scholarly journals Explaining External Support for Insurgent Groups

2011 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 709-744 ◽  
Author(s):  
Idean Salehyan ◽  
Kristian Skrede Gleditsch ◽  
David E. Cunningham
Keyword(s):  
External Support ◽  
Principal Agent ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Rebel Groups ◽  
Disaggregated Data ◽  
Rebel Group ◽  
The Government

AbstractMany rebel organizations receive significant assistance from external governments, yet the reasons why some rebels attract foreign support while others do not is poorly understood. We analyze factors determining external support for insurgent groups from a principal-agent perspective. We focus on both the supply side, that is, when states are willing to support insurgent groups in other states, and the demand side, that is, when groups are willing to accept such support, with the conditions that this may entail. We test our hypotheses using new disaggregated data on insurgent groups and foreign support. Our results indicate that external rebel support is influenced by characteristics of the rebel group as well as linkages between rebel groups and actors in other countries. More specifically, we find that external support is more likely for moderately strong groups where support is more likely to be offered and accepted, in the presence of transnational constituencies, international rivalries, and when the government receives foreign support.

Problems and Holistic Solutions for Agricultural Businesses in Chiang Mai

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Keyword(s):  
Language Skills ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Chiang Mai ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
Industry Group ◽  
The Government ◽  
Integration Problems ◽  
Production Problems

This research aims to study the problems and find solutions of major agro-industries in Chiang Mai, Thailand. The sample was divided into two parts: The supply side was the government agency, educational institutions and civil society. Demand side was Agro-Industry entrepreneurs. The methodology was focus on meeting the stakeholder debate, and group workshop, the first step of the research was selected the potential agro-industry group to study then in the operating phase, the survey was conducted to analyze and synthesize the problems of agro-industry and find solutions by group meetings in order to present a holistic problem-solving model. This process will provide opportunity for stakeholders and related agencies to collaborate and propose appropriate guidelines for action. The results show that, within demand side, the three most important issues are labor issues, marketing and production problems respectively. While the supply side, the top three issues are the integration problems, lacking of language skills / expertise, and lacking of database. Based on the analysis of both demand and supply side, there is a lack of concrete cooperation from relevant agencies, especially in policy cooperation. Therefore, a policy that responds to the problems of agro-industry is essential for all agencies to focus on and implement concrete measures to address sustainable issues.

China's Practice of Implementing a 3G Mobile Telecommunications Standard

2009 ◽  
pp. 140-151
Author(s):  
Mingzhi Li ◽  
Kai Reimers
Keyword(s):  
The Political ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Economic Aspects ◽  
Mobile Telecommunications ◽  
Economic Market ◽  
Political Market ◽  
Standardization Process ◽  
The Government ◽  
Telecommunications Market

This chapter analyses and evaluates the Chinese government’s 3G policy of supporting the creation and implementation of the country’s indigenous TD-SCDMA standard. On the supply side, the addition of a new standard has enriched choices available on the 3G mobile telecommunications market; however, on the demand side, the government had to force operators to adopt this standard due to their lack of interest in the new standard. Building on insights gained from North’s theory on the transaction costs of politics, the authors explain this standardization process as a result of interaction between the political market and the economic market which has ultimately been driven by ideology shifts that took place on multiple levels of China’s society in recent years. They contribute to the standardization literature by demonstrating how North’s theory can be used for integrating political and economic aspects in the analysis of standardization processes.

When Organizations Rebel: Introducing the Foundations of Rebel Group Emergence (FORGE) Dataset

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Maves Braithwaite ◽  
Kathleen Gallagher Cunningham
Keyword(s):  
Civil Wars ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Comparable Data ◽  
Rebel Groups ◽  
New Information ◽  
Intrastate Conflicts ◽  
Rebel Group ◽  
The Government ◽  
National Perspective ◽  
Cross National

Abstract Scholars have spent decades investigating various sources of rebellion, from societal and institutional explanations to individual motivations to take up arms against one's government. One element of the civil war process that has gone largely unstudied from a cross-national perspective is the role preexisting organizations in society play in the formation of rebel groups, principally due to a lack of comparable data on the origins of these armed actors across conflicts. In an effort to fill this gap, we present the Foundations of Rebel Group Emergence (FORGE) dataset, which offers information on the “parent” organizations and the founding processes that gave rise to rebel groups active between 1946 and 2011 in intrastate conflicts included in the Uppsala Conflict Data Program's Armed Conflict Database. The new information on rebel foundations introduced in this research note should help scholars to reconsider and newly explore a variety of conditions before, during, and after civil wars including rebel-civilian interactions, structures of rebel organizations, bargaining processes with the government, participation in postwar governance, and more.

The Importance of Being Earnest (in Mediation): Rebel Group Structure, Leadership Turnover, and Success in Civil War Mediation

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 266-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Keels
Keyword(s):  
Civil Wars ◽  
Group Structure ◽  
Statistical Test ◽  
Good Faith ◽  
Rebel Groups ◽  
Vested Interests ◽  
Rebel Group ◽  
Leadership Turnover ◽  
The Government ◽  
Credible Information

Abstract Within the study of mediation, a common argument is that mediators are often successful because they provide credible information to combatants thereby reducing asymmetries of information. Unfortunately, there are a number of reasons to assume that rebel groups are providing misinformation to mediators as well as to the government. Equally, mediators must also deal with an incumbent government that may not be negotiating in good faith. This study suggests that rebel group structure may assist with this problem. Rebel groups that operate parallel political wings often inadvertently signal their reservation points in an effort to mobilize support. Mediators also seek signals that the government is willing to credibly commit to a settlement. Leadership turnover may be one such signal, as new leaders are not beholden to old vested interests. To evaluate these propositions, a statistical test of mediation efforts in civil wars is conducted from 1989 to 2005.

E-Government adoption in Nigeria and the Journey So Far

2017 ◽  
pp. 44-62
Author(s):  
Sola Oni
Keyword(s):  
Supply Side ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
The Government ◽  
Government Provision ◽  
Further Development

E-government is an emerging field of research that has generated considerable interest recently. This research examines contributions from e-government as a means of providing solutions to developmental challenges that have been linked to corruption and a lack of transparency. Although the government has embarked upon a number of e-government initiatives, Nigeria ranks low in the area of e-government provision to its citizens. Initial findings show that the focus of existing studies have been on the supply side with little research focusing on the demand side. Initial findings also indicate that the e-government initiatives that have been implemented have little to no effect on increasing transparency and decreasing corruption. A framework for the evaluation of current e-government provision with a view to combating corruption is proposed. This will incorporate the users' perspectives into further development of e-government initiatives. The resulting framework will be applied to verify the contributions of e-government towards resolving some of the challenges facing the populace.

Problems and Holistic Solutions for Agricultural Businesses in Chiang Mai

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Pakorn Udomthanasarnsakul ◽  
Tidarat Cholprasertsuk ◽  
Panomporn Chalermwan
Keyword(s):  
Language Skills ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Chiang Mai ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
Industry Group ◽  
The Government ◽  
Integration Problems ◽  
Production Problems

This research aims to study the problems and find solutions of major agro-industries in Chiang Mai, Thailand. The sample was divided into two parts: The supply side was the government agency, educational institutions and civil society. Demand side was Agro-Industry entrepreneurs. The methodology was focus on meeting the stakeholder debate, and group workshop, the first step of the research was selected the potential agro-industry group to study then in the operating phase, the survey was conducted to analyze and synthesize the problems of agro-industry and find solutions by group meetings in order to present a holistic problem-solving model. This process will provide opportunity for stakeholders and related agencies to collaborate and propose appropriate guidelines for action. The results show that, within demand side, the three most important issues are labor issues, marketing and production problems respectively. While the supply side, the top three issues are the integration problems, lacking of language skills / expertise, and lacking of database. Based on the analysis of both demand and supply side, there is a lack of concrete cooperation from relevant agencies, especially in policy cooperation. Therefore, a policy that responds to the problems of agro-industry is essential for all agencies to focus on and implement concrete measures to address sustainable issues.

scholarly journals Towards Building a Functional Whole-of-Government M&E System for Zambia: The Supply Side

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 163-195
Author(s):  
Vincent Kanyamuna
Keyword(s):  
Good Governance ◽  
Monitoring And Evaluation ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Learning Mechanisms ◽  
Civil Society Organisations ◽  
The Government

Monitoring and Evaluation Systems have been identified the world over as powerful tools for good governance, they provide relevant information about development projects, programmes and policies. For that reason, governments, bilateral and multilateral development agencies, including civil society organisations have adopted M&E systems to better their performance through accountability, feedback loops and continuous learning mechanisms. This study investigated the functional status of Zambia’s public sector M&E system. Using a designated diagnostic checklist and analytical framework, the country’s whole-of-government M&E system was found to be weak in several aspects. Specifically, the study argues that for any M&E system to function satisfactorily, it is required that both its ‘supply-side’ and ‘demand-side’ are well developed and sustained. The diagnostic findings have revealed that Zambia’s whole-of-government M&E system had both its supply-side and demand-side weak. However, the study has not focused on both sides, instead, the supply-side has been fully explored and clear suggestions for improvement are made herein. Consequently, the study has proposed a new model which when implemented would holistically strengthen the Government –wide system for M&E. It remains to the powers that be to adopt and implement the recommended model. Government will need to strengthen and sustain its M&E political championship, restructure all government functions towards a results-based management approach—statistics, information technology, skills, policies, laws, etc to support an M&E regime. Likewise, the issues covered in the proposed model could also be of use to other organisations seeking to strengthen their M&E systems. Particularly, the methodology used to undertake the needs analysis could be of utmost applicability by others before embarking on a fuller process of building and strengthening their systems for M&E. Another study was underway to support the demand-side of Zambia’s M&E system.    

What Constraints Financial Inclusion for the Transgender Community? Field-based Evidences from Odisha (India)

2020 ◽  
pp. 2455328X2092243
Author(s):  
Rajesh Barik ◽  
Pritee Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Financial Literacy ◽  
Financial Inclusion ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Transgender People ◽  
Financial Exclusion ◽  
Bank Staff ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Government ◽  
Supply Side Factors

Among all the marginalized and stigmatized communities in Odisha, financial exclusion is high among the transgender community. This study discusses the status, importance and key challenges of financial inclusion among the transgender community of Odisha. This study tries to address the major constraints and challenges of financial inclusion among transgender community people in Odisha. To fulfil the above cited objective, in-depth interviews were conducted with 76 respondents. Additionally, the interviews were also taken from the transgender community’s president and secretary from two regions of Odisha (Cuttack and Bhubaneswar). This study points out that transgender people are deprived from accessing adequate financial products and services from the formal financial institutions. Both demand side and supply side factors are responsible for this exclusion. On the demand side, their low financial literacy and awareness, lack of proper documents to open a bank account, lack of individual interest and lack of formal employment are responsible. On the other hand, supply side factors involve unfriendly behaviour of bank staff and officers, less provision of legal documents from the government, less spread of information, less awareness programmes or financial literacy programmes among the transgender community of Odisha.

scholarly journals The Economics of IPR Protection Policies

2006 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricard Gil
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Surplus ◽  
Optimal Combination ◽  
Government Size ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
The Government ◽  
Ipr Protection

In this paper, I model competition between legal and pirate products. In this framework, the government affects competition through police spending and taxes on the legal products. Therefore, the government can choose the optimal combination of spending and taxes that fit better its goals. I show that governments focusing on eradicating piracy will use lower level of taxes and police spending than governments focused on maximizing consumption, consumer surplus, and welfare or government size. This result highlights the importance of demand side policies in the fight against piracy and challenges the traditional solo approach of supply side policies.

Botswana's e-Government Development Trajectory

2014 ◽  
pp. 151-163
Author(s):  
Sethibe Tsholofelo ◽  
Kelvin Joseph Bwalya
Keyword(s):  
Supply Side ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Global Citizen ◽  
Government Interventions ◽  
Village Level ◽  
The People ◽  
Development Trajectory ◽  
The Government ◽  
Effective Development

Effective development of e-Government takes place when there is a balance between the supply side (interventions towards promotion of e-Government) and the demand side (consumers' willingness to engage in e-Government). Botswana presents a case where e-Government is nearly rhetorical despite the major interventions that are being put in place to accelerate its development. Meaningful proliferation of e-Government can be achieved if there is universal (global) adoption of ICTs by citizens and businesses in their interaction with the government departments. Although there are some applications which potential e-Government consumers can use to interact with the government departments, this facility is not universally accessible to most citizens, especially at the community (and village) level. This chapter highlights the experience of local authorities in Botswana towards promoting the use of e-Government in a bid to bring it to the doorsteps of the people. This conceptual chapter discusses the experience of local authorities in Botswana in promoting the use of e-Government to bring it to the doorstep of the people. It highlights how the country's e-Government interventions at the local authority level are intertwined with the national efforts, and discusses what strategies are in place to encourage global citizen and businesses' utilization of e-Government applications. Further, the chapter posits that there is a huge chance that e-Government will succeed in Botswana if concerted efforts are amalgamated towards its development.

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