scholarly journals Results from experiments on winter barley measuring the effects of amount and timing of nitrogen and some other factors on the yield and nitrogen content of the grain

1986 ◽  
Vol 106 (3) ◽  
pp. 537-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Penny ◽  
F. V. Widdowson ◽  
J. F. Jenkyn
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Growth Regulator ◽  
Winter Barley ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Factorial Combination ◽  
Sowing Dates

SummarySeven experiments on winter barley, made during 1979–81, measured the effects of several amounts of nitrogen, applied at different times in spring, on grain yield and nitrogen content. All of these experiments also tested a growth regulator applied in spring, and five of them tested fungicide sprays. In 1980 the experiment at Rothamsted also tested sowing dates, and an eighth experiment, also at Rothamsted in 1980, tested sowing dates and mildew fungicides applied in autumn or spring. In all the experiments treatments were tested in factorial combination.N applied in February was less effective than N applied in March and both were less effective, in terms of grain yield, than N applied in April. Divided dressings were best applied in February and April or March and April; effects on % N in grain followed the same pattern and so, therefore, did the efficiency of uptake of fertilizer N. The growth regulator consistently reduced the length of the straw and diminished lodging; it increased yields in five of the seven experiments in which it was tested.Responses to fungicides were inconsistent from year to year. Sowing in September rather than in October 1979 increased yield in both of the experiments at Rothamsted in 1980, especially of the 6-row variety Hoppel.

Effect of sowing date and seed rate on the grain yield and protein content of winter barley

1992 ◽  
Vol 118 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Conry ◽  
A. Hegarty
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Winter Barley ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Seed Rate ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Lower Protein

SUMMARYAn experiment, carried out over a 5-year period (1984–88) on medium–heavy textured soil at Athy (Ireland), tested the effect of five sowing dates (early September–early December) and four seed rates (c. 100, 150, 200 and 250 kg/ha) on the grain yield and protein content of winter barley (cv. Panda).September-sown plots gave the greatest yields in all years. Plots sown in mid-October and later gave significantly reduced yields. Yield reductions over the 5-year period averaged 15, 24 and 34% for the mid-October, November and December sowing dates, respectively. Significant differences in yield between the smaller and larger seed rates were obtained, with the latter giving the greatest yields at all sowing dates from late September to December. Increasing the seed rate, however, did not compensate for the yield reduction due to delayed sowing. In the early September-sown plots, the higher seed rates gave reduced yields in four of the five years (1984–87) with the opposite result in 1988. In 1988 the early September-sown plots gave greater yields than the late September-sown plots.Regression analysis showed a strong relationship between yield and log(ears/m2) in four of the five years (1984–87) but the relationship was poor in 1988 primarily due to the inexplicably low ear population of the early-sown plots. The inclusion of 1000-grain weight in the model gave a better fit and accounted for a high proportion (62–80%) of the yield variation.The late September sowing date and the higher seed rates gave slightly lower protein levels in four of the five years. There was an inverse relationship between grain yield and protein for the same four years (1984–87).

Effects of fungicides, applied in autumn, and a growth regulator, applied in spring, on the growth and yield of winter barley grown on contrasting soil types

1991 ◽  
Vol 117 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Jenkyn ◽  
R. J. Gutteridge ◽  
A. D. Todd
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Growth Regulator ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Winter Barley ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Take All

SUMMARYExperiments in 1985 and 1986, at Woburn Experimental Farm in Bedfordshire, tested the effects of fungicides, applied in autumn, and a growth regulator, applied at GS3O–31 or GS32–33 in spring, on winter barley grown on two contrasting soil types in each year. Leaf diseases did not become severe in any of the experiments but take-all (Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici) was prevalent in 1985. Triadimenol (‘Baytan’) was more effective than flutriafol (‘Ferrax’) in decreasing the severity of takeall and its activity against the disease was related to earliness of sowing.Mean responses in grain yield to the fungicide treatments were mostly small and not significant but did not conflict with the hypothesis that crops on lighter soils benefit more from autumn fungicides than those on heavier soils. Mean effects of the growth regulator sprays were also small but they interacted with both soil type and season. Over the 2 years the later spray applied to crops on the heavier soil gave the largest mean response. Sprays applied to crops on lighter soils were often detrimental to yield, especially in 1985.

Influence of sowing date on the uptake of and responses to soil and fertilizer nitrogen by the spring wheat cultivar Tonic

1995 ◽  
Vol 125 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Webb ◽  
R. Sylvester-Bradley ◽  
J. D. Wafford
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Optimum Yield ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Uk

SUMMARYAt 14 sites in the UK, spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) cv. Tonic, was sown on three or four dates at each site between October and March in the 1988/89, 1989/90 and 1990/91 seasons. Responses to spring-applied fertilizer N over the range 0–320 kg/ha were determined. Earlier sowing did not increase uptake of soil N by the crop. Fertilizer N increased grain N offtake by between 25 and 140 kg/ha and yield by between 0·3 and 5·5 t/ha, although grain yield was less responsive to fertilizer N at later sowing dates. Apparent recovery of fertilizer N (AFR) also decreased as sowing was delayed but there was no effect of delayed sowing on the amount of grain produced from each kg of fertilizer N recovered. Because fertilizer N recovery decreased with later sowing, the amount of fertilizer N needed to produce the optimum economic grain yield was not reduced. Neither AFR nor optimum fertilizer (Nopt) was related to optimum yield. Regression of Nopt on the difference between optimum yield and yield without fertilizer N (△y) explained 77% of the variance in Nopt. There was an inverse relationship between △y and soil mineral N (SMN) in spring; regression of △y, on SMN in spring accounted for 29% of the variance in △y Current advisory systems which adjust economic fertilizer N recommendations according to anticipated yield are not justified by these results. Moreover the adjustments made, based on yield expectation, appear about three times as large as those needed to minimize residues of fertilizer N left unrecovered by the crop and to reduce the risk of nitrate leaching in the following winter.

scholarly journals Growth regulator and maize response to the increase in plant density

2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (11) ◽  
pp. 997-1005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucieli Santini Leolato ◽  
Luis Sangoi ◽  
Murilo Miguel Durli ◽  
Fernando Panison ◽  
Ramon Voss
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Growth Regulator ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Maize Response

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of application of the growth regulator Trinexapac-ethyl on maize response to the increase in plant density at two sowing dates. A field experiment was carried out in the municipality of Lages, state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, during the 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 growing seasons. Two sowing dates (10/15 - preferential, and 12/5 - late), four plant densities (5, 7, 9, and 11 plants m-2), with and without Trinexapac-ethyl application, were tested. The growth regulator was sprayed at a rate of 150 g a.i. ha-1, when hybrid P30F53YH was at the V5 and V10 growth stages. The spraying of Trinexapac-ethyl decreased the stem length above the ear insertion node at both growing seasons. Grain yield ranged from 11,422 to 14,805 kg ha-1, and increased in a quadratic way with the increment in plant density. The highest yields were reached when maize was sown in October. The spraying of Trinexapac-ethyl did not affect grain yield, but decreased the 1,000 kernels mass at both sowing dates. The use of Trinexapac-ethyl does not enhance grain yield of maize hybrid P30F53YH at crowded stands in response to the densification, regardless of sowing time.

scholarly journals Dry matter accumulation and remobilization in winter barley as affected by genotype and sowing date

Genetika ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 751-763 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milan Mirosavljevic ◽  
Novo Przulj ◽  
Vojislava Momcilovic ◽  
Nikola Hristov ◽  
Ivana Maksimovic
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Winter Barley ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Barley Genotypes

Knowledge about the effect of genotypic variation and sowing date on dry matter accumulation, remobilization and partitioning in winter barley is important for crop management. Therefore, in field studies, six winter barley genotypes of various origin and maturity groups were studied across four sowing dates. In general, grain yield and dry matter content decreased with delayed sowing, after mid-October, and average grain yield in late October and November sowing was lower 14.2% and 16.9%, respectively, compared to the yield in the optimal sowing date. Among the tested genotypes, high grain yield and dry matter content was obtained from late and medium early barley genotypes. Delayed sowing dates, on average, reduced dry matter remobilization and contribution of vegetative dry matter to grain yield. In years characterized by high spring precipitation, late September and early October sowing of medium early and late barley genotypes enable increased accumulation and remobilization of dry matter and obtainment of high grain yield.

Effects of seven factors on the growth and yield of winter barley grown as a third consecutive take-all susceptible crop and of growing the barley after oats or a fallow

1992 ◽  
Vol 119 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Jenkyn ◽  
N. Carter ◽  
R. J. Darby ◽  
R. J. Gutteridge ◽  
L. A. Mullen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Growth Regulator ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus ◽  
Winter Barley ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Seed Rate ◽  
Stem Extension ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Take All

SUMMARYIn experiments at Rothamsted in 1984–86, seven factors, each at two levels, were tested in factorial combination on winter barley (cv. Panda) grown as a third take-all susceptible crop. The factors were seed rate, a growth regulator prior to stem extension, amounts of N in spring, ‘winter’ nitrogen, an autumn insecticide, a fungicide applied to the seed (‘Baytan’) and a programme of fungicide sprays in spring and summer. Sowing 50% more seeds than normal increased the number of ears/unit area but had no effect on mean grain yield because grains were smaller. There were, however, significant, but unexplained, interactions between seed rate and the fungicide ‘Baytan’ applied to the seed. A growth regulator applied prior to stem extension had little effect on crop growth and no significant effect on grain yield. If sufficient N was applied in April there was little benefit from applying ‘winter’ N (30 kg/ha in November and again in February/March) except in 1985 when the amount of NO3-N in the soil, measured in the previous October, was lowest. Insecticide sprays applied in autumn to control the aphid vectors of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) had no significant effect on grain yield but infectivity indices were below the threshold needed for treatment in each year. On average, ‘Baytan’ applied to the seed increased grain yield by 0·28 t/ha and this was associated with decreases in the severity of take-all. Over the three years, programmes of fungicide sprays, applied during spring and summer, increased grain yield by 0·92 t/ha but the mean response was largest where most N was applied.The experiments also allowed the importance of interactions between different agronomic factors to be examined. A combined analysis of grain yields for all three years (based on 192 plot values) showed that only six 2- or 3-factor interactions, out of the 73 estimated, were significant (P < 0·05). Two of these interactions reflected variable responses to ‘winter’ N and fungicide sprays in the three years and three of the remaining four involved ‘Baytan’.Additional plots of barley grown after oats had little take-all and yielded 1·14 t/ha more grain than similarly treated plots grown after barley. These responses were obtained despite evidence that oat residues had adverse effects on the growth of barley seedlings. Additional plots of barley grown after a bare fallow also had little take-all and gave even larger total yields (grain plus straw) than did barley after oats but the mean yield of grain was less than after oats because more of the dry matter after a fallow was straw. In 1984, when take-all was relatively slight, plots after a fallow gave even less grain than plots after barley (−0·77 t/ha) despite producing 2·12 t/ha more dry matter in grain plus straw.

The effect of sowing date and nitrogen rate on the grain yield, grain quality and malt analyses of spring malting barley for distilling in Ireland

2018 ◽  
Vol 156 (4) ◽  
pp. 515-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Potterton ◽  
T. McCabe
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Malting Quality ◽  
Malting Barley ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Sowing Dates

AbstractThe significant expansion of whiskey distillation in Ireland has increased requirements on the Irish malting barley industry to supply spring barley with low grain nitrogen concentration (GNC). Published literature suggests that genetics, soil type and environmental conditions are the predominant drivers controlling production of malting barley with low GNC values. However, it is acknowledged that agronomic practices such as sowing date and nitrogen (N) application are also important factors in determining the grain yield (GY) and grain quality (GQ) of malting barley. The effects of four N fertilizer rates (90, 110, 130 and 150 kg N/ha) and two sowing dates (March and April) on GY and GQ of a two-row spring barley variety (Hordeum vulgare L. cvar Overture) was evaluated at two different sites over a 3-year period (2014–2016). Earlier sowing dates resulted in significantly higher mean GY (7.98 t/ha) compared with later sowing dates (7 t/ha). GY and GNC also increased consistently with greater increments of fertilizer N. Earlier sowing dates also significantly improved several distilling malt quality parameters, such as soluble extract (SE), fermentable extract, predicted spirit yield and fermentability. Later sowing dates increased diastatic power and soluble N. The results of the current study suggest that the likelihood of producing spring malting barley with low GNC values and better malting quality is enhanced through earlier sowing dates on suitable soil types. Earlier sowing dates also facilitated the use of higher fertilizer N rates, enabling high GY potential without crossing the GNC threshold for the distilling market.

The effects of cultivation method and timing, previous sward and fertilizer level on subsequent crop yields and nitrate leaching following cultivation of long-term grazed grass and grass-clover swards

2002 ◽  
Vol 139 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. A. VINTEN ◽  
B. C. BALL ◽  
M. F. O'SULLIVAN ◽  
J. K. HENSHALL ◽  
R. HOWARD ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nitrate Leaching ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Winter Barley ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Fertilizer N

A 3-year field experiment was conducted in 1996–98 near Penicuik, Scotland, to investigate the fate of N released after cultivation of previously long-term grass and grass-clover swards. The effects of timing of cultivations (autumn and spring), tillage methods (no tillage, ploughing to 200 mm and ploughing to 300 mm) and fertilizer N for spring (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg N/ha) and winter barley (0, 60, 120, 180 kg N/ha) on yield, N uptake and nitrate leaching were measured.In 1996, after spring cultivation, on plots previously in grass, spring barley grain yield and N uptake did not respond to N fertilizer, but on plots previously in grass-clover there was a nearly linear response to N. In 1997, the spring barley responded to N fertilizer at all levels. Yields of 1997 winter barley after grass did not show a response above 60 kg N/ha, but increased with fertilizer N up to at least 120 kg N/ha after grass-clover. In 1998, there were strong effects of N fertilizer and cultivation method on grain yield and N uptake of both spring barley and winter barley. Winter barley grain yield was significantly higher in plots previously in grass than in plots previously in grass-clover in 1998, though not in 1997. Winter barley yields were higher than spring barley at the same fertilizer N level.Throughout the 3 years, the no-tillage plots had consistently lower yields than the ploughed plots, but there was no consistent difference between the ploughed and deep ploughed treatments. There were strong interactive effects between tillage and previous sward in 1997. No-tillage under spring barley generally yielded lower than ploughing due to difficulties in weed control and the frequent anaerobic conditions in the soil.Annual leaching losses were relatively small (6·4–19·6 kg N/ha). In 1996–97, more N was leached from the plots left in stubble following spring barley than from those planted with winter barley after either spring barley or grass in 1996, but in 1997–98 more N was leached from plots in winter barley than from those in over-winter stubble. Nitrate leaching was least under no-tillage, though the effect was not significant.

EFFECT OF SOWING DATE ON GRAIN YIELD OF CRAB GRASS

2001 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-297
Author(s):  
S. O. Bakare ◽  
M. G. M. Kolo ◽  
J. A. Oladiran
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Interaction Effect ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Significant Interaction Effect ◽  
Sowing Dates

There was a significant interaction effect between the variety and the sowing date for the number of productive tillers, indicating that the response to sowing date varied with the variety. A significant reduction in the number of productive tillers became evident when sowing was delayed till 26 June in the straggling variety as compared to sowing dates in May. Lower numbers of productive tillers were also recorded when the sowing of the erect variety was further delayed till 10 July. The grain yield data showed that it is not advisable to sow the straggling variety later than 12 June, while sowing may continue till about 26 June for the erect variety in the study area.

scholarly journals Effect of Temperature on Sowing Dates of Wheat under Arid and Semi-Arid Climatic Regions and Impact Quantification of Climate Change through Mechanistic Modeling with Evidence from Field

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 927
Author(s):  
Jamshad Hussain ◽  
Tasneem Khaliq ◽  
Muhammad Habib ur Rahman ◽  
Asmat Ullah ◽  
Ishfaq Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Arid Region ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Seasonal Temperature ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Rcp 8.5 ◽  
Semi Arid Region ◽  
Semi Arid

Rising temperature from climate change is the most threatening factor worldwide for crop production. Sustainable wheat production is a challenge due to climate change and variability, which is ultimately a serious threat to food security in Pakistan. A series of field experiments were conducted during seasons 2013–2014 and 2014–2015 in the semi-arid (Faisalabad) and arid (Layyah) regions of Punjab-Pakistan. Three spring wheat genotypes were evaluated under eleven sowing dates from 16 October to 16 March, with an interval of 14–16 days in the two regions. Data for the model calibration and evaluation were collected from field experiments following the standard procedures and protocols. The grain yield under future climate scenarios was simulated by using a well-calibrated CERES-wheat model included in DSSAT v4.7. Future (2051–2100) and baseline (1980–2015) climatic data were simulated using 29 global circulation models (GCMs) under representative concentration pathway (RCP) 8.5. These GCMs were distributed among five quadrants of climatic conditions (Hot/Wet, Hot/Dry, Cool/Dry, Cool/Wet, and Middle) by a stretched distribution approach based on temperature and rainfall change. A maximum of ten GCMs predicted the chances of Middle climatic conditions during the second half of the century (2051–2100). The average temperature during the wheat season in a semi-arid region and arid region would increase by 3.52 °C and 3.84 °C, respectively, under Middle climatic conditions using the RCP 8.5 scenario during the second half-century. The simulated grain yield was reduced by 23.5% in the semi-arid region and 35.45% in the arid region under Middle climatic conditions (scenario). Mean seasonal temperature (MST) of sowing dates ranged from 16 to 27.3 °C, while the mean temperature from the heading to maturity (MTHM) stage was varying between 12.9 to 30.4 °C. Coefficients of determination (R2) between wheat morphology parameters and temperature were highly significant, with a range of 0.84–0.96. Impacts of temperature on wheat sown on 15 March were found to be as severe as to exterminate the crop before heading. The spikes and spikelets were not formed under a mean seasonal temperature higher than 25.5 °C. In a nutshell, elevated temperature (3–4 °C) till the end-century can reduce grain yield by about 30% in semi-arid and arid regions of Pakistan. These findings are crucial for growers and especially for policymakers to decide on sustainable wheat production for food security in the region.

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