scholarly journals A 360-Day Administrative Year in Ancient Israel: Judahite Portable Calendars and the Flood Account

2021 ◽  
Vol 114 (4) ◽  
pp. 431-450
Author(s):  
Jonathan Ben-Dov
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Second Temple ◽  
Central Place ◽  
Ancient Israel ◽  
Second Temple Literature ◽  
A Chain ◽  
The City ◽  
Material Evidence

AbstractAdministrators in ancient Judah used schematic 30-day months and a 360-day year alongside other annual frameworks. This year was never practiced as a “calendar” for any cultic or administrative purpose, but rather served as a convenient framework for long-term planning, as well as for literary accounts that were not anchored to a concrete calendar year. Examples for such a usage are attested here from Mesopotamian texts. Material evidence for the 360-day year in Judah comes forth from a series of small perforated bone plaques from various sites in Iron Age Judah. One such item was recently unearthed in the city of David. These objects can reasonably be understood as reflecting a schematic 360-day year, serving as desk calendars for Judahite administrators. Several priestly pentateuchal texts are best understood against this background, such as the dating of some festivals and most notably the dates in the Flood narrative (Gen 7–8). The original dating system is best represented in LXX Gen 7:11, while the reading of MT is a late modification, inserted later, when calendar debates took a central place in the religious discourse. MT is thus a link in a chain of later reworking of this narrative in Second Temple literature. The 360-day year is thus a unique case where material culture dovetails with literary evidence, and may shed light on the material culture of priestly sources. This insight is significant for future studies of biblical time reckoning.

Trakhtemirov: A Fortified City site on the Dnieper

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
YU. V. BOLTRIK ◽  
E. E. FIALKO
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Central Place ◽  
The Other ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
The West ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Scythian Period ◽  
A Site ◽  
The City

This chapter focuses on Trakhtemirov, one of the most important ancient settlements of the Early Iron Age in the Ukraine. During the ancient period, the trade routes and caravans met at Trakhtemirov which was situated over the three crossing points of the Dneiper. Its location on the steep heights assured residents of Trakhtemirov security of settlement. On three sides it was protected by the course of the Dnieper while on the other side it was defended by the plateau of the pre-Dneiper elevation. The ancient Trakhtemirov city is located around 100 km below Kiev, on a peninsula which is jutted into the river from the west. Trakhtemirov in the Early Iron Age was important as it was the site of the Cossack capital of Ukraine. It was also the site of the most prestigious artefacts of the Scythian period and a site for various items of jewellery, tools and weaponry. The abundance of artefacts in Trakhtemirov suggests that the city is a central place among the scattered sites of the middle course of the Dneiper.

Memory and its Materiality: The Case of Early Iron Age Khirbet Qeiyafa and Jerusalem

2015 ◽  
Vol 127 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel D. Pioske
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Hebrew Bible ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Ancient Israel ◽  
Over Time

In den wenigen Jahren seitdem Ausgrabungen in Khirbet Qeiyafa durchgeführt wurden, haben sich schon einige wichtige Studien mit seiner beeindruckenden Hinterlassenschaft aus der frühen Eisenzeit beschäftigt. Was bislang unberücksichtigt blieb, sind die Folgerungen der Befunde für die Schriftkultur, die für das Bild dieser Periode in der Hebräischen Bibel verantwortlich ist. Die Absicht dieser Studie besteht darin, das literarische Schicksal von Khirbet Qeiyafa mit dem des frühen und späten eisenzeitlichen Jerusalem zu vergleichen und zu ermitteln, was das Nichtvorkommen bzw. Vorkommen dieser Standorte in der Hebräischen Bibel über die Quellen der biblischen Verfasser aussagt, über die sie im 11. und 10. Jh. v. Chr. verfügten. Zugleich wird gefragt, welchen Beitrag Ort und Erinnerung bei der Überlieferung dieser Geschichten im antiken Israel und Juda hatten.In the few short years since excavations were first carried out at Khirbet Qeiyafa a number of important studies have been devoted to its impressive early Iron Age remains. Yet what has not been pursued within these discussions are the implications of the settlement’s material culture for our understanding of the scribal cultures responsible for the portrayal of this time period in the Hebrew Bible. In comparing the literary fate of Khirbet Qeiyafa with that of the contemporaneous site of late Iron I/early Iron IIA Jerusalem, the intent of this study is to examine what the absence and presence of these two sites in the Hebrew Bible indicates about the sources biblical scribes possessed about the 11th–10th centuries BCE, and how place and memory contributed to the transmission of these stories over time in ancient Israel and Judah.Dans les quelques années qui ont suivi les fouilles à Khirbet Qeiyafa, un bon nombre d’études conséquentes ont été consacrées à ses impressionnants vestiges du début de l’âge de Fer. Cependant, ce qui n’a pas été développé dans ces discussions, ce sont les implications de la culture matérielle de ce site pour notre compréhension milieux de scribes responsables de la description de cette période dans la Bible hébraïque. En comparant le destin littéraire de Khirbet Qeiyafa avec celui de Jérusalem, site contemporain de la fin du Fer I et du début du Fer IIA, cette étude cherche à examiner ce que la présence et l’absence de ces deux sites dans la Bible hébraïque indiquent au sujet des sources que les scribes bibliques possédaient sur les 11–10

Gath of the Philistines

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Pioske
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Archaeological Remains ◽  
The Creation ◽  
A Site ◽  
The City

Chapter 2 begins a series of case studies that are devoted to exploring what knowledge was drawn on by the biblical scribes to develop stories about the early Iron Age period. This chapter’s investigation is devoted to the Philistine city of Gath, one of the largest cities of its time and a site that was destroyed ca. 830 BCE. Significant about Gath, consequently, is that it flourished as an inhabited location before the emergence of a mature Hebrew prose writing tradition, meaning that the information recounted about the city was predicated primarily on older cultural memories of the location. Comparing the biblical references to the site with Gath’s archaeological remains reveals moments of resonance between these stories and the material culture unearthed from the location. Accordingly, what comes to light through this chapter’s analysis is one mode of remembering that informed the creation of these biblical stories: that of resilience.

Bourges in the Earlier Iron Age: An Interim View

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralston Ian
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
English Language ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
First Century ◽  
Light Industry ◽  
Rescue Service ◽  
Temperate Europe ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The City

Berry in central France figures frequently in assessments of the level of complexity in western temperate Europe at the annexation of Gallia comata in 52 BC. Information from a number of sites, particularly Levroux (Indre: e.g. Büchsenschütz et al. 1988; 1992; 2000; Krausz 1993), contributes to what is now a tolerably well-understood pattern, contrasting markedly with the poorly known settlement record for the earlier Iron Age of the area. One site forms a conspicuous exception. For the end of the Hallstatt Iron Age and the initial phase of its successor—broadly the decades either side of 500 BC— Bourges (Cher) is now known to be of critical importance, not only in regional terms, but also as a variant of the elite phenomenon known as the Fürstensitze that occurs widely across west-central temperate Europe. It will come as no surprise that the first English-language author to recognize the emerging importance of this site was Barry Cunliffe in The Ancient Celts, and it is thus with pleasure that this interim statement on Bourges and its immediate hinterland at the time of the transition from the Hallstatt to La Tène Iron Age has been prepared. Since 1995, with Jacques Troadec, the municipal archaeologist, Olivier Büchsenschütz, Pierre-Yves Milcent and others, the author has been excavating within and on the periphery of Bourges—by the first century BC certainly Avaricum of the Bituriges—as part of a long-term rescue project on that site and its surroundings. A few, selected aspects of this are considered below. The pace of development, and evolving legislative arrangements for rescue archaeology, mean that other important sites in the commune have been examined by Alexis Luberne and colleagues in the State Archaeological Rescue Service, INRAP, and reference to some of their work is included below. The rate of change in and around the city, particularly as military establishments—many initially set up at the time of the 1870 Franco-Prussian war—are redeveloped for light industry, and new housing, transport and other infrastructure is constructed, provides much scope for new discoveries; what follows is thus by necessity provisional.

Landscape, Memory and Material Culture: Interpreting Diversity in the Iron Age

2005 ◽  
Vol 71 ◽  
pp. 361-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen L. Loney ◽  
Andrew W. Hoaen
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Lake District ◽  
Monumental Architecture ◽  
Landscape Studies ◽  
Late Iron Age ◽  
Socially Constructed ◽  
Holistic Integration

Landscape studies offer the archaeologist a way to move towards the holistic integration of disparate aspects of research, such as excavation, survey, and specialist analysis. Because landscape perception is socially constructed, like other forms of material culture, it is possible to approach social behaviour in a way which previously was only argued for portable artefacts. Memory studies have allowed historians, anthropologists, and archaeologists to link observable human behaviour with long-term human thought. Memory is also being used as a way of linking the otherwise invisible mind with the material by-products of society, such as monumental architecture. This paper will investigate how two contemporaneous settlements of Late Iron Age peoples, situated on the northern shores of Lake Ullswater, in the Lake District, Cumbria, manipulated their material landscapes as part of the process of transmitting cultural memories. Further, this information will be used in order to find a way of approaching the similarities of their cultural practices with each other and with the wider Iron Age community of Britain.

Situating megalithic burials in the Iron Age-Early Historic landscape of southern India

Antiquity ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 87 (336) ◽  
pp. 488-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Smriti Haricharan ◽  
Hema Achyuthan ◽  
N. Suresh
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
Southern India ◽  
North East ◽  
Historic Landscape ◽  
Early Historic

The megalithic burials of southern India—a wonderfully varied set of monuments—have long needed a chronology and a context. Broadly contemporary with the Roman and Sasanian empires, these dolmens, cairns and cists have continually raised contradictions with their material contents. The authors attack the problem using luminescence applied to pottery at the site of Siruthavoor in north-east Tamilnadu. Although sharing material culture, this first pilot project gave dates ranging from 300 BC to AD 600, so exposing the problem and perhaps, in OSL, its long-term solution.

Preface—The Iron Age in Israel: The Exact and Life Sciences Perspectives

Radiocarbon ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Israel Finkelstein ◽  
Steve Weiner ◽  
Elisabetta Boaretto
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Life Sciences ◽  
Archaeological Record ◽  
European Research ◽  
Special Volume ◽  
Original Proposal ◽  
Ancient Israel ◽  
Iron Age Levant

In the original proposal entitled Reconstructing Ancient Israel – The Exact and Life Sciences Perspective, two of us (Israel Finkelstein and Steve Weiner) wrote, “If the microscopic data are well integrated into the macroscopic (archaeological) record, they will undoubtedly provide new insights into the study of Ancient Israel.” And this was what this 5-year (2009–2014) European Research Council (ERC) sponsored program (details below) was all about. New ground was broken on three fronts: conceptual, methodological, and in the generation of new data that indeed provide novel insights into the history and material culture of Ancient Israel in particular and the Iron Age Levant in general. The reviews presented in this special volume synthesize some of these new insights. The findings have been published in about 70 papers (see Appendix).

The methodology of the gradual implementation of development strategy in urban economy under the shifts in technology bases

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 (6) ◽  
pp. 40-57
Author(s):  
Andrey Gaweiler
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Development Strategy ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
Strategic Decision ◽  
Radical Innovations ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
A Chain ◽  
The City

On the basis of the identified critical insufficiency of a widespread extrapolation approach to the development strategy of the Russian city we synthesize a stepwise process of long-term economic development of the city through changing technological bases, represented as a chain of successive steps of the main strategic decision makers. The resulting trajectory of economic development of the city is presented in the form of regular replacement of long-term waves of radical innovations through restructuring crises. The proposed integrated strategic approach, synthesizing macro- and microeconomic evolutional approaches deriving from the fields of business, finance, management, strategy, municipal and state regulation can help all the participants of the transition process to innovative path of development, which adds to the leading role of a city in the context of globalization.

scholarly journals WOJCIECH ANTONI JANUSZ GLUZIŃSKI (1922–2017)

Muzealnictwo ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 58 (0) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Gajewska-Prorok
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Department Head ◽  
National Museum ◽  
History Of ◽  
Methodological Problems ◽  
Theorie Und Praxis ◽  
The University ◽  
The City ◽  
Long Term Studies

Wojciech A.J. Gluziński, a philosopher and an outstanding Polish theoretician of museology, passed away on 26 March 2017. He was born on 31 March 1922 into an intellectual family in Lviv. He commenced studying philosophy in 1945 at the Jagiellonian University in Cracow, and continued at the Faculty of Humanities at the University & Polytechnic in Wrocław. He got an MA in philosophy in 1952, but even in 1949 he had already started working in the Old Townhouse (later the Historical Museum of the City of Wrocław), a branch of the Silesian Museum (since 1970 the National Museum) in Wrocław. He was connected with the National Museum until the end of his career. In the following years he held the posts of Head of Historical Department, Head and later Curator of the Department of History of Material Culture, and was the museum’s advisor and counsellor from 1991 to 1995. He organised a dozen permanent and temporary exhibitions during more than 40 years of working. He wrote numerous articles published in such periodicals as: “Annual of the Kłodzko Region”, “Annual of Silesian Ethnography” and “Annual of Silesian Art”. His long-term studies on the theory of museology resulted in a doctoral dissertation entitled Philosophical and methodological problems of museology written under the supervision of Prof. Kazimierz Malinowski in 1976 in the Institute of Conservation and Historic Monuments Studies at the Copernicus University in Toruń. The edited work was published in 1980 as a book entitled Underlying museology. Gluziński shared his opinions at numerous conferences abroad, and published articles in post-conference materials, including in “ICOFOM Study Series”, “Muzeologické Sešity” and in “Neue Museumskunde. Theorie und Praxis der Museumsarbeit”.

Impact of the urban construction solutions on the safety population

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-73
Author(s):  
R. D. Oktyabrskiy
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Road Network ◽  
Residential Development ◽  
Emergency Situations ◽  
Urban Construction ◽  
Safety Population ◽  
Peace And War ◽  
The City

The article is devoted to the justification of the need to reduce the population density in the residential development of cities. The analysis of vulnerability of the urban population from threats of emergency situations of peace and war time, and also an assessment of provision of the city by a road network is given. Proposals have been formulated to reduce the vulnerability of the urban population in the long term and to eliminate traffic congestion and congestion — jams.

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