective interfaces of grammar. On a more abstract level, this point relates to linguistic theory. Looking at the history of morphological theory, mainly from a generative perspective, it becomes evident that despite a number of papers that have contributed to a better understanding of the role of morphology in grammar, both from a synchronic and diachronic point of view, it is still seen as a “Cinderella subject” today. So there is still a need for further research in this area. Generally, the field of diachronic morphology has been dealing with the identification of the main types of change, their mechanisms as well as the causes of morphological change, the latter of which are traditionally categorized as internal and external change. Some authors take a more general view and state the locus of change can be seen in the transmission of grammar from one generation to the next (abductive change). Concerning the main types of change, we can say that many of them occur at the interfaces with morphology: changes on the phonology–morphology interface like i-mutation, changes on the syntax–morphology interface like the rise of inflectional morphology, and changes on the semantics–morphology like the rise of derivational suffixes. Examples from the history of English (which in this article are sometimes complemented with examples from German and the Romance languages) illustrate that sometimes changes indeed cross component boundaries, at least once (the history of the linking-s in German has even become a prosodic phenomenon). Apart from these interface phenomena, it is common lore to assume morphology-internal changes, analogy being the most prominent example. A phenomenon regularly discussed in the context of morphological change is grammaticalization. Some authors have posed the question of whether such special types of change really exist or whether they are, after all, general processes of change that should be modeled in a general theory of linguistic change. Apart from this pressing question, further aspects that need to be addressed in the future are the modularity of grammar and the place of morphology.

scholarly journals Alcohol Misuse and Women’s Use of Aggression in Intimate Relationships: The Mediating Role of Motivations for Using Aggression

2020 ◽  
pp. 088626052093851
Author(s):  
Rebecca J. Nelson-Aguiar ◽  
Nicole H. Weiss ◽  
Suzanne C. Swan ◽  
Tami P. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Relationships ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Alcohol Misuse ◽  
Ethnically Diverse ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Self Defense ◽  
Diverse Community ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between alcohol misuse and women’s use of intimate partner violence (IPV) aggression has been well studied; however, there has been no research to date on women’s self-reported motivations for use of IPV aggression (e.g., self-defense, control) as an underlying mechanism explaining this link. Accordingly, this study aims to examine whether the effects of alcohol misuse on IPV aggression vary as a function of women’s motivations for using aggression. Participants were 412 ethnically diverse community women, between the ages of 18 and 65, in intimate relationships characterized by bidirectional IPV. The Motives and Reasons for IPV Scale was used to assess women’s reasons for using IPV aggression. Results revealed that the tough guise motive (i.e., wanting to appear tough, intimidating, and willing to harm one’s partner) explained the relationship between alcohol misuse and physical and sexual IPV aggression. Findings suggest the utility of incorporating the assessment of women’s motivations for IPV aggression in an effort to provide better informed intervention addressing the underlying reasons women use IPV aggression.

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