scholarly journals INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AND RESPONSIBILITY-SHARING TO PROTECT REFUGEES: WHAT, WHY AND HOW?

2017 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 863-892 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Dowd ◽  
Jane McAdam
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
International Cooperation ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
The Past ◽  
Refugee Law ◽  
Legal Obligations ◽  
International Refugee Law ◽  
High Level ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractWhile countries that receive refugees have certain legal obligations to assist and protect them, the legal duties of other States to step in and help relieve this burden is less clear. Despite multiple proposals, a mechanism to systematically, equitably and predictably allocate responsibilities between States at a global level has still not been agreed. The UN's High-Level Summit on Addressing Large Movements of Refugees on 19 September 2016 held some promise in this regard, but the resulting New York Declaration was more muted than earlier drafts. This article seeks to provide a unique insight into the meaning of responsibility-sharing and international cooperation from the perspective of individual States. It does so by examining statements they have made at various UN fora over the past decade. It focuses on the two main methods of sharing responsibilities, namely the provision of financial and other assistance to host countries, and the admission of refugees. It then considers the extent to which States perceive responsibility-sharing to be a legal obligation, as opposed to a voluntary undertaking, and analyses this in light of expert opinion. Finally, it discusses the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, a concept drawn from international environmental law, and considers whether and how it might apply in the international refugee law context.

Part I International Refugee Law— Reflections on the Scholarly Field, Ch.8 The Intersection of International Refugee Law and International Statelessness Law

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
van Waas Laura
Keyword(s):  
First Century ◽  
Forced Displacement ◽  
Refugee Protection ◽  
Refugee Law ◽  
Durable Solutions ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
International Refugee Law ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Stateless Person

This chapter focuses on the intersection of international refugee law and international statelessness law. While refugee law, policy, doctrine, and research evolved, it was not until after the turn of the twenty-first century that international statelessness law started to draw much attention and to begin to emerge as a field of its own. As global interest in statelessness grows, the interaction between statelessness and forced displacement has also come back under the spotlight. Thus, the chapter provides an insight into the relationship between statelessness and forced displacement. It starts by unpacking how statelessness can manifest itself as a cause or consequence of displacement, as well as how statelessness can be a complicating factor for refugee protection and durable solutions. The chapter then offers a brief overview of key norms relating to the protection of stateless persons and the prevention and resolution of statelessness, setting out the contours of international statelessness law. It also looks at the implications of the statelessness–displacement nexus by exploring the conceptual and practical questions that arise when a refugee is also stateless, and when a stateless person is also a refugee.

scholarly journals Revisiting the past − novel insight into intraspecific molecular diversity and phylogeny of widespread Echinogammarus berilloni

2020 ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Kamil Hupało
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Diversity ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Genetic Data ◽  
Intraspecific Diversity ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Genetic Lineages ◽  
The Past ◽  
High Level ◽  
Taxonomic Studies ◽  
Insight Into

Echinogammarus berilloni (Catta, 1878) is a widespread and euryecious species, inhabiting large parts of Southwestern Europe. Additionally, it is recognized as one of the non-native and invasive species, increasing its range to Central Europe. Even though it is widely used as a model organism in a variety of ecological and ecotoxicological studies, its intraspecific molecular diversity has been overlooked. In this study, the publicly available genetic data reveal high level of intraspecific diversity, supporting presence of up to four phylogenetically distinct genetic lineages. Furthermore, the results indicate that the taxon is not monophyletic. The importance of considering its intraspecific diversity is discussed, highlighting the potential implications for future studies as well as the need for further detailed taxonomic studies.

Trends in AIDS Epidemic

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 92 (4) ◽  
pp. 636-636
Author(s):  
ANDREW F. SHORR
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Hiv And Aids ◽  
The Past ◽  
Aids Epidemic ◽  
Interesting Insight ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Insight Into

Futterman et al provide interesting insight into the spread of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among adolescents in New York City and into the impact the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has had on this population. In their conclusion, however, they misrepresent the data regarding HIV and AIDS among youth. More specifically, they write, "Reported AIDS cases among adolescents increased by over 77% over the past two years. . ." By using cumulative percent data for AIDS cases, they distort the true picture. The actual data reveal that the number of AIDS cases in this population has dropped during the past year.

Part I International Refugee Law— Reflections on the Scholarly Field, Ch.4 Queering International Refugee Law

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ferreira Nuno ◽  
Danisi Carmelo
Keyword(s):  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Refugee Law ◽  
Law And Policy ◽  
Asylum Law ◽  
International Refugee Law ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Legal Frameworks ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Relations Of Power

This chapter investigates the links between asylum law and policy and sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI). Although human rights have been increasingly recognized irrespective of one’s SOGI at international, regional, and domestic levels, legal frameworks do not yet tackle violations of such rights effectively. As a result, members of SOGI minorities may be forced to flee their countries of origin, often making SOGI-based asylum claims in host countries. Since the inception of the Refugee Convention, there has been a continuous battle for recognition of SOGI claims within a system that was not designed with SOGI minorities in mind. The chapter thus explores key aspects of SOGI asylum that ultimately question the heteronormative relations of power in asylum law and highlights how legal and policy frameworks may be reformed. It considers how refugee law has been progressively queered, looking at the range of legal and policy instruments that play a role in this queering process. Finally, the chapter identifies the key actors that have contributed to the development of SOGI refugee law and assesses the specific needs of SOGI asylum claimants and refugees.

Langs lijnen van geleidelijkheid

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry van den Tillaart ◽  
Jan Heijink ◽  
John Warmerdam
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Labor Relations ◽  
Positive Development ◽  
Works Councils ◽  
The Past ◽  
Worker Participation ◽  
Legal Obligations ◽  
Countervailing Power ◽  
Works Council ◽  
High Level

Going forward step by step: The development of worker participation in Works Councils Based on empirical research we describe in this contribution the development of the Works Council in the Netherlands during the past decennia. The Works Council was introduced by law in 1950 as an important institution for worker participation at company level and research demonstrates that nowadays it occupies a solid position in the Dutch system of labor relations. Most companies actually have established a Works Council, according to the legal obligations. Most employees have the opinion that the Works Council is an important channel for the promotion of their interests. Works Councils ánd employers generally are positive about the functioning of the Works Council in this sense and perceive a growing influence of worker participation in their companies' policy, in particular in decisions regarding the companies' social regulations and working conditions. Important preconditions for this generally positive development are the level of competence and experience of Works Councils' members, the improved relationships with employers, that provide more opportunities for early involvement in decision making, and the stronger embedment of Works Councils in the organization as a whole. On this last point, however, still further improvements are possible, for instance through more direct involvement of the employees themselves in specific Works Councils' tasks. Such a specific involvement could tackle at the same time the problem that animosity for fulltime Works Council candidacy is rather low. Another point of attention is that due to its early involvement in decision making the Works Council runs the risk of loosing too much of its controlling power on behalf of employees, balancing the power of the employers. It is this double role as a sparring partner of management and as a countervailing power in the organization that provides a really challenging task for Works Councils, which requires a high level of competence of its members and a sound embedment among the employees.

Alone, Together

2022 ◽  
pp. 77-95
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
International Cooperation ◽  
International Community ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Cooperative Institutions ◽  
Insight Into

This chapter provides insight into the contemporary problems plaguing the international community, including climate change and terrorism, and examines how international cooperation has worked to combat issues in the past. The chapter will highlight the criticality of cooperative institutions and organizations within the international community and how those organizations may stand up to the rising tide of nationalism around the world.

Remarks by Alice Farmer (as Summarized by the Moderator)

2019 ◽  
Vol 113 ◽  
pp. 117-118
Author(s):  
Alice Farmer
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Forced Migration ◽  
World War ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
The Past ◽  
Refugee Law ◽  
High Commissioner ◽  
The World ◽  
Displaced People ◽  
International Refugee Law

Alice Farmer discussed the UN High Commissioner for Refugees’ (UNHCR) long-standing and strengthening work to address forced migration from Central America within the context of the current international legal regime. In keeping with the panel's theme, she noted that international refugee law was written in the wake of World War II, in a time when the nature of persecution looks very different than it does today. With 68.5 million forcibly displaced people in the world—an all-time high—many of the solutions that the UNHCR has used in the past are not viable anymore. The numbers we are seeing now will be dwarfed in a few decades as climate change displacement rises. Fixing our stressed legal regime is urgent.

scholarly journals Recherchepraxis bei der Verbesserung von Interferenzfehlern aus dem Italienischen, Portugiesischen und Spanischen: Eine explorative Beobachtungsstudie mit DaF-Lernenden

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (2018) ◽  
pp. 157-182
Author(s):  
Carolin Müller-Spitzer ◽  
Martina Nied Curcio ◽  
María José Domínguez Vázquez ◽  
Idalete Maria Silva Dias ◽  
Sascha Wolfer
Keyword(s):  
International Cooperation ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Language Teachers ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Thinking Aloud ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cooperation Project ◽  
Language Problems ◽  
Language Area ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractIn the past two decades, more and more dictionary usage studies have been published, but most of them deal with the question what users appreciate about dictionaries, which dictionaries they use and which information they need in specific situations. These studies presuppose that users indeed consult lexicographic resources. However, language teachers and lecturers of linguistics often have the impression that students use too few high-quality dictionaries in their every-day work. Against this background, we started an international cooperation project to collect empirical data evaluating that impression. Our aim was to evaluate what students (here from the Romance language area) actually do when they correct language problems. We used a new methodological setting to do this (screen recording with a thinking-aloud task). The empirical data we gained offers a broad insight into what language users really do when solving language-related tasks today.

scholarly journals Recherchepraxis bei der Verbesserung von Interferenzfehlern aus dem Italienischen, Portugiesischen und Spanischen: Eine explorative Beobachtungsstudie mit DaF-Lernenden

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-182
Author(s):  
Carolin Müller-Spitzer ◽  
Martina Nied Curcio ◽  
María José Domínguez Vázquez ◽  
Idalete Maria Silva Dias ◽  
Sascha Wolfer
Keyword(s):  
International Cooperation ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Language Teachers ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Thinking Aloud ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cooperation Project ◽  
Language Problems ◽  
Language Area ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractIn the past two decades, more and more dictionary usage studies have been published, but most of them deal with the question what users appreciate about dictionaries, which dictionaries they use and which information they need in specific situations. These studies presuppose that users indeed consult lexicographic resources. However, language teachers and lecturers of linguistics often have the impression that students use too few high-quality dictionaries in their every-day work. Against this background, we started an international cooperation project to collect empirical data evaluating that impression. Our aim was to evaluate what students (here from the Romance language area) actually do when they correct language problems. We used a new methodological setting to do this (screen recording with a thinking-aloud task). The empirical data we gained offers a broad insight into what language users really do when solving language-related tasks today.

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