Effect of sodium on the growth of and ion uptake by barley, sugar beet and broad beans

1976 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Hamid ◽  
O. Talibudeen
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ion Uptake ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Broad Beans ◽  
Essential Nutrient ◽  
Na Uptake ◽  
Synergism And Antagonism

SUMMARYThe effect of soil salinity (ECe range 2–9 mmhos/cm) on the growth of and ion uptake by barley, sugar beet and broad beans (crops increasingly sensitive to salinity) was investigated in a glasshouse experiment.Barley and sugar-beet yields benefited from the added Na in the soil but broad beans were always adversely affected. Changes in growth and ion uptake are discussed in terms of Na:K synergism and antagonism.Sodium:potassium antagonism was observed in barley just after germination, and in sugar beet throughout growth, but not in barley at other growth stages nor in broad beans. Greater Na uptake promoted increases in dry-matter yields of all plant parts with barley and sugar beet, indicating that Na played a specific role in their metabolism. In sugar-beet roots, sugar concentrations and dry-matter yields increased with added Na by half as much more than without added Na, suggesting that Na is an essential nutrient.We conclude from our experiments that the effects of salinity caused by Na salts when water is not limiting, is related not only to plant species but also to their stages of growth.

scholarly journals Relación entre el peso freco y el peso seco del rastrojo de maíz en diferentes estados fenológicos del cultivo.

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Bänziger ◽  
G. O. Edmeades ◽  
J. Bolaños
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Maturity Period ◽  
Area Unit ◽  
Drying Conditions ◽  
The Relationship

The amount of dry matter produced during various stages of corn growth is a important variable to be taken into consideration. However, the lack of drying facilities makes its measurement a difficult task in the fields. A simple method to convert the fresh weight of a crop in the field into dry weight, could be an answer to that problem. In this study, we calculated the relationship between fresh and dry weight of corn stovers, over several, growth, stages of eight corn cultivars of different vigour and maturity period, at two Mexican locations. The differences between cultivars were for percent stover dry weight (%SDW) most evident in the second half of the grain growth stage, when late cultivars showed less humidity than the early ones. The % SDW was regressed against the phenological developmental stage and expressed as a ratio against antesis (R, days to sampling /days to 50% antesis). The equations (R2 = 0.97 - 0.99) with best results were: Early maturing cultivars: %SDW = 12.6 + 0.94R2 + 1.68R4; Late: %SDW = 16.1 - 4.00 R2 + 3.36R4. There were no consistant differences among cultivars with different vigour levels, even though certain differences were noted among the locations and they were attributed to differences in relative humidity. We describe a protocol for determining the dry weight of corn stover by area unit (t/ha) when drying conditions are not available, by utilizing only a scale and a ruler.We also suggest a method to calculate percent dry matter for a real plant parts (including grain).

Effect of stage of growth and urea addition on the preservation and nutritive value of whole crop wheat

1991 ◽  
Vol 1991 ◽  
pp. 150-150
Author(s):  
J. Hill ◽  
J.D. Leaver
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Urea Addition ◽  
New Crop

Whole crop wheat (WCW) is a relatively new crop as a feed for dairy cows, and little information is available on its dry matter yield and nutritive value relative to stage of growth at harvest. Also, the role of urea (which hydrolyses to ammonia in the crop) addition in reducing fermentation and aerobic spoilage losses has not been investigated.The aim of this experiment was to examine three stages of growth at harvest for WCW, with and without urea.An area of winter wheat (cv Fortress) was cut (5 cm above ground) at three growth stages (GS 49, 71 and 87). The resultant forages were chopped through a precision-chop harvester and stored in air-tight barrels of 0.225 m3 capacity. Urea was added at 0 and 40 g/kgDM at each stage of growth and there were three replicates of each treatment. Thermocouples placed centrally were used to monitor temperature changes. The mini silos held approximately 100 kg of forages and they were opened after 90 days. Vertical cores were taken as samples and the mini silos were left open for a further 18 days to assess aerobic deterioration.

The influence of superphosphate fertilizer on the yield and uptake of phosphorus by wheat

1965 ◽  
Vol 5 (17) ◽  
pp. 152 ◽  
Author(s):  
AN Smith
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Residual Value ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Stages Of Growth

The yield of dry matter at ear-emergence was greatly influenced by the amount of superphosphate applied. The grain yield at harvest was not affected so greatly. Superphosphate had an effect on the proportions of the plant parts. The uptake of phosphorus proceeded at a greater rate during later stages of growth and still continued during the pre-flowering and early post-flowering stages. The effect of differential uptake of phosphorus by the various plant parts on the residual value of the fertilizer is discussed.

scholarly journals Dry Matter Partitioning, Carbohydrate Composition, Protein Reserves, and Fruiting in ‘Autumn Bliss’ Red Raspberry Vary in Response to Pruning Date and Cane Density

HortScience ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Brás de Oliveira ◽  
Maria José Silva ◽  
Ricardo B. Ferreira ◽  
Cristina M. Oliveira ◽  
António A. Monteiro
Keyword(s):  
Soluble Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Sucrose Concentration ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Dry Matter Partitioning ◽  
Dry Matter Distribution ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Carbohydrate Concentration

In a 2-year experiment (1994 and 1995), plants of primocane-fruiting red raspberry cultivar ‘Autumn Bliss’ grown in a plastic greenhouse were destructively harvested at different growth stages to determine the effect of pruning date and cane density on dry matter distribution, carbohydrate concentration, and soluble protein concentration in different plant parts. Three summer-pruning dates (early, mid, and late July) and four cane densities (8, 16, 24, and 32 canes/m row) were imposed. Relative root biomass decreased from pruning to first flower stage and remained constant thereafter for all pruning dates. Earlier pruning dates corresponded to earlier fruit production, but yield was significantly reduced on later pruning dates and higher cane densities. Sucrose concentration was higher in fine roots than in suberized roots and had a slight decrease during flowering and the beginning of harvest. Soluble protein concentrations did not differ significantly between pruning dates. Reserve carbohydrates in the root system were unaffected by pruning and cane density, and were rapidly used during active vegetative growth, began to recover just after bloom, and were fully recovered at the end of the season. Our experiment suggested that in red raspberry plants grown under poor environmental conditions, current yield is reduced but there is enough carbohydrate accumulation to support next year's growth.

The nutritional value of some tropical grasses

1965 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 411-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Grieve ◽  
D. F. Osbourn
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Tropical Grasses ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Pasture Grasses ◽  
Gross Energy

1. Twenty feeding and digestibility trials were carried out on seven tropical grasses to determine their nutritional value at different stages of growth, and to study their suitability as possible pasture grasses.2. Content of crude protein was relatively high at immature growth stages of the forages, and declined rapidly with the onset of flowering.3. Digestibility of dry matter and gross energy increased in most of the forages tested to the 5-week stage of regrowth but declined rapidly in mature stages of forages tested at 6 or 8 weeks of regrowth. Digestibility of crude protein declined with increasing maturity of the forages.4. The Nutritive Value Index of each forage was highest at four or five weeks of regrowth. The optimum time to graze the forages tested would occur between 4 and 5 weeks of regrowth, at the stage when flowering commences. This would combine high yield of forage with high nutritional value.

scholarly journals Genotypic variation for potassium accumulation and utilization efficiency in barley under rainfed potassium stress conditions

2003 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. S. Shivay ◽  
J. H. Chen ◽  
S. R. Ding
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Potassium Accumulation ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
K Concentration

A field experiment was carried out to study the effect of K nutrition and genotypic variation on the dry matter (DM) accumulation, and the K concentration, accumulation, uptake and utilization efficiency in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Successive increases in potassium nutrition had a significant effect on the dry matter and K accumulation either in the total or in various plant parts of barley at the tillering, stem elongation, heading and maturity growth stages. K nutrition also led to significantly higher grain yield with each unit K application than without K application. The yield increase due to K application was mainly due to the improvement in spike development from tillers. Dry matter and K accumulation in various plant parts varied significantly between genotypes at the main growth stages. Among the various plant parts, the stem contained the highest K concentration, had the highest K accumulation at maturity and changed considerably with the K level, while other plant parts remained relatively unchanged. Among the eleven genotypes, genotype 98-6 had the highest grain yield and the K use efficiency of this genotype was 10.4 kg grain per kg K applied. It could thus be used as a breeding line to breed barley varieties for higher productivity under rainfed conditions with low available soil potassium.

Effect of defoliation stress on 2-hydroxy cinnamic acid content at different growth stages in Melilotus albus

2006 ◽  
Vol 46 (12) ◽  
pp. 1601 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Nair ◽  
A. Whittall ◽  
D. K. Revell ◽  
K. Dowling ◽  
S. Hughes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cinnamic Acid ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Melilotus Albus ◽  
Different Growth Stages ◽  
Pasture Legume

Melilotus albus (Medik.) is a pasture legume with potential value in Australian farming systems, especially in salt-affected areas. However, the use of this species has been limited because of concerns over high coumarin concentrations. The aim of this trial was to determine the effect of defoliation on the concentration of 2-hydroxy cinnamic acid, a coumarin precursor, at 3 stages of growth (vegetative, flowering and post-flowering) in 6 accessions. The concentration of 2-hydroxy cinnamic acid was determined by high performance liquid chromatography in leaves of plants grown in a glasshouse. Defoliation stress increased the 2-hydroxy cinnamic acid content in the leaves of all accessions studied by about 8%, from 0.89 to 0.96% of dry matter. The 2-hydroxy cinnamic acid concentrations were not significantly different between vegetative and flowering stages in any of the accessions studied, but showed a significant increase post-flowering for 4 out of the 6 accessions studied. This study indicates that grazing may increase the coumarin or 2-hydroxy cinnamic acid concentration in Melilotus albus, but in screening for suitable accessions to progress to new cultivars, it is not necessary to subject plants to a defoliation stress to rank the accessions for 2-hydroxy cinnamic acid or coumarin concentration.

Assessment of the nitrogen status of field-grown canola (Brassica napus) by plant analysis

1997 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 83 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Hocking ◽  
P. J. Randall ◽  
D. De Marco ◽  
I. Bamforth
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Total N ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
N Status

Summary. Field trials were conducted over 2 seasons at Greenethorpe and Canowindra in the Cowra region of New South Wales to develop and calibrate plant tests for assessing the nitrogen (N) status of canola (Brassica napus). Plants were tested at 3 and 7 growth stages up to the start of flowering at Greenethorpe and Canowindra, respectively. The petiole of the youngest mature leaf (YML) was the most suitable plant part to sample for tests based on nitrate-N. Suitable plant parts for tests based on total N were the YML petiole or lamina, or the whole shoot. There was good agreement between the 2 sites in the just-adequate fertiliser N rates (rates giving 90% of maximum yield) and the critical N concentrations in the plant parts tested. Critical nitrate-N concentrations in the fresh YML petiole for dry matter production at the time of sampling the plants decreased from 1.62 to 0.14 mg nitrate-N/g fresh weight between the 4–5 leaf rosette stage (4–5 RS) and the start of flowering (SF). Critical nitrate-N concentrations in the dry YML petiole decreased from 16.5 to 0.8 mg/g dry weight between 4–5 RS and SF. Critical total N concentrations decreased from 4.5 to 2.0, 7.2 to 5.0 and 6.2 to 2.8% dry weight, in the YML petiole, YML lamina, and whole shoot, respectively, between 4–5 RS and SF. Critical nitrate-N and total N concentrations for assessing potential seed yield were similar to those for dry matter production at the time of sampling for each of the growth stages. The critical total N concentrations obtained for the YML petiole and lamina, and the whole shoot before the start of stem elongation are likely to be less precise than the critical nitrate-N concentrations in the YML petiole because of the limited response of total N concentrations to increasing rates of fertiliser N. However, total N in the YML petiole or lamina, or in the whole shoot may be a better indicator of N status for plants sampled after the start of stem elongation as nitrate-N concentrations become low and more variable, and it is harder to identify the YML. The decline in critical N concentrations must be taken into account when interpreting the results of plant tests for diagnosing the N status of canola, as sampling needs to correspond to the plant growth stage for which a particular critical N concentration has been obtained.

scholarly journals Nitrate levels and stages of growth in hypernodulating mutants of Lupinus albus. I. N2 fixation potential

1999 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-97
Author(s):  
Hélio Almeida Burity ◽  
Manuel Chamber-Perez ◽  
Maria do Carmo Catanho Pereira de Lyra ◽  
Márcia do Vale Barreto Figueiredo
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
N2 Fixation ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Lupinus Albus ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Nitrate Level ◽  
Fixation Rate ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
L 62 ◽  
Hypernodulating Mutants

This work aimed to evaluate physiological parameters, nodulation response and N2 fixation rate in mutants of Lupinus albus in comparison with the standard Multolupa cultivar. Two nitrate levels (0 and 5mM) and two evaluation periods (7 and 10 weeks) were used. Significant differences were observed among genotypes, in relation to fresh nodule weight, nitrate levels and growth stages. The overall average for nitrate level differed between them where 5mM severely inhibited the number of nodules, reaching a 49.5% reduction in relation to treatment without nitrate. There were no behaviour differences among genotypes, nor among evaluation periods. Although the level of nitrate did not influence the production of shoot dry matter in relation to the average among levels applied, the L-135 genotype, being an inefficient mutant, reached very low values. There were no significant differences in electron allocation coefficient (EAC) among nitrate levels, nor among genotypes studied. However, the evaluation periods revealed differences, where the EAC for the seventh week had a higher value than that for the tenth week, when a 5mM aplication was evaluated. The N2 fixation rate (N2 FIX) showed the existence of the nitrate interference in fixation, given that the application of 5mM severely reduced. However, there were no differences among the genotypes and it was noted that the fixation rate was much higher in those that received nitrate. The L-88 and L-62 genotypes were the ones that have shown best adaptability in this experiment, thus being able to be recommended for new studies with higher nitrate levels and different evaluation periods. The nitrate (5mM) interferes in the nitrogen fixation rate, given that all the genotypes were affected by the level applied.

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