Halakha and Patriarchal Motherhood —An Anatomy of the New Israeli Surrogacy Law

1998 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmel Shalev

The second half of the 20th century has been a period of innovation in medical technology, with much significance for the social relations of reproduction. The invention of the contraceptive pill changed our attitudes towards the control and prevention of pregnancy, and allowed us to differentiate between female sexual and reproductive activities. The development of blood-typing and genetic tests radically altered the legal procedures for proving paternity, and deeply influenced our understanding of the uncertainty of biological fatherhood. The innovation of various methods of medical imaging gave concrete and human shape to the image of the fetus in its mother's womb. The very moment of conception was transformed, by means of in vitro fertilisation, from a mysterious event taking place in the hidden spaces of a woman's body to an overt and exposed occurrence in a laboratory petri-dish.

1997 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 602-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evan Willis

AbstractA sociological approach to medical technology assessment is outlined in this paper, first in general and then with specific reference to controversies surrounding the use of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing to population screening for prostate cancer.


Author(s):  
Adrián Sánchez Castillo

In the agrarian context of the early 20th century, networks of experts and interest groups were created. These formed institutions across state borders to achieve prestige derived from their supranational character and ostensible technical and scientific capacity. The objective of this article is to analyse the impact in Spain of the International Institute of Agriculture (IIA), from the year of its creation until the advent of the Primo de Rivera dictatorship, through the lens of the “social question”: a concept that popularized the proposals and disagreements surrounding labour regulation. The research draws from the latest contributions in transnational history and internationalism, recent secondary sources about the IIA and primary sources that reflect how transnational IIA networks worked in and with Spain to address agricultural labour issues. The article concludes that the intensely transnational connections between agrarian elites, owners and technicians in the early 20th century transformed social relations in agriculture and agrarian public policies in Spain.


Author(s):  
Sava Zivanov

The paper presents several basic arguments which corroborate the researches of the Russian sociologist Zinaida Golenkova aabout transformational processes in postsoviet Russia, specially about the processes which led to the changes in the social structure of the Russian society. The author believes, relying also on the researches of other Russian scientists, that the transformation of the post-soviet Russian society occurs within the historical type which is called "the social engineering". Unlike the other two types of historical transformation ("modification" within a specific type of social relations and the changes created in "the bourgeois-democratic revolutions"), "the social engineering" implies a specific violation of the historical reality of a society. In author's opinion, "the social engineering" is characteristic both for the revolutionary transformation of Russia in 1917 and for its transformation in the last decade of the 20th century. Namely, the transformations realized in Russia in the last decade of the 20th century to a great degree represent "social engineering", because they are realized with the help of the instruments of political power, by the forceful reforms from the top, in order to form the social-economic structure according to the models which were historically created in significantly different social environments. In that sense, the post-soviet transformation of the Russian society could be designated as a state of social chaos. Such a state to a great degree created a specific social system, which is argu-mentatively discussed in the research studies of Z. Golenkova.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria do Céu Martins Monteiro Marques

This paper will focus on the conflicts between Orientals and Westerners living in Macao at the beginning of the 20th century. The film Amor e Dedinhos de Pé by the director Luís Filipe Rocha, based on the homonymous novel by Henrique de Senna Fernandes will be analyzed from a perspective of a memory film as it presents a historical reconstruction that portrays the society of Macao at a time when the region was under Portuguese rule. Through the adventures and misadventures of a young man from a declining bourgeois family, both the novel and the film denounce the contrast between Eastern and Western cultures that coexisted at the time. The relationship between the inhabitants will also be seen as a mirror of the social relations that show particularly intense moments of people’s life of the “Christian City” characterized by magnificent ballrooms, well dressed people and homes with servants, which contrasts with the poverty environment lived in the “Chinese Quarter” of dirty and tight alleys where people of humble appearance wander. The city described by Luís Filip Rocha is a place of encounters and disagreements, and also of (i)moral confrontations between East and West which help to characterize the main characters who, at various times, transgress the rules established by a closed and discriminatory society.


1980 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Bellaby ◽  
Patrick Oribabor

This paper focuses on the position of the nurse in the division of labor in health care and the occupational strategies British hospital nurses have adopted in response to their changing employment situation. The authors suggest a Marxist framework as an alternative to current approaches to the study of occupational strategy, which tend to focus on the level of distribution relations. An adequate analysis of the situation of hospital nurses, the paper suggests, depends upon locating the occupation within the wider setting of the mode of control and delivery of health care. The central feature of this setting is the dominance of medicine and medical technology, and the main factors shaping it are the activities of individual capitalists involved in the health industry and the State operating within the constraints of capital in general and within the context of class struggle. It is suggested that the characteristic feature of nurses' occupational strategy—the vacillation between professionalism and unionism—can best be understood in relation to the changing mode of control and delivery of health care and nurses' contradictory position within the social relations that constitute that mode.


Revista Trace ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Aurélia Michel

En Juchitán, comunidad zapoteca del Istmo de Tehuantepec, la fiesta es una práctica cotidiana que alimenta tanto las relaciones sociales como los flujos de la economía local. Tanto su formalización como sus requisitos son objeto de construcción permanente por parte de los maestros del juego social, que definen un “estilo”. La tradición es entonces solicitada para validar prácticas que en realidad aparecen por la necesidad de los cambios materiales y sociológicos a lo largo del siglo XX. La manera en la cual el discurso sobre las fiestas es manejado por los diferentes competidores por el monopolio cultural y político, muestra que la fiesta consiste más bien en un laboratorio de integración y asimilación de lo nuevo, ilustrando así su papel fundamental: garantizar la apropiación del cambio, haciendo de la cultura juchiteca un agente de la modernidad.Abstract: In Juchitán, a Zapotec community in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, the fiesta is an everyday practice that nourishes social relations as well as the main exchanges of the local economy. Its formalization and definition are the objects of a permanent construction by the masters of the social game who thus elaborate a “style”. Tradition is then sought after in order to validate practices, which in reality are the necessary responses to the brutal changes in material and sociological context throughout the 20th century. The ways in which the different competitors for cultural and political monopoly manage the fiestas and the discourses around them show us that the fiesta consists above all in a laboratory of integration and assimilation of the new. The main function of the fiesta is clarified: to guarantee the appropriation of change and to make Juchitec culture an agent of the modernity frontier.Résumé : À Juchitán, communauté zapotèque de l’isthme de Tehuantepec, la fête est une pratique quotidienne qui nourrit les relations sociales comme les flux de l’économie locale. Sa formalisation et ses caractéristiques sont des objets de construction permanente de la part des maîtres du jeu social qui définissent ainsi un “style”. La tradition est alors sollicitée pour valider des pratiques qui en réalité sont les réponses nécessaires aux changements matériels et sociologiques tout au long du XXe siècle. La manière avec laquelle le discours sur les fêtes est investi et utilisé par les différents concurrents au monopole culturel et politique, montre que la fête consiste surtout en un laboratoire de l’intégration et de la digestion de la nouveauté. La fonction fondamentale de la fête apparaît ainsi: garantir l’appropriation du changement et faire de la culture juchitèque un passeur de la modernité.


2005 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 216-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
William L. Cook

Abstract. In family systems, it is possible for one to put oneself at risk by eliciting aversive, high-risk behaviors from others ( Cook, Kenny, & Goldstein, 1991 ). Consequently, it is desirable that family assessments should clarify the direction of effects when evaluating family dynamics. In this paper a new method of family assessment will be presented that identifies bidirectional influence processes in family relationships. Based on the Social Relations Model (SRM: Kenny & La Voie, 1984 ), the SRM Family Assessment provides information about the give and take of family dynamics at three levels of analysis: group, individual, and dyad. The method will be briefly illustrated by the assessment of a family from the PIER Program, a randomized clinical trial of an intervention to prevent the onset of psychosis in high-risk young people.


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