scholarly journals On the Provenance of Slaves in Mecca during the Time of the Prophet Muhammad

2017 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 164-168
Author(s):  
Hend Gilli-Elewy
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Source Material ◽  
Legal Questions ◽  
Early Islam ◽  
Legal Texts ◽  
Historical Accounts ◽  
Insight Into

There is hardly a source on early Islam that does not mention slaves in one way or another. They were ubiquitous companions of events, occasions, and incidences. But they played marginal roles in historical accounts. The numerous fragments of information, anecdotes, and offhand references concerning slaves during the rise of Islam call to be collected and analyzed to piece together a picture of various aspects of slavery during this period. References to slaves are especially prevalent in legal texts, as slaves provided useful cases to Muslim jurists to think through legal questions. The discussion of examples of slaves, walāʾ (clientele relationships), and manumission in hadith, exegesis, and jurisprudence has not only provided significant insight into the legal status of slaves, but has also helped scholars to develop a methodology for verifying and evaluating the source material itself. In this essay, I examine pieces of information available in historical and biographical works on early Islam to address the question of the provenance and procurement of slaves in Mecca, Medina, and the Hijaz during the time of the Prophet Muhammad. Reconstructing this story involves dealing with narratives transmitted in various short, spurious, and often unrelated accounts. The source material for early Islam is, as is often pointed out, problematic and at times contradictory. It is laced with topoi and leitmotifs, and frequently proves tendentious, reflecting the opinions and biases of those who wrote them more than what actually happened. Nevertheless, reading beyond the topoi, leitmotifs, and tendentiousness, we find that “in the Traditions there is an undeniable core of ‘fact’” with which we can work and assume to be valid until shown to be false.

scholarly journals “Das Bild hat einigen historischen Werth und deshalb wird es vielleicht ausgestellt …“ Zum Ausstellungsdebüt Julie Hagens in München: Das Porträt des Freundes und Mentors Moritz Rugendas

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Christin Conrad
Keyword(s):  
Art History ◽  
Source Material ◽  
The Social ◽  
Educational Situation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Close Cooperation ◽  
Art Community ◽  
Unique Source ◽  
Artistic Career ◽  
Insight Into

The article deals with an encounter between Julie Hagen Schwarz, a Baltic German artist (1824–1902), and the Ausburg artist Moritz Rugendas (1802–1858), which was of great importance for the former, while she was studying in Munich around 1850. It also deals with the first presentation of her work in the Munich artist community, which resulted from cooperation with and promotion by Rugendas. Special attention is paid to the history of Hagen’s “Portrait of Moritz Rugendas in Brasilian Costume”, which originated from the artist’s close cooperation with the master Rugendas. Its presentation in the Munich and Augsburg Art Associations (Kunstverein) in October 1849 and May 1850 and the effect this had on the artistic career of Julie Hagen is examined. From this moment on, her works were discussed by colleagues and important personalities. She received many portrait commissions and her works were shown at several exhibitions in Munich and Augsburg. A discussion on the whereabouts of the still lost original painting and the provenance and authorship of a smaller copy in the collection of the Kadriorg Museum in Tallinn, which until now was identified as a “Self-Portrait” by Moritz Rugendas, follows. The attribution and the provenance of the preserved work from the Liphart collection are considered, along with the source texts, which suggest that Julie Hagen was the author and a correction of the attribution is in order.The collected findings published here were developed from the preserved letters of Julie Hagen, which, as rich and unique source material, show the artistic career of the painter. As a representative of her generation of female artists, it also provides an insight into the social context and educational situation of ambitious female painters around 1850. In connection with the correct attribution, the art-history investigation and positioning of the artist in the art community, it is hoped that the uncertainty that currently exists when evaluating the artistic performance of female painters and the low status assigned to them in exhibitions and the acquisition policy of museums will give way to growing interest, understanding and greater recognition.

Carousel fraud in terms of price manipulation

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecília Olexová ◽  
Milan Husťák ◽  
František Sudzina
Keyword(s):  
Tax Evasion ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Legal Cases ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Price Manipulation ◽  
Legal Texts ◽  
Tax Fraud ◽  
Insight Into

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the effects of carousel fraud on the average price of goods, as one of the negative economic aspects of carousel fraud. Design/methodology/approach This paper is primarily based on the description of selected legal cases and the modus operandi of carousel fraud, the analysis of legal texts (legislation and judgments of courts) and the discussion, from the point of view of price manipulation. Findings The results of the analysis specify the negative impact of carousel fraud in the form of the distortion of reported average prices and suggest that the authorities should monitor usual or fair prices to detect cases where there is a risk of carousel fraud. Originality/value This paper brings new insight into the issue of carousel frauds by understanding the principle of carousel fraud, the motives for it, and the possibilities for detecting this type of tax fraud, which is necessary to prevent tax evasion and to preserve a state’s income.

Contesting Self-determination in the Wake of Empire: Sovereignty, Human Rights and Economic Justice

2020 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-93
Author(s):  
Miriam Bak McKenna
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
International Law ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
International Economic Order ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Human Rights Protection ◽  
Rights Protection ◽  
Historical Accounts ◽  
East West ◽  
Individual Human

This article considers the ways in which geo-political and legal concerns materialised in debates over self-determination in the years following decolonisation, and how they impacted on its’ possibilities, objectives and conception. During this period, self-determination was not, as some scholars have argued, a declining norm, but one central to the competing visions of reinventing international law after empire. These varying articulations were largely shaped by the experience of colonialism and its ongoing effects, along with the ideological confrontation between East-West and North-South. One articulation stressed the primacy of political and economic sovereignty, prominently seen in calls for the establishment of a New International Economic Order. The other sought to integrate self-determination into the elevation of democratic governance and individual human rights protection. Examining these alternative formulations of self-determination, underlines the incompleteness of mainstream historical accounts, and may throw light upon continuing anxieties over its current legal status.

Legal Features of Migration Processes in Unrecognized Territories: Ukraine’s Eastern Donbas Region

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 238-248
Author(s):  
Tetiana Drakokhrust
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
The State ◽  
Entire Population ◽  
The Political ◽  
Sovereign State ◽  
Legal Questions ◽  
Mother Country ◽  
And Migration

Migration processes revolving around the unsolved situation of Ukraine’s Eastern Donbas Region raise various legal questions and difficulties in the context regulation and recognition as well. This article sheds light on the political and legal status and the process of formation of unrecognized quasi-governmental entities, the issuance of passport and official documents, and migration instability. The article concludes that by seeking a forced secession of a separate territory from the mother country, separatism takes the entire population of the state as hostages, causing a critical migration situation within the sovereign state

Ehre, Schwerter und das Recht. Zweikämpfe im alten Island

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sixt Wetzler
Keyword(s):  
Political System ◽  
Main Part ◽  
Source Material ◽  
Short Introduction ◽  
The North ◽  
Medieval Europe ◽  
Scientific Approach ◽  
Central Regions ◽  
History Of ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractIn medieval Europe, ritualized forms of duelling were not restricted to the continent’s central regions. The North Germanic areas had developed similar practices. The best source material for the phenomenon stems from Iceland. After a short introduction to the peculiarities of the early Icelandic political system, this article will briefly discuss the possibilities and problems of a scientific approach towards the history of Iceland’s first centuries. Then, after an outline of the dominant concepts of personal and family honour and fortune at this time, the paper’s main part will provide insight into specific Old Icelandic forms of duelling – especially the

scholarly journals Patterns in plagiarism and patchwriting in science and engineering graduate students' research proposals

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Vieyra ◽  
Denise Strickland ◽  
Briana Timmerman
Keyword(s):  
Graduate Students ◽  
Doctoral Students ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Popular Literature ◽  
Source Material ◽  
Scientific Writing ◽  
Graduate Schools ◽  
Science And Engineering ◽  
Inappropriate Use ◽  
Insight Into

As part of a larger study, written research proposals were collected from 115 science and engineering master’s and doctoral students and reviewed by SafeAssign™ with approximately one-third of them containing sentences that were plagiarised as previously reported in Gilmore, Strickland, Timmerman, Maher and Feldon (2010). (We use the term plagiarism, but do not imply any intentional deceit by the students.) Here we report on the patterns of plagiarised material in the hope that it will contribute to the growing awareness of the problem of plagiarism in graduate schools as well as provide insight into the causes of plagiarism. Instances of plagiarism were coded as to 1) the type of source material (primary, secondary, technical, or popular literature), 2) the nature of the inappropriate use (directly copied, a few words changed, minor grammar alterations, or attempted but insufficient paraphrasing), 3) where in the proposal (introduction, methods, results, or discussion) the plagiarism appeared, and 4) whether or not the plagiarised information was cited and if it was, whether or not the citation was accurate. Plagiarised text was found in 28% of the proposals. Clustering of certain patterns of behaviour, such as directly copying material from popular literature while paraphrasing information from primary scientific literature, were examined in an attempt to gain insight into the cause of the plagiarism. It is our interpretation that the source of the plagiarism was a lack of familiarity with scientific writing as a genre and lack of awareness of its norms and conventions.

scholarly journals Le rôle des corvées dans le système des redevances acquittées par les habitants des villages de ius Valachicum en Petite-Pologne et en Ruthénie de la Couronne aux XVe et XVIe siècles

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 249-267
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Jawor
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Source Material ◽  
Mountainous Area ◽  
Common Belief ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Widespread Implementation ◽  
The Common ◽  
Set Up

The Role of Serfdoms in the Obligation System of the Inhabitants of Villages on the Wallachian Law in Lesser Poland (Małopolska) and Crown Ruthenia (15th-16th century). The aim of the article is an attempt to define a role of serfdoms in the system of obligations provided by the population living in the settlements established on the Wallachian law. On the basis of a critical analysis of a relatively numerous sources preserved from the region in question (in particular, the documents associated with the rights given to individual villages, inventories, and royal domain), an attempt was made to verify the common belief in the scholarship on this topic about the lack of, or at least the minimum, share of the serfdoms for the owners in the obligation system of the inhabitants. As a result, a specific feature of the Wallachian law was indicated, which was the obligation – elsewhere unknown or occurring only in minute traces – of performing small errands a few times in a year for the benefit of the dukes (kniaź). It was recorded throughout the entire studied period and in all of the areas partaking in the Wallachian colonisation. In contrast, there are many more doubts regarding the conviction about a complete lack of serfdoms for the owners of villages. The presented source material indicates that there were indeed settlements to which this duty did not apply (and perhaps this situation was even dominating), but in other places the older and usually less strenuous forms of labours were present (annual works, duties “under the order”, ect.), while the attempts to impose weekly serfdoms date back to the 1530s and 1540s. Its widespread implementation in the areas outside of mountains is strictly linked to the development of a grange, set up for the production of grain. For the Wallachian settlements this meant a limitation, and then a thorough disposal of their privileged legal status. It is not a matter of coincidence that this colonising tendency was clearly restrained at the turn of the 16th and 17th century. This fate was avoided only be the villages situated in a typically mountainous area where the natural conditions prevented the production of crops on a large scale. Populations living therein – that were ruled by the Wallachian law – lasted longer and the processes of assimilation and integration with the local surroundings took place more slowly.

scholarly journals Kuwamai: Historic Epidemics and Resilience of Cariban-Speaking Peoples, Northern Amazonia

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 247-272
Author(s):  
Renzo S. Duin
Keyword(s):  
French Guiana ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
Clash Of Cultures ◽  
Historical Accounts ◽  
Journal Entries ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Epidemic Diseases

How Amazonian Indigenous Peoples combatted emergent epidemic diseases in colonial times, and their innovative responses to epidemiological crises, has not received sufficient attention. This study outlines a clash of cultures and an entanglement of places and people related to pandemic diseases and epidemic death in the Eastern Guiana Highlands, northern Amazonia. By means of archival and historical sources, the article provides eyewitness insight into multiple waves of highly contagious epidemics that affected Cariban-speaking communities in Eastern Guiana – Suriname, French Guiana, and Brazilian Amapá – over the past 550 years. The paper commences with some general statements on illness and healing. Hitherto unpublished journal entries by the Governor of Suriname of an outbreak of the pox during the winter of 1743-1744 set the scene, these are followed by rare nineteenth and twentieth century historical accounts, and a novel interpretation of Wayana oral history – posited to be the first account of the spread of a viral disease in Amazonia in July 1542. The paper concludes with responses to the current COVID-19 pandemic from an indigenous etiology which demonstrates indigenous historical consciousness of the social present as related to events from the past.

scholarly journals Treatment of Realia in the Subtitling of Ekphrastic Texts

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-125
Author(s):  
Vedrana Čemerin
Keyword(s):  
Visual Arts ◽  
Visual Experience ◽  
Source Material ◽  
Chinese Art ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Work In Progress ◽  
Special Place ◽  
Technical Framework ◽  
Insight Into

As far as the basic tenets and technical constraints of subtitling go, the subtitling of documentaries devoted to various types of visual arts does not differ significantly from subtitling performed with other types of audiovisual content. However, each source material has aspects that go beyond the technical framework, encompassing cultural idiosyncrasies and culture-specific references. A special place among such items belongs to realia, in the sense of words and phrases denoting concepts characteristic of one nation and foreign to another. This article narrows down the scope of its research of such phenomena to a corpus consisting of several art documentaries ranging in subject from Byzantine to Ottoman and Chinese art and translated from English into Croatian, examining the strategies used to deal with realia in ekphrastic texts and the overall treatment of the concepts which they denote, while at the same time providing insight into the role played by the visual experience given by subtitles as an integral part of the representational process. The paper is partially based on a talk given in February 2016 at the Audiovisual Representation conference in Rome but as the research project had been a work-in-progress, it has since been substantially revised and expanded.

scholarly journals Kesiapan Siswa dalam MenyelesaikanTugas Sekolah

Konselor ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 130
Author(s):  
Ninil Endriani ◽  
Yarmis Syukur
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Source Material ◽  
Homework Assignment ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Insight Into

School task in the form of school homework assignment (PR) is intended to provide insight into the subject matter to students who must the finishing. The fact is there are still students who didn't make the task because not understand the task, do not have book sources, there are students who cheat task friend and late to collect it. This phenomena indicate is readiness of students completing school task still less . The purpose of this research described readiness in school student finished the taskseen from: (1) understanding students with task (2) preparation of source material/task (3) completion of Task (4) collect the task. The results showed that students have the readiness in completing the task of schools, however there are still some students don't have the readiness.

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