Equity in bonus distribution

1947 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-65
Author(s):  
T. R. Suttie
Keyword(s):  
General Problem ◽  
The Other ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The Past

In the paper which I submitted to the Institute on 28 April 1944 I discussed the most equitable method of treating appreciation or depreciation in the assets of an office distributing its surplus by means of a uniform reversionary bonus. I believe that the conclusions reached were correct within the limits set, but consideration of the discussion convinced me that these limits were too narrow, since they involved the treatment of the problem of appreciation or depreciation without reference to the other factors affecting equity in bonus distribution and excluded any solution based on the use of a system of distribution of profits other than a uniform reversionary bonus. I felt that the methods used in the paper might produce results of interest if applied to the general problem of securing equity when the conditions experienced differ from those assumed in calculating the premiums, and I was encouraged to proceed on these lines by the suggestion made by Mr H. E. Melville, speaking as Presidenti that the time was suitable for such an inquiry in view of the exceptionally wide fluctuations in the experience rates of interest over the past thirty years.

Notes and records of the Royal Society of London

1946 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-145
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
General Problem ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Agricultural Science ◽  
The Other ◽  
Standing Committee ◽  
The Past ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Fundamental Science ◽  
Made In

A Conference of Fellows was held in the rooms of the Royal Society on 10 May 1945 to discuss certain questions arising from the Report on the Needs of Research in Fundamental Science, particularly in relation to ‘ rare subjects ’ in the universities. As a result of this meeting, a memorandum was drawn up by Professor A. V. Hill, then Biological Secretary. This memorandum, slightly abridged, was in the following terms: Under existing conditions there are various subjects of study for which little or no provision is made in any of the universities of the United Kingdom. There are sub/branches of subjects the study of which might be held to fall within the duties of some existing depart' ment but which, in fact, have been almost neglected. O n the other hand, there are subjects for which too widespread provision has been made in the past or for which too great a dispersion of effort has proved unhealthy. Certain subjects do not need to be studied at a higher level in more than a few places. A t Sir Charles Darwin’s suggestion to the Secretaries, a Conference was called at the Royal Society on 10 May to consider the general problem. Seventeen Fellows were present. A t this Conference it was decided to ask the Council of the Royal Society to invite the co-operation of the Sectional Committees, and of the newly formed Standing Committee on Agricultural Science, to explore it further.

scholarly journals Land and Stock Prices in Japan

1993 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 149-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Stone ◽  
William T Ziemba
Keyword(s):  
Government Policy ◽  
Stock Prices ◽  
Fundamental Problem ◽  
Credit Market ◽  
The Other ◽  
Land Markets ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Land Prices ◽  
The Past ◽  
Dramatic Decline

This paper discusses the rise of Japanese stock and land prices in the past four decades and their dramatic decline in the early 1990s. To what extent can fundamental factors explain both the price levels and the returns from land and stock in Japan? Are land prices driving stock prices, or the other way around, or are still other factors affecting both? How has government policy interacted with the price changes? In practice, it is very difficult to solve the problem of separating the explanation that a bubble occurred from the possibility that the underlying fundamental problem is misspecified. We believe that the bulk of the rise in Japanese asset prices from 1985–89 and the decline during 1990–92 was driven by interest rate and credit market conditions. However, in certain speculative land markets, there is some evidence in support of the bubble hypothesis.

Trophy Art as Ambassadors: Reflections Beyond Diplomatic Deadlock in the German-Russian Dialogue

2010 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 387-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Eichwede
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
International Law ◽  
General Problem ◽  
Second World War ◽  
The Other ◽  
World War ◽  
Cultural Goods ◽  
The Past ◽  
The University ◽  
Second World

AbstractThis article provides brief coverage of the Russian-German dialogue since 1991 and the search for solutions about looted art of German ownership seized at the end of the Second World War and still held in Russia. So far, while Russia and Germany regard themselves as partners and friends in political and economic realms, they have been unable to find agreement about the looted art. Germany seems no longer to retain Russian cultural goods plundered during the war, whereas Russia still possesses a significant amount of German cultural assets. On the basis of existing treaties and international law, Germany demands its restitution. Russia, on the other hand, has nationalized the confiscated goods in 1998 as compensation for its own war losses. Nevertheless, not a few citizens of both countries have been returning artworks and books privately, in some cases supported by the governments. A convincing solution for the general problem can only be found if the treasures, which in the past have been understood as trophies, could be transformed into cultural ambassadors, while dialogue and the search for new ways continue within the framework of a policy of reconciliation. This approach also includes further research and analysis of the Russian cultural losses resulting from the war, a project undertaken in the 1990s at the Forschungsstelle Osteuropa (Research Center for Eastern Europe) of the University of Bremen, as briefly described in an appendix to the article.

Optimum sampling levels in discard sampling programs

2004 ◽  
Vol 61 (10) ◽  
pp. 1918-1928 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Borges ◽  
Alain F Zuur ◽  
Emer Rogan ◽  
Rick Officer
Keyword(s):  
Considerable Increase ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fishing Ground ◽  
Financial Cost ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
International Council ◽  
The Past ◽  
Optimum Sampling ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Trawl Fisheries

This paper presents optimum sampling levels in discard sampling programs considering cost and precision objectives simultaneously and explores their dependence on both variables. The analysis is based on the Irish discard program: an onboard-observer voluntary sampling scheme aimed at estimating discard rates in trawl fisheries. Multistage analysis was performed to establish the precision levels achieved in the past, and a cost function was determined to estimate the financial cost of the program. Gear, fishing ground, targeted species, and International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) divisions were the main factors affecting discarding, together with random effects of the three nested groups considered: haul, trip, and vessel. Reductions in the present budget will imply only marginal decreases in precision, although changes in cost variables can have an impact on sampling levels. On the other hand, increasing the target precision by one-half will imply a considerable increase in sampling and associated cost, which will be difficult if not impossible to achieve. Finally, the analysis by fleet components suggests a marked increase in sampling levels, which emphasizes the importance of clearly stated discard sampling objectives.

Immunoferritin localization of intracellular antigens in positively stained frozen sections

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-169
Author(s):  
K. T. Tokuyasu
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Thin Layers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Positive Staining ◽  
Frozen Sections ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ultrathin Frozen Sections ◽  
Definition Of

During the past investigations of immunoferritin localization of intracellular antigens in ultrathin frozen sections, we found that the degree of negative staining required to delineate u1trastructural details was often too dense for the recognition of ferritin particles. The quality of positive staining of ultrathin frozen sections, on the other hand, has generally been far inferior to that attainable in conventional plastic embedded sections, particularly in the definition of membranes. As we discussed before, a main cause of this difficulty seemed to be the vulnerability of frozen sections to the damaging effects of air-water surface tension at the time of drying of the sections.Indeed, we found that the quality of positive staining is greatly improved when positively stained frozen sections are protected against the effects of surface tension by embedding them in thin layers of mechanically stable materials at the time of drying (unpublished).

Applications of Through-Focus Dark Field Image Shifts to Phase Identification

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 178-179
Author(s):  
Prakash Rao
Keyword(s):  
Dark Field Image ◽  
Thin Foil ◽  
Dark Field ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stereo Image ◽  
Phase Identification ◽  
The Past ◽  
Field Electron Microscopy ◽  
Dark Field Electron ◽  
Recent Extension

Image shifts in out-of-focus dark field images have been used in the past to determine, for example, epitaxial relationships in thin films. A recent extension of the use of dark field image shifts has been to out-of-focus images in conjunction with stereoviewing to produce an artificial stereo image effect. The technique, called through-focus dark field electron microscopy or 2-1/2D microscopy, basically involves obtaining two beam-tilted dark field images such that one is slightly over-focus and the other slightly under-focus, followed by examination of the two images through a conventional stereoviewer. The elevation differences so produced are usually unrelated to object positions in the thin foil and no specimen tilting is required.In order to produce this artificial stereo effect for the purpose of phase separation and identification, it is first necessary to select a region of the diffraction pattern containing more than just one discrete spot, with the objective aperture.

‘Newness which never perishes’? Schoenberg’s ambivalent reception of Haydn

2010 ◽  
Vol 51 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 215-224
Author(s):  
Alexander Carpenter
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Musical Style ◽  
The Past ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Future ◽  
Music Tradition

This paper explores Arnold Schoenberg’s curious ambivalence towards Haydn. Schoenberg recognized Haydn as an important figure in the German serious music tradition, but never closely examined or clearly articulated Haydn’s influence and import on his own musical style and ethos, as he did with many other major composers. This paper argues that Schoenberg failed to explicitly recognize Haydn as a major influence because he saw Haydn as he saw himself, namely as a somewhat ungainly, paradoxical figure, with one foot in the past and one in the future. In his voluminous writings on music, Haydn is mentioned by Schoenberg far less frequently than Bach, Mozart, or Beethoven, and his music appears rarely as examples in Schoenberg’s theoretical texts. When Schoenberg does talk about Haydn’s music, he invokes — with tacit negativity — its accessibility, counterpoising it with more recondite music, such as Beethoven’s, or his own. On the other hand, Schoenberg also praises Haydn for his complex, irregular phrasing and harmonic exploration. Haydn thus appears in Schoenberg’s writings as a figure invested with ambivalence: a key member of the First Viennese triumvirate, but at the same time he is curiously phantasmal, and is accorded a peripheral place in Schoenberg’s version of the canon and his own musical genealogy.

Economic Performance and Public Finance in Kenya, 1960-2010

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kempe Ronald Hope
Keyword(s):  
Public Finance ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
Emerging Economy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Government Investment ◽  
The Past ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Private Savings ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Real Growth

Countries with positive per capita real growth are characterised by positive national savings—including government savings, increases in government investment, and strong increases in private savings and investment. On the other hand, countries with negative per capita real growth tend to be characterised by declines in savings and investment. During the past several decades, Kenya’s emerging economy has undergone many changes and economic performance has been epitomised by periods of stability, decline, or unevenness. This article discusses and analyses the record of economic performance and public finance in Kenya during the period 1960‒2010, as well as policies and other factors that have influenced that record in this emerging economy. 

Vom Forst zum Wald. Entwicklungstendenzen im naturnahen Waldbau | From a Production-Oriented Forest to a Multipurpose Forest. New Trends in Near-Natural Silviculture

1999 ◽  
Vol 150 (12) ◽  
pp. 484-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolf Hockenjos
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Timber Harvest ◽  
Timber Harvesting ◽  
Natural Forest ◽  
The Other ◽  
Private Forest ◽  
Wide Spread ◽  
Great Demand ◽  
The Past ◽  
Forest Enterprises

Concepts of near-natural forestry are in great demand these days. Most German forest administrations and private forest enterprises attach great importance to being as «near-natural» as possible. This should allow them to make the most of biological rationalisation. The concept of near-natural forestry is widely accepted, especially by conservationists. However, it is much too early to analyse how successful near-natural forestry has been to date, and therefore to decide whether an era of genuine near-natural forest management has really begun. Despite wide-spread recognition, near-natural forestry is jeopardised by mechanised timber harvesting, and particularly by the large-timber harvester. The risk is that machines, which are currently just one element of the timber harvest will gain in importance and gradually become the decisive element. The forest would then be forced to meet the needs of machinery, not the other way round. Forests would consequently become so inhospitable that they would bear no resemblance to the sylvan image conjured up by potential visitors. This could mean taking a huge step backwards: from a near-natural forest to a forest dominated by machinery. The model of multipurpose forest management would become less viable, and the forest would become divided into areas for production, and separate areas for recreation and ecology. The consequences of technical intervention need to be carefully considered, if near-natural forestry is not to become a thing of the past.

TARP DVIEJŲ KOLONŲ: XVIII A. PABAIGOS – XIX A. PRADŽIOS VILNIAUS MASONŲ KASDIENYBĖ SIMBOLIKOJE

2018 ◽  
pp. 144-163
Author(s):  
Daiva Milinkevičiūtė
Keyword(s):  
Daily Life ◽  
The Other ◽  
Daily Routine ◽  
The Past ◽  
Secular World ◽  
National Characteristics ◽  
Conservative Christian ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
Craft Guilds

The Age of Enlightenment is defined as the period when the universal ideas of progress, deism, humanism, naturalism and others were materialized and became a golden age for freemasons. It is wrong to assume that old and conservative Christian ideas were rejected. Conversely, freemasons put them into new general shapes and expressed them with the help of symbols in their daily routine. Symbols of freemasons had close ties with the past and gave them, on the one hand, a visible instrument, such as rituals and ideas to sense the transcendental, and on the other, intense gnostic aspirations. Freemasons put in a great amount of effort to improve themselves and to create their identity with the help of myths and symbols. It traces its origins to the biblical builders of King Solomon’s Temple, the posterity of the Templar Knights, and associations of the medieval craft guilds, which were also symbolical and became their link not only to each other but also to the secular world. In this work we analysed codified masonic symbols used in their rituals. The subject of our research is the universal Masonic idea and its aspects through the symbols in the daily life of the freemasons in Vilnius. Thanks to freemasons’ signets, we could find continuity, reception, and transformation of universal masonic ideas in the Lithuanian freemasonry and national characteristics of lodges. Taking everything into account, our article shows how the universal idea of freemasonry spread among Lithuanian freemasonry, and which forms and meanings it incorporated in its symbols. The objective of this research is to find a universal Masonic idea throughout their visual and oral symbols and see its impact on the daily life of the masons in Vilnius. Keywords: Freemasonry, Bible, lodge, symbols, rituals, freemasons’ signets.

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