Effects of fungicides, applied in autumn, and a growth regulator, applied in spring, on the growth and yield of winter barley grown on contrasting soil types

1991 ◽  
Vol 117 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Jenkyn ◽  
R. J. Gutteridge ◽  
A. D. Todd
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Growth Regulator ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Winter Barley ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Take All

SUMMARYExperiments in 1985 and 1986, at Woburn Experimental Farm in Bedfordshire, tested the effects of fungicides, applied in autumn, and a growth regulator, applied at GS3O–31 or GS32–33 in spring, on winter barley grown on two contrasting soil types in each year. Leaf diseases did not become severe in any of the experiments but take-all (Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici) was prevalent in 1985. Triadimenol (‘Baytan’) was more effective than flutriafol (‘Ferrax’) in decreasing the severity of takeall and its activity against the disease was related to earliness of sowing.Mean responses in grain yield to the fungicide treatments were mostly small and not significant but did not conflict with the hypothesis that crops on lighter soils benefit more from autumn fungicides than those on heavier soils. Mean effects of the growth regulator sprays were also small but they interacted with both soil type and season. Over the 2 years the later spray applied to crops on the heavier soil gave the largest mean response. Sprays applied to crops on lighter soils were often detrimental to yield, especially in 1985.

Effects of seven factors on the growth and yield of winter barley grown as a third consecutive take-all susceptible crop and of growing the barley after oats or a fallow

1992 ◽  
Vol 119 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Jenkyn ◽  
N. Carter ◽  
R. J. Darby ◽  
R. J. Gutteridge ◽  
L. A. Mullen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Growth Regulator ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus ◽  
Winter Barley ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Seed Rate ◽  
Stem Extension ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Take All

SUMMARYIn experiments at Rothamsted in 1984–86, seven factors, each at two levels, were tested in factorial combination on winter barley (cv. Panda) grown as a third take-all susceptible crop. The factors were seed rate, a growth regulator prior to stem extension, amounts of N in spring, ‘winter’ nitrogen, an autumn insecticide, a fungicide applied to the seed (‘Baytan’) and a programme of fungicide sprays in spring and summer. Sowing 50% more seeds than normal increased the number of ears/unit area but had no effect on mean grain yield because grains were smaller. There were, however, significant, but unexplained, interactions between seed rate and the fungicide ‘Baytan’ applied to the seed. A growth regulator applied prior to stem extension had little effect on crop growth and no significant effect on grain yield. If sufficient N was applied in April there was little benefit from applying ‘winter’ N (30 kg/ha in November and again in February/March) except in 1985 when the amount of NO3-N in the soil, measured in the previous October, was lowest. Insecticide sprays applied in autumn to control the aphid vectors of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) had no significant effect on grain yield but infectivity indices were below the threshold needed for treatment in each year. On average, ‘Baytan’ applied to the seed increased grain yield by 0·28 t/ha and this was associated with decreases in the severity of take-all. Over the three years, programmes of fungicide sprays, applied during spring and summer, increased grain yield by 0·92 t/ha but the mean response was largest where most N was applied.The experiments also allowed the importance of interactions between different agronomic factors to be examined. A combined analysis of grain yields for all three years (based on 192 plot values) showed that only six 2- or 3-factor interactions, out of the 73 estimated, were significant (P < 0·05). Two of these interactions reflected variable responses to ‘winter’ N and fungicide sprays in the three years and three of the remaining four involved ‘Baytan’.Additional plots of barley grown after oats had little take-all and yielded 1·14 t/ha more grain than similarly treated plots grown after barley. These responses were obtained despite evidence that oat residues had adverse effects on the growth of barley seedlings. Additional plots of barley grown after a bare fallow also had little take-all and gave even larger total yields (grain plus straw) than did barley after oats but the mean yield of grain was less than after oats because more of the dry matter after a fallow was straw. In 1984, when take-all was relatively slight, plots after a fallow gave even less grain than plots after barley (−0·77 t/ha) despite producing 2·12 t/ha more dry matter in grain plus straw.

Take-all distribution and soil type on Chalky Boulder Clay

1986 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Catt ◽  
R. J. Gutteridge ◽  
D. B. Slope
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Soil Characteristics ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Exchangeable Potassium ◽  
Boulder Clay ◽  
Extractable Phosphorus ◽  
Take All ◽  
Partial Immunity

SUMMARYIn 1980 a field of winter wheat at Little Raveley, Cambridgeshire (U.K.) suffered a bad attack of take-all, which was confined mainly to areas dominated by Ragdale series, one of five soil types on the field. Take-all and yield were assessed on experimental areas within the field in the three subsequent years (1981–3). On a strip 50 m wide, which was sown with wheat in each of these years, take-all was in decline and although slight differences in take-all occurred between some of the soil types, they had no effect on grain yield. Following a break crop of beans in 1981, the remainder of the field carried wheat in 1982 and 1983. Here take-all was generally less and yields generally greater in the area that suffered the 1980 attack, probably because it had developed a natural partial immunity to the disease. However, measurements of takeall in relation to soil characteristics on 1 m2 plots suggested that the disease was becoming more prevalent on soils that are less well drained in winter, are more deeply decalcified, and contain less extractable phosphorus or more exchangeable potassium.

scholarly journals Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.) Response to Applied Potassium on Two Contrasting Soil Types (Vertisols and Cambisols) in The Central Highlands of Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beza Woldearegay Shewangizaw ◽  
Shawl Assefa ◽  
Kenzemed Kassie ◽  
Getanh Shegaw
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Potassium Fertilizer ◽  
Soil Status ◽  
Rate Interaction

Abstract Background: A field experiment was conducted at Basonawerana district, Amhara regional state on two major soil types for three consecutive years to determine the effect of application of potassium fertilizer on yield and yield components of wheat and to verify the soil fertility and fertilizer recommendation Atlas of the study site. Six levels potassium were applied (0, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 kg K ha-1). At each potassium levels, a balanced nutrient of 92 kg N, 30 kg P, 30 kg S, 2 kg Zn, 0.5 kg Cu and 0.5 kg B ha-1 were applied. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with tree replications. Result: The analysis of variance showed that all the measured parameters were Significant influenced by year, soil type and the interaction of year x soil type. The highest grain yield, which was observed from cambisols during the first year was increased grain yield by 176.7 % (3954 kg ha-1) compared with the lowest yield observed from vertisols during the third year. Similar trend was also observed in straw yield and harvest index. On the other hand, all the measured parameters was non-significant influenced by K rate, interaction of K rate x soil type and year x K rate x soil types. Numerically, the highest yield (3878.9 kg ha-1) was observed from the highest K rate. However, the trend was not consistent. Conclusion: application of different rates of potassium fertilizer brings any significant growth and yield response on two soil types of the study sites. So, application of this fertilizer is not recommended for the crop with such high K soil status.

Effect of copper application on take-all severity and grain yield of wheat in field experiments near Esperance, Western Australia

1991 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 255 ◽  
Author(s):  
RF Brennan
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Wheat Growth ◽  
Effect Of Copper ◽  
Take All

The effect of copper (Cu) fertiliser on the incidence and severity of take-all of wheat was examined in 5 field experiments on soils naturally infested with Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici.Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was grown in soils at 5 levels of Cu fertiliser, ranging from nil to luxury levels of Cu (i.e. 5.0 kg Cuba) for wheat growth and grain yield. One soil was adequately supplied in Cu for wheat growth and yield. Copper-deficient wheat plants were more susceptible (P<0.05) to take-all than those plants with an adequate supply of Cu. The addition of Cu fertiliser beyond that required for maximum plant growth and grain yield had no effect (P<0.05) on the incidence and severity of take-all of wheat.

scholarly journals The Effects of Cultivar, Nitrogen Supply and Soil Type on Radiation Use Efficiency and Harvest Index in Spring Wheat

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1391
Author(s):  
Xizi Wang ◽  
Svend Christensen ◽  
Jesper Svensgaard ◽  
Signe M. Jensen ◽  
Fulai Liu
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Holding ◽  
Radiation Use

There is an urgent need among plant breeders for a deeper understanding of the links between wheat genotypes and their ability to utilize light for biomass production and their efficiency at converting the biomass into grain yield. This field trail was conducted to investigate the variations in radiation use efficiency (RUE) and harvest index (HI) of four spring wheat cultivars grown on two soil types with two nitrogen (N) fertilization levels. Grain yield (GY) was significantly higher with 200 kg N ha−1 than 100 kg N ha−1 and on clay soil than on sandy soil, and a similar trend was observed for shoot dry matter (DM) at maturity. RUE and HI was neither affected by cultivar nor N-fertilization, but was affected by soil type, with a significantly higher RUE and HI on clay than on sandy soil. The differences of water holding capacity between the two soil types was suggested to be a major factor influencing RUE and HI as exemplified by the principal component analysis. Thus, to achieve a high RUE and/or HI, sustaining a good soil water status during the critical growth stages of wheat crops is essential, especially on sandy soils with a low water holding capacity.

Effect of Herbicides on Take-All Disease (Gaeumannomyces graminis) in Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 478-481
Author(s):  
Ray M. Geddens ◽  
Arnold P. Appleby ◽  
Robert L. Powelson
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
First Year ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Disease Free ◽  
Take All

Experiments were conducted in each of two seasons to determine possible effects of diclofop, difenzoquat, dinoseb, and mecoprop on the incidence of take-all disease and grain yield of winter wheat. All of the herbicides, especially mecoprop, reduced incidence of take-all. Treatments increased grain yields the first year but not the second, compared to the inoculated weed-free control. None of the herbicides tested increased incidence or severity of take-all disease in either of the two seasons. The technique of inoculating disease-free soil was successful in obtaining uniform and reproducible incidence of disease.

Application of different sources of manganese sulfate decreases take-all (Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici) of wheat grown in a manganese deficient soi

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
NS Wilhelm ◽  
RD Graham ◽  
AD Rovira
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Effective Treatment ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Wheat Plant ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Manganese Sulfate ◽  
Mn Deficiency ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis Var Tritici ◽  
Take All

Two experiments tested the effectiveness of manganese (Mn) decreasing take-all of wheat. The first experiment was conducted under controlled environmental conditions. Mn sulfate was mixed through the soil at sowing or 2 weeks before, or applied to the seed or leaves, and manganese dioxide (MnO2) was mixed through the soil at sowing or 2 weeks before. Mixing manganese sulfate (MnSO4) through the soil was the most effective treatment at decreasing take-all, followed by seed applied Mn. MnO2 and foliar applied Mn had little effect on take-all. All Mn treatments, except foliar Mn, completely eliminated Mn deficiency in the plants. In the second experiment, which was conducted in the field at a Mn deficient site, Mn sulfate and MnO2 were applied to the soil at sowing. MnSO4 decreased take-all and increased grain yields in take-all inoculated plots nearly threefold, but increased yields only slightly in uninoculated plots. MnO2 was not effective in decreasing take-all or increasing grain yield. This is the first report of take-all infection being suppressed by MnSO4in the field. The results of these experiments support the hypothesis that Mn may be acting through the physiology of the wheat plant to decrease take-all.

Effect of timing of pasture grass removal on subsequent take-all incidence and yield in wheat in southern New South Wales

2002 ◽  
Vol 42 (8) ◽  
pp. 1087 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Kidd ◽  
G. M. Murray ◽  
J. E. Pratley ◽  
A. R. Leys
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Pasture Grass ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Take All

Winter cleaning is the removal of grasses from pasture using selective herbicides applied during winter. We compared the effectiveness of an early (June) and late (July) winter cleaning with an early spring herbicide fallow (September), spring (October) herbicide and no disturbance of the pasture on development of the root disease take-all in the subsequent wheat crop. Experiments were done at 5 sites in the eastern Riverina of New South Wales in 1990 and 1991. The winter clean treatments reduced soil inoculum of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt) compared with the other treatments at all sites as measured by a bioassay, with reductions from the undisturbed treatments of 52–79% over 5 sites. The winter clean treatments also significantly reduced the amount of take-all that developed in the subsequent wheat crop by between 52 and 83%. The early and late winter clean treatments increased the number of heads/m2 at 3 and 1 sites, respectively. Dry matter at anthesis was increased by the winter clean treatments at 3 sites. Grain yield was increased by the winter cleaning treatments over the other treatments at the 4 sites harvested, with yield increases of the early winter clean over the undisturbed treatment from 13 to 56%. The autumn bioassay of Ggt was positively correlated with spring take-all and negatively correlated with grain yield of the subsequent wheat crop at each site. However, there was a significant site and site × bioassay interaction so that the autumn bioassay could not be used to predict the amount of take-all that would develop.

Failure of liming to increase grain yield of wheat and triticale in acid soils may be due to the associated increase in incidence of take-all (Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici)

1987 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 411 ◽  
Author(s):  
GM Murray ◽  
BJ Scott ◽  
Z Hochman ◽  
BJ Butler
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
New South ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Expected Increase ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis Var Tritici ◽  
Take All

Lime was applied at rates from 0 to 5.0 t ha-1 at 4 sites in southern and central New South Wales. A root and crown disease characterised by basal stem blackening affected up to 60% of wheat plants and 80% of triticale plants when the soil pH in 0.01 mol L-1 CaCl2 was above 5.0 at all 4 sites. Below pH 4.8, incidence was less than 5%. The take-all fungus, Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, was consistently associated with this symptom. Losses in grain yield from the disease ranged from 26 to 77% depending on site. Regression analysis indicates that each 10% increase in plants with basal stem blackening decreased yield by 0.76%. These results demonstrate that the disease can reverse the expected increase in yield after liming, and that progressive acidification of the soils in the region may have caused the present reduced amount of take-all.

scholarly journals Results from experiments on winter barley measuring the effects of amount and timing of nitrogen and some other factors on the yield and nitrogen content of the grain

1986 ◽  
Vol 106 (3) ◽  
pp. 537-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Penny ◽  
F. V. Widdowson ◽  
J. F. Jenkyn
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Growth Regulator ◽  
Winter Barley ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Factorial Combination ◽  
Sowing Dates

SummarySeven experiments on winter barley, made during 1979–81, measured the effects of several amounts of nitrogen, applied at different times in spring, on grain yield and nitrogen content. All of these experiments also tested a growth regulator applied in spring, and five of them tested fungicide sprays. In 1980 the experiment at Rothamsted also tested sowing dates, and an eighth experiment, also at Rothamsted in 1980, tested sowing dates and mildew fungicides applied in autumn or spring. In all the experiments treatments were tested in factorial combination.N applied in February was less effective than N applied in March and both were less effective, in terms of grain yield, than N applied in April. Divided dressings were best applied in February and April or March and April; effects on % N in grain followed the same pattern and so, therefore, did the efficiency of uptake of fertilizer N. The growth regulator consistently reduced the length of the straw and diminished lodging; it increased yields in five of the seven experiments in which it was tested.Responses to fungicides were inconsistent from year to year. Sowing in September rather than in October 1979 increased yield in both of the experiments at Rothamsted in 1980, especially of the 6-row variety Hoppel.

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