The growth and yield of tall and short sorghums in Nigeria

1970 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Goldsworthy
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
The Other ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Short Season

SUMMARYA Nigerian, long-season, sorghum produced 15 tons of dry matter/acre in about 155 days, but the grain yield was small (2000 lb/acre or 2242 kg/ha) because only part of the dry matter formed after heading went into the grain. In contrast, an American, short-season hybrid which formed only from one-half to one-third as much dry weight as Farafara, gave over 4000 lb of grain/acre (4484 kg/ha) in 100 days. A Nigerian sorghum of intermediate height and a long-season hybrid, produced by crosses between Nigerian varieties and an American, short-season sorghum, gave larger yields than the tall variety because they formed more heads/unit area and more grains/head.Crop growth rates of the three long-season sorghums sown in June increased to a peak in July, but declined sharply to very small values in September, and then increased again very rapidly at the end of September as heads emerged. The most important factors causing the decline were a decrease in radiation and a loss in dry weight from decay and detachment of dead leaves. An increase in radiation at the end of September and developmental changes associated with head emergence contributed to the increase in growth rates just before heading.A large proportion of the dry weight formed after heading in Farafara accumulated in the stem but a smaller proportion in the other long-season variety and the longseason hybrid. There was an inverse relationship between the increase in stem weight and the yield of grain. For large grain yields, sorghums are needed that will produce heads with sufficient grains to accommodate all the assimilate that the leaves produce at the end of the rains when crop growth rates are increasing.

Phytotoxic response and yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) genotypes with pre-emergence application of isoxaflutole

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 1460 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Datta ◽  
B. M. Sindel ◽  
R. S. Jessop ◽  
P. Kristiansen ◽  
W. L. Felton
Keyword(s):  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Stages Of Growth

Balance® (75% a.i. isoxaflutole) at 100 g/ha is registered in Australia for the control of several broadleaf weeds in chickpea. Polyhouse and field experiments were carried out to examine the tolerance of chickpea genotypes to isoxaflutole. Seven rates of isoxaflutole [0, 18.75, 37.5, 75 (recommended rate), 150, 300 and 600 g a.i./ha] were applied to 20 genotypes in the first polyhouse experiment while in the second experiment, 16 genotypes were tested. In the field, six genotypes were treated with five herbicide rates (0, 37.5, 75, 150 and 300 g a.i./ha). There was a strong dose response in the polyhouse experiments in visual injury ratings, plant height, and shoot and root dry weight. In general, there was less herbicide injury to the kabuli genotypes than in the desi chickpea genotypes. Chickpea genotypes Yorker, Howzat, Amethyst, Gully, 91025-3021, Jimbour, S 95425 and FLIP 94-92C exhibited higher overall mean injury rating in experiment 1. Among these genotypes, shoot dry matter was reduced significantly in Amethyst, Jimbour, 91025-3021 and S 95425. Root dry matter in Amethyst, Jimbour, Yorker, 91025-3021 and S 95425 was also reduced significantly. Height was reduced significantly in all of the above eight genotypes. Although there was less overall injury level in the second polyhouse experiment, which was at lower temperatures, Howzat, Yorker, 91025-3021, FLIP 94-92C and S 95425 again recorded high overall mean injury ratings and should be regarded as more susceptible to isoxaflutole than the other strains. In comparison, 97039-1275 and Kyabra recorded very minor injury symptoms in all the experiments and can be regarded as the most tolerant. The herbicide injury to the genotypes in the field was less than in the polyhouse although Yorker and 91025-3021 showed injury symptoms at early stages of growth. The injury symptoms were temporary and did not produce significant effects on the overall crop growth and yield. It is suggested that plant breeding programs take into account the relative susceptibility of new chickpea genotypes to isoxaflutole.

Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on growth and yield of semi-dwarf and tall varieties of winter wheat

1978 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Pearman ◽  
S. M. Thomas ◽  
G. N. Thorne
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Dwarf Variety

SummaryEight amounts of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 210 kg N/ha were applied to two tall and one semi-dwarf variety of winter wheat in the spring of 1975 and 1976. The tall varieties were Cappelle-Desprez and Maris Huntsman; the semi-dwarf variety was Maris Fundin in 1975 and Hobbit in 1976. Interactions between varieties and nitrogen were few and small compared with the main effects. All varieties produced their maximum grain yields with 180 kg N/ha. The yield of the semi-dwarf varieties, but not the others, decreased slightly with more nitrogen.Cappelle-Desprez yielded less grain than the other varieties in both years. In 1975 the yields of Maris Fundin and Maris Huntsman were similar and in 1976 Hobbit yielded more than Maris Huntsman. The varieties had similar numbers of ears at maturity and similar patterns of tillering. The semi-dwarf varieties had most grains per spikelet, and hence grains per ear, and Cappelle-Desprez had least. The semi-dwarf varieties had the smallest grains. The semi-dwarf varieties had less straw than the other varieties and hence the largest ratios of grain to total above-ground dry weight. The decrease in dry weight of stem and leaves between anthesis and maturity was similar for all varieties. In 1975 the efficiency of the top two leaves plus top internode in producing grain was the same for all varieties, but in 1976 Hobbit was more efficient than the other two. There were some small differences between varieties in nutrient uptake that were not related to differences in growth. Maris Fundin tended to have a greater phosphorus and potassium content than the tall varieties. Hobbit contained slightly less nitrogen than the tall varieties at maturity, and had a smaller concentration of nitrogen in the grain.Applying 210 kg N/ha doubled grain yield in 1975. Applying nitrogen resulted in a largeincrease in number of ears and a small increase in number of grains per ear due to the development of more fertile spikelets per ear. Nitrogen decreased dry weight per grain, especially of the semi-dwarf varieties. With extra nitrogen, straw dry weight at maturity, shoot dry weight atanthesis and leaf area were all increased relatively more than grain yield, and stems lost moredry weight between anthesis and maturity than without nitrogen. The year 1976 was exceptionallydry and nitrogen had only small effects in that it affected neither straw dry weight nor numberof ears but slightly increased grain yield by increasing the number of spikelets and number of grains per spikelet. It also increased leaf area proportionately to grain yield. In 1975 nitrogen increased evaporation of water from the crop before anthesis but decreased it after anthesis, even though it continued to increase the extraction of water from below 90 cm.

scholarly journals Growth and yield of wheat at different dates of sowing under chrland ecosystem of Bangladesh

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
MM Kamrozzaman ◽  
MAH Khan ◽  
S Ahmed ◽  
N Sultana
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Crop Growth Rate

An experiment was conducted at Sadipur charland under Farming System Research and Development Site, Hatgobindapur, Faridpur, during rabi season of 2012-13 and 2013-14 to study the growth and yield performance of cv. BARI Gom-24 as affected by different dates of sowing under Agro-ecological Zone-12 (AEZ-12) of Bangladesh. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with six replications, comprising five different dates of sowing viz. November 5, November 15, November 25, December 5 and December 15. Results reveal that the tallest plant, leaf area index, total dry matter, and crop growth rate were observed in November 25 sown crop and leaf area index, total dry matter and crop growth rate were higher at booting, grain filling, and tillering stages of the crop. Maximum effective tillers hill-1 (3.49), spikes m-2, (311), number of grains spike-1 (42.20) and 1000-grain weight (52.10 g) were produced by November 25 sown crop exhibited the highest grain (4.30 t ha-1) and straw yield (4.94 t ha-1) as well as harvest index (46.88%) of the crop. Lowest performance was observed both in early (November 5) and late sown crop (December 15). The overall results indicated that November 25 sown crop showed better performance in respect of growth and yield of wheat under charland ecosystem of Bangladesh.J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 14(2): 147-154, December 2016

scholarly journals Effect of Planting Date and Gibberellic Acid on the Growth and Yield of Garlic

2010 ◽  
pp. 132-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Islam ◽  
MH Reza ◽  
SMAHM Kamal ◽  
MA Wazed ◽  
KM Islam
Keyword(s):  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Planting Time ◽  
Local Cultivar ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Bulb Yield

An experiment was conducted with a local cultivar of garlic to study the effects of planting date and gibberellic acid on the growth and yield of garlic at the field laboratory of the Department of Crop Botany, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during November 2001 to April 2002. Early planting influenced the plant height, leaf number, bulb diameter and total dry matter. With the delay in planting time starting from November 7, the yield was chronologically reduced in later plantings. Significantly the highest bulb yield (2.67 t/ha) was recorded when planting was done on November 7 and lowest yield (0.92 t/ha) was obtained from December 22 planted crop. Bulb yield was higher in control plants than those of GA3 treated plants. The interaction effects of planting date and different concentrations of GA3 differed significantly in respect of plant height, number of leaves, bulb diameter and dry weight of roots, leaves and bulbs and yield of garlic.

Plant population and shading studies in barley

1971 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 445-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Willey ◽  
R. Holliday
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Ear Development ◽  
Development Period ◽  
Lower Production

SUMMARYTwo barley experiments are described in which a range of plant populations were shaded during different periods of development. Shading during the ear development period caused considerable reductions in grain yield, largely by reducing the number of grains per ear. Shading during the grain-filling period caused no reduction in grain yield. It is suggested that under conditions of these experiments there was probably a potential surplus of carbohydrate available for grain filling and that grain yield was largely determined by the storage capacity of the ears. The importance of the number of grains per ear as an indicator of individual ear capacity is emphasized.The effects of plant population on grain yield and its components are also examined. It is concluded that the number of grains per ear is the component having greatest influence on the decrease in grain yield at above-optimum populations and attention is again drawn to the possible importance of ear capacity. It is argued that on an area basis the number of grains per unit area may give a good indication of ear capacity. Examination of this parameter shows a close relationship with grain yield per unit area for both the shading and population treatments. It is particularly evident that a decrease in grain yield at high populations was associated with a comparable decrease in the number of grains per unit area. It is suggested that this decrease in grain number may be due to a lower production of total dry matter during ear development rather than an unfavourable partitioning of this dry matter between the ear and the rest of the plant. This lower production of total dry matter is attributed to the crop growth rates of the higher populations having reached their peak and then having declined before the end of the ear development period. This crop growth rate pattern, through its effect on grain number per unit area, is put forward as the basic reason why, in the final crop, grain yield per unit area decreases at above-optimum populations.

Morphotypic Differentiation in the South-Western Australian Restiad Lyginia barbata R.Br (Restionaceae)

1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 91 ◽  
Author(s):  
TL Bell ◽  
JS Pate
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
The Other ◽  
Spikelet Number ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
First Reproduction ◽  
Ovule Number ◽  
Culm Density ◽  
Rhizome Morphology ◽  
Western Australian

Study of Lyginia barbata across its distribution range in south-western Australia identified five distinctive morphotypes, viz. a tall-culmed, densely tufted fire-sensitive obligate seeder (S morphotype), a tall densely tufted fire-resistant resprouter (R1), a short flexuose-culmed, tufted resprouter (R2), a weakly clonal, semi-tufted resprouter (R3) and a short-culmed, widely spreading clonal form (R4). There was little variation within a morphotype between habitat locations and no evidence of intergrading of cohabiting morphotypes. Morphotype-specific differences were observed in culm height, rhizome morphology, culm density and spikelet morphology. Differences in reproductive biology related to the time of first reproduction in juvenile recruits, spikelet number per male and female culm, ovule number per female culm and seed : ovule ratio. Differences of a physiological nature were observed in seedling growth rates and proportional biomass (dry matter) allocations to culms, rhizomes, spikelets and seeds. Comparative quantitative scorings of the above features according to concepts of r- and K-selection rated the S form strongly r-selected, the R4 form equally strongly K-selected and the other forms (R1, R2 and R3) intermediate and with the R1 form possibly more r-selected than the others. It is suggested that the data provide a basis on which future taxonomic decisions regarding the taxon might be made.

Effects of Irradiance and Solar Radiation on Dry Matter Growth and Net CO2 Exchange of Trifolium subterraneum L. Swards at a Constant Temperature

1977 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 485 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Fukai ◽  
JH Silsbury
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Exchange Rates ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Light Transmission ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Co2 Exchange ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Co2 Efflux ◽  
Crop Growth Rate

Small swards of subterranean clover were grown at 20°C at different times of the year and at the same time under shades of different light transmission. Dry matter production and net CO2 exchange rates at different levels of irradiance were measured during growth. Crop growth rates and net CO2 exchange rates are examined in relation to plant attributes and to the daily solar radiation. Dry matter growth curves varied according to the daily solar radiation. Increase in crop growth rate with increase in daily solar radiation was taken to be linear for swards with similar dry weight and was more rapid for closed canopies than for those not showing full light interception. Once a closed canopy was attained, further increase in total dry matter resulted in decreased crop growth rate due, apparently, to increased loss of dry weight through increased respiration rate. The shape of the CO2 exchange/irradiance curve was linear up to 100 W m-2 (PAR) and curvilinear above that value. The rate of net CO2 exchange at 50 W m-2 (PAR) decreased with increase in shoot dry matter above 100 g m-2 due, apparently, to an increased rate of dark CO2 efflux: the rate was not affected by daily solar radiation during growth. The net CO2 exchange rate at 250 W m-2 (PAR) increased with increase in LAI up to 3 after which it became almost constant, varying only with the variation in daily solar radiation during growth. The rate of dark CO2 efflux was strongly affected by the amount of dry matter present and to a smaller extent by the crop growth rate or the daily solar radiation.

scholarly journals Light Use, Water Uptake and Performance of Individual Components of a Sorghum/Groundnut Intercrop

1990 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 413-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. N. Azam-Ali ◽  
R. B. Matthews ◽  
J. H. Williams ◽  
J. M. Peacock
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Performance Ratio ◽  
Sole Crop ◽  
Conversion Coefficients ◽  
Proportional Increase ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Intercepted Radiation

SUMMARYThe productivity of each component of a sorghum/groundnut intercrop and its constituent sole crops is determined in terms of a ‘Crop Performance Ratio’ (CPR) defined as the productivity of an intercrop per unit area of ground compared with that expected from sole crops sown in the same proportions. The CPR allows productivity, intercepted radiation and seasonal transpiration to be compared so that conversion coefficients for radiation (e; g MJ−1) and dry matter/water ratios (q; g kg−1) can be calculated for each intercrop component and its constituent sole crops. In this experiment, CPR for total dry weight in the intercrop was 1.08 and that for reproductive yield was 1.27. These advantages in overall productivity and yield were typical of those reported elsewhere for sorghum/groundnut intercrops. The proportional increase in total dry matter in the intercrop was largely a result of its greater interception of radiation. The further advantage in reproductive yield was a consequence of an improved harvest index in the sorghum component of the intercrop (0.64) compared with that of its sole crop counterpart (0.55).

scholarly journals Evaluation of growth and yield of selected hybrid and inbred rice varieties grown in net-house during transplanted aman season

1970 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-73
Author(s):  
M SH Islam ◽  
MSU Bhuiya ◽  
AR Gomosta ◽  
AR Sarkar ◽  
MM Hussain
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
1000 Grain Weight

Pot experiments were conducted during T. aman 2001 and 2002 (wet season) at Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI) in net house. Hybrid variety Sonarbangla-1 and inbred modern variety BRRI dhan-31 were used in both the seasons and BRRI hybrid dhan-l was used in 2002. The main objective of the experiments was to compare the growth and yield behaviour of hybrid and inbred rice varieties under controlled condition. In 2001, BRRI dhan-3l had about 10-15% higher plant height, very similar tillers/plant, 15-25% higher leaf area at all days after transplanting (DAT) compared to Sonarbangla-1. Sonarbangla- 1 had about 40% higher dry matter production at 25 DAT but had very similar dry matter production at 50 and 75 DAT, 4-11% higher rooting depth at all DATs, about 22% higher root dry weight at 25 DAT, but 5-10% lower root dry weight at 50 and 75 DAT compared to BRRI dhan-31. The photosynthetic rate was higher (20 μ mol m-2/sec-1) in BRRI dhan-3l at 35 DAT (maximum tillering stage) but at 65 DAT, Sonarbangla-l had higher photosynthetic rate of 19.5 μ mol m-2 sec-1. BRRI dhan-3l had higher panicles/plant than Sonarbangla-1, but Sonarbangla-1 had higher number of grains/panicle, 1000-grain weight and grain yield than BRRI dhan-31. In 2002, BRRI dhan-31 had the highest plant height at 25 DAT, but at 75 DAT, BRRI hybrid dhan-l had the highest plant height. Sonarbangla-1 had the largest leaf area at 25 and 50 DAT followed by BRRI dhan-31, but at 75 DAT, BRRI dhan-31 had the largest leaf area. The highest shoot dry matter was observed in BRRI dhan-31 followed by Sonarbangla-1 at all DATs. Sonarbangla-1 had the highest rooting depth and root dry weight at all DATs. BRRI dhan-31 gave the highest number of panicles/plant followed by Sonarbangla-I, BRRI hybrid dhan-l had the highest grains/panicle followed by BRRI dhan-31 and Sonarbangla-I had the highest 1000-grain weight followed by BRRI dhan-31. The highest amount of grains/plant (34.6 g) was obtained from BRRI dhan-31. Key Words: Shoot dry matter; root dry weight; leaf area; photosynthesis; grain yield. DOI: 10.3329/bjar.v34i1.5755Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 34(1) : 67-73, March 2009

Herbage characteristics of perennial ryegrass, cocksfoot, tall fescue and timothy pastures and their relationship with animal performance under upland conditions

1982 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Davies ◽  
T. E. H. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Grass Species

SUMMARYHerbage characteristics of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and timothy (Phleum pratense L.) pastures were obtained whilst rotationally grazed by ewes and their single lambs at a fixed stocking rate of 25/ha on an upland site (305 m O.D.) in mid-Wales. Drymatter production of cocksfoot averaged 32·1 kg/ha/day over the 3-year duration of the trial (1975·7) and was 13·3 kg/ha/day lower than that of the other three grass species. This resulted in a 8 kg/ha/day reduction in dry-matter intake on cocksfoot; this was significantly lower (P < 0·05) than that achieved on the other grasses, which were similar to one another around 36 kg/ha/day.In vitro digestibility of the herbage ranked in the order perennial ryegrass > timothy = cocksfoot > tall fescue. Intake of digestible organic matter (DOMI) was lower on cocksfoot than on perennial ryegrass and timothy. Differences were also detected in crude protein, water-soluble carbohydrates and sodium composition between species.Dry-matter intake was positively correlated with herbage growth rates (r = 0·95, P < 0·001) but not to digestibility of herbage on offer (r = 0·18). Both ewe and lamb live-weight gains were positively related to intake of dry matter and DOMI.Reference is made to comparative yield data between the grasses obtained under cutting trials. In the 2nd and 3rd harvest years (1967–1967) growth rates in the grazing experiment were 76, 61, 81 and 80% of the 66·2, 66·7, 67·8 and 65·0 kg D.M./ha/day obtained under a cutting regime on perennial ryegrass, cocksfoot, tall fescue and timothy swards respectively. This illustrates the danger involved in assessing the potential of grasses based on such information.The results are discussed in relation to the value of the species for use under grazing in the uplands.

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