Effects of progressive feed restriction on the growth and carcass composition of pigs: comparative responses of gilts and castrates

1978 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Fuller ◽  
R. M. Livingstone
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Fat Thickness

SUMMARYA barley-based diet, containing 16% protein, was given at average daily rates of 1·2–2·5 kg (16–32 MJ, metabolizable energy (ME)) to 32 female and 32 castrated male pigs during their growth from 25 to 90 kg. At high intakes there was no difference in growth rate between the sexes, but with progressive feed restriction the growth of males was more severely retarded than that of the females. Both sexes achieved their minimum feed conversion ratios at approximately 25 MJ. The reductions of fat thickness with progressive feed restriction were greater by approximately 20% in the females than in the males. The two sexes had the same mean back fat thickness when the gilts had 4·7 MJ more ME per day than the castrates. It was inferred that the energy requirement for maintenance was 15% greater in the males than in the females.

scholarly journals Productive aspects of pigs fed forage cactus silage associated with feed restriction

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 705-716
Author(s):  
G.M. Araújo ◽  
T.D.D. Martins ◽  
P.E.N. Givisiez ◽  
L.A.F. Pascoal ◽  
R.S. Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Duodenal Mucosa ◽  
Glycogen Storage ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Opuntia Ficus Indica ◽  
Final Weight ◽  
Performance Trial

This study aimed to evaluate the use of silage of forage cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica Mill) in diets for finishing pigs. Two experiments were conducted: the first for digestibility and the second for performance. In the performance trial, the quantitative levels of feed restriction (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%) were evaluated, which were associated with the supply of forage cactus silage. Forage cactus silage presented 2463.59 and 2456 kcal/kg of digestible and metabolizable energy, respectively. The feed restriction levels associated with the supply of forage cactus silage influenced feed intake, weight gain and final weight negatively, but did not affect feed conversion. Carcass absolute weight was influenced negatively. However, the yield of carcass and cuts and the amount of meat in the carcass were not influenced. With the increase in feed restriction, there was a decrease in duodenal mucosa thickness, intestinal glands, liver glycogen storage and the occurrence of inflammation in the submucosa and intestinal mucosa. Forage cactus silage is not accepted well by animals. The restriction up to 30% of balanced feed did not affect feed conversion, yield of carcass and cuts and economic viability. However, levels over 10% affected intestinal health.Keywords: Alternative feed, feed preservation, intestinal health, Opuntia ficus-indica Mill, pig nutrition

Carcass Composition in Mature Hereford Cows: Estimation and Effect on Daily Metabolizable Energy Requirement During Winter

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 603 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Wagner ◽  
K. S. Lusby ◽  
J. W. Oltjen ◽  
J. Rakestraw ◽  
R. P. Wettemann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Metabolizable Energy

Comparative feeding value of expeller-processed undecorticated and decorticated cottonseed cakes for growing chicks

1978 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 531-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. K. Sharma ◽  
G. N. Lodhi ◽  
J. S. Ichhponani
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Free Gossypol ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Protein Utilization ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Finisher Diets ◽  
Effect On Growth

SummaryExperiments were made to evaluate the feeding value of undecorticated (UCS) and decorticated (DCS) cottonseed cakes and defatted DCS for egg-type starter, broiler starter and finisher diets for chicks. The results showed that UCS on average contained 22% crude protein, 0·06% free- and 0·33% bound-gossypol and 4·9% available carbohydrate. The corresponding values for DCS were 38, 0·04, 0·63 and 9·5%, respectively. Average metabolizable energy (ME) content of UCS, DCS and defatted DCS was 7·94, 11·77 and 9·42 MJ/kg, respectively. Apparent protein digestibilities of UCS, DCS and defatted DCS were 42, 47 and 36%, respectively. Although UCS had no effect on growth rate of egg-type and meat-type chicks when fed as 15% of the diet, feed conversion was adversely affected. Feeding DCS to broiler starter and finisher chicks as 30% of the diet, replacing groundnut cake (GN) had no effect on growth rate and efficiency of protein utilization but feed conversion was affected. The chicks of either breed were able to tolerate 0·02% free-gossypol of the diet derived from UCS or DCS without any adverse effect on growth rate and internal organs.

The effect of breed and dietary energy concentration on lamb growth, carcass composition and meat quality

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 109-109
Author(s):  
M.I. Mustafa ◽  
G.M. Webster ◽  
Gillian M. Povey
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Meat Quality ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Eating Quality ◽  
Lamb Growth ◽  
Different Levels

Previous trials at Newcastle have shown that plane of nutrition affects the growth performance, carcass composition and eating quality of lambs (Mustafa and Webster, 1995). It has also been found that lean tissue growth rate, a characteristic it is possible to manipulate nutritionally, influences meat quality in pigs and cattle (Whipple et al., 1990; Blanchard et al., 1995), although no similar studies have been undertaken with growing lambs. This experiment was designed to study the effect of four diets with different levels of metabolizable energy (ME) but with the same crude protein and undegradeable protein (DUP) levels on growth, carcass composition, tissue growth rate and meat quality characteristics of lambs of two breeds.

The effect of breed and dietary energy concentration on lamb growth, carcass composition and meat quality

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 109-109
Author(s):  
M.I. Mustafa ◽  
G.M. Webster ◽  
Gillian M. Povey
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Meat Quality ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Eating Quality ◽  
Lamb Growth ◽  
Different Levels

Previous trials at Newcastle have shown that plane of nutrition affects the growth performance, carcass composition and eating quality of lambs (Mustafa and Webster, 1995). It has also been found that lean tissue growth rate, a characteristic it is possible to manipulate nutritionally, influences meat quality in pigs and cattle (Whipple et al., 1990; Blanchard et al., 1995), although no similar studies have been undertaken with growing lambs. This experiment was designed to study the effect of four diets with different levels of metabolizable energy (ME) but with the same crude protein and undegradeable protein (DUP) levels on growth, carcass composition, tissue growth rate and meat quality characteristics of lambs of two breeds.

Evaluation of specific populations of commercial pigs produced in Québec for feed performance, carcass yield and lean meat colour

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 517-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Hammell ◽  
J. P. Laforest ◽  
J. J. Dufour
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
The Body ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Carcass Yield ◽  
Lean Meat ◽  
Key Words Pig ◽  
Meat Colour

Data from approximately 850 commercial pigs tested in 12 trials, from 1987 to 1990 at the Beaumont test station in Québec were used to determine the effect of growth rate and body composition on growth performance, carcass yield and lean meat colour. Pigs were housed four to a pen and were fed commercial diets. Feed intake and growth rate were measured during the test, and carcass measurements were taken at slaughter and at 24 or 72 h following slaughter. The different groups of pigs were defined according to a 2 × 2 factorial, with one factor being the growth rate [fast growth (FG) or slow growth (SG)] and the second factor being the body composition of the carcass [fat (F) or lean (L)]. The FG commercial pigs reach market weight at a younger age with lower overall feed consumption and generally a better feed conversion than SG pigs. Furthermore, FG pigs have more backfat, longer carcasses and a slightly darker meat. The L commercial pigs had similar growth performances with a better lean meat yield than the F commercial pigs. Growth variables and composition of the carcass had little effect on the meat characteristics measured. The proportion of barrows compared to gilts was higher in the FG and F groups than in the SG and L groups, which could account for some of the differences observed between groups. However, the rate of growth and the type of body composition affected the growth and feed consumption performances as well as the carcass yield in a similar way for both sexes. Overall, less than 3% and less than 2% of the pigs produced meat with a colour standard of 1 (extremely pale) or 5 (extremely dark), respectively. The SG-L group had a slightly higher proportion of pigs with a pale meat colour compared to the other groups. Key words: Pig, backfat, growth rate, carcass composition, meat colour

EFFECT OF ALTERING THE SOURCE OF NONESSENTIAL NITROGEN ON PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS COMPOSITION OF THE BROILER CHICK

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 1097-1105
Author(s):  
M. R. BEDFORD ◽  
J. D. SUMMERS
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Feed Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Excess Nitrogen

Male broilers were fed diets containing 14, 18 or 22% crude protein (CP) and 10.88, 12.13 or 13.39 MJ kg−1 metabolizable energy (ME) to 3 wk of age. For each level of CP and ME, three diets were formulated so that excess nitrogen arose mainly from nonessential amino acids (NEAA), essential amino acids (EAA) or both. The source of nitrogen excess had no effect on any of the parameters measured in birds fed the 18 and 22% CP diets. However, at 14% CP and over all energy levels, excess nitrogen in the form of EAA gave rise to superior results with regard to weight gain, feed conversion efficiency and carcass protein when compared to those diets where the excess nitrogen arose mainly from NEAA sources. Increasing dietary energy reduced the effect that source of nonessential nitrogen had on weight gain, feed conversion efficiency and carcass protein deposition at 14% CP. Key words: Amino acids, energy, protein, broilers

scholarly journals Fiber level for laying hens during the growing phase

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ednardo Rodrigues Freitas ◽  
Nádia de Melo Braz ◽  
Pedro Henrique Watanabe ◽  
Carlos Eduardo Braga Cruz ◽  
Germano Augusto Jerônimo do Nascimento ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Bone Quality ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Performance Development

Feeding management of laying hens has been focused on the direct influence of nutrient intake on weight gain, especially at growing phase. This study evaluates nutrient digestibility, performance, development of the digestive tract, body composition, and bone quality of two strains of laying hens fed with different levels of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) during the growing phase from the 7th to the 12th week of age. A total of 1,296 birds were distributed in a completely randomized design in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement (two strains x three levels of NDF) with four replicates of 54 birds per treatment. Semi-heavy (Hy Line Brown) and light-strain (Lohman LSL) pullets were allotted to dietary treatments consisting of 14.50, 16.50, and 18.50% NDF. An interaction between strains and NDF levels was observed only for feed/gain ratio and light-strain pullets had lower performance with 18.50% NDF. The increasing levels of NDF in the diet reduced the coefficients of digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen and gross energy, and the values of metabolizable energy. Higher levels of NDF in the diet increased the relative weight of liver and intestines and reduced gizzard weight. It was also observed differences between bone quality and composition of the femur and tibia of light and semi-heavy hens. The increase in NDF level in ration for growing phase laying hens above 14.50% decreases the nutrient digestibility and the metabolizable energy of the diet; however, it does not affect the carcass composition, bone quality, feed intake, and weight gain, although it may impair feed conversion of light-strain pullets.

The nutrition of meat-type ducks. 1. The effects of dietary protein in isoenergetic diets on biological performance

1982 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 857 ◽  
Author(s):  
AP Siregar ◽  
RB Cumming ◽  
DJ Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Biological Performance ◽  
Optimum Protein Level ◽  
Meat Type

An experiment was conducted with 1-day-old male and female White Pekin ducklings and four dietary protein levels (18, 20, 22 and 24%) from 0 to 2 weeks and eight dietary protein (%) combinations (18/18, 20/20, 24/24, 18/16, 20/16, 22/16, 24/16) from 3 to 8 weeks in isoenergetic (12.7 MJ metabolizable energy (ME)/kg) diets to determine the optimum protein level needed for maximum biological performance of meat-type ducks. At 8 weeks of age male ducks were heavier, had better feed conversion ratios and less carcass fat than females. For both sexes carcass fat increased substantially between 6 and 8 weeks. Younger ducklings had better efficiency of energy utilization than older ducks. Dietary protein levels did not affect the energetic efficiency of gain, efficiency of energy utilization and carcass composition at 8 weeks. The significant effect of dietary protein on the fat content of the wet carcasses was observed in ducklings at 2 and 4 weeks, and a similar trend was seen at 6 weeks. It is suggested that for growth rate and feed conversion efficiency, 19 and 16 % levels of protein in diets containing 12.7 MJ ME/kg are adequate to meet the protein needs of Australian ducklings from 0 to 2 weeks and 3 to 8 weeks of age respectively.

The effect of pectinase and α-galactosidase supplementation on the nutritive value of peas for broiler chickens

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 537-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. A. Igbasan ◽  
W. Guenter ◽  
B. A. Slominski
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Apparent Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Pectinase Enzyme ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Performance Trial

A total of 192 3-d-old male broiler chickens (Arbor Acres) were randomly assigned to six dietary treatments with eight replicates of four birds each per treatment. The treatments consisted of five levels (0, 50, 75, 100 and 125 U kg−1) of pectinase enzyme and a combination of pectinase (50 U kg−1) and α-galactosidase (6250 U kg−1) enzymes. The performance trial lasted for 2 wk. At the end of 2 wk, excreta were collected on three diets to determine nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn). Growth rate, feed intake and feed conversion of birds fed pea diets supplemented with graded levels of pectinase enzyme were not different from their counterparts fed a diet without pectinase supplementation; however, growth rate tended to be improved (P = 0.11). Also, the AMEn values of these diets were not affected. Compared with the control diet, addition of a combination of pectinase and α-galactosidase tended to improve growth rate (P = 0.06). Key words: Peas, pectinase, α -galactosidase, broiler chicken

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