Effects of plant population density on spring-sown field beans (Vicia faba) with different growth habits

1990 ◽  
Vol 114 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Pilbeam ◽  
G. Duc ◽  
P. D. Hebblethwaite
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Vicia Faba ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Growth Habits ◽  
High Yields ◽  
The University ◽  
Seed Yields ◽  
Field Beans

SUMMARYDeterminate varieties of Vicia faba are smaller and may require higher plant population densities than their conventional indeterminate counterparts to attain high yields. This hypothesis was examined at the University of Nottingham farm at Sutton Bonington, UK, and at INRA, Dijon, France in 1986 and 1987. The determinate varieties Ticol and TP667 and indeterminate M5.1 and Maris Bead were sown in the spring to give a range of densities of 10–100 plants/m2.Yields generally increased as population density increased. The optimum density for determinate varieties was higher than for indeterminate varieties. Indeterminate varieties yielded more than determinate varieties at all plant densities, perhaps because of their larger canopy. Seed yields were affected by year and location. Greater yields were associated with heavier seeds and more seeds per pod.Although several yield components, when expressed per unit area, were significantly correlated with seed yield, their coefficients of determination were never very large. This confirmed the plasticity of yield in field beans.

Effects of plant population density on determinate and indeterminate forms of winter field beans (Vicia faba) 1. Yield and yield components

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Pilbeam ◽  
P. D. Hebblethwaite ◽  
H. E. Ricketts ◽  
T. E. Nyongesa
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Vicia Faba ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Plant Morphology ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Field Bean ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Plant Population Density ◽  
Growth Habits

SUMMARYUsing an indeterminate cultivar, Bourdon, and a determinate selection, 858 (provided by Plant Breeding International, Cambridge), of winter field bean, the effect of plant population density on yield was investigated in field trials at the University of Nottingham at Sutton Bonington in three consecutive seasons beginning in 1985/86.Plant morphology had no effect on the optimum plant density, which for both entries lay between 10 and 20 plants/m2. Bourdon yielded significantly more (2 t/ha, on average) than 858 and this was attributable to more pods/pod-bearing stem, more seeds/pod and heavier seeds. Selection 858 was also less winter hardy.Yield was most closely correlated with number of seeds/plant, but other components were almost as important, highlighting the plasticity of yield in Vicia faba and the difficulties in attempting to increase yield by selecting for particular components of yield.In contrast to spring beans, the indeterminate cultivar of winter field bean produced as many branches as the determinate entry and both produced fewer branches at higher densities. There was no difference between the two growth habits in the relative contribution of each stem class to the yield of the whole plant. Higher-order branches contributed less than the main stem to final yield.

Effects of plant population density on determinate and indeterminate forms of winter field beans (Vicia faba) 2. Growth and development

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Pilbeam ◽  
P. D. Hebblethwaite ◽  
T. E. Nyongesa ◽  
H. E. Ricketts
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Field Bean ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Competition For Light ◽  
Plant Population Density ◽  
The University ◽  
Field Beans ◽  
Target Plant

SUMMARYIn studies at the University of Nottingham at Sutton Bonington in two consecutive seasons beginning in 1986/87, Bourdon, an indeterminate cultivar, and 858, a determinate selection (provided by Plant Breeding International, Cambridge), were compared under six target plant population densities ranging from 10 to 80 plants/m2.As the season progressed, total dry matter production increased to a maximum and then declined. However, growth rates slowed at pod set because, it is suggested, of the change in the chemical composition of the newly synthesized biomass, from carbohydrate to protein, at that time. Leaf area duration was greater in Bourdon than in 858, especially during pod set, but it bore no relation to seed yield. Specific leaf area was unaffected by competition for light. It is proposed that changes in plant population density affect the competition for assimilates within a plant rather than the competition for light between different plants. Losses of branches and reproductive nodes, with time, are cited as evidence for this. The apparent causes of the lower yield of determinate forms of winter field bean relative to indeterminate forms are discussed.

scholarly journals Competition between triticale (Triticosecale Witt.) and field beans (Vicia faba var. minor L.) in additive intercrops

2011 ◽  
Vol 52 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 47-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Sobkowicz
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Vicia Faba ◽  
Pure Stand ◽  
Competitive Balance ◽  
Light Soil ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Field Beans ◽  
Balance Index

In a microplot experiment conducted in 1999 and 2000 on light soil triticale and field beans were grown as sole crops and in the intercrop system. Two pure stand plant densities were established: 200 and 400 plants/m<sup>2</sup> for triticale and 50 and 100 plants/m<sup>2</sup> for field beans. Four possible intercropping combinations were obtained by adding densities of both crops. Triticale was a better competitor than field beans in all intercrops resulting in competitive balance index significantly greater than zero. The number of pods per plant of field beans was significantly reduced in all intercropping combinations compared to the pure stands, however quality of grain of the legume was unaffected by competition. Intercrop comprising 200 plants/m<sup>2</sup> of triticale and 50 plants/m<sup>2</sup> of field beans was most productive in the experiment but addition 50 more plants/m<sup>2</sup> of the legume decreased significantly grain yield of intercrop by 16.2%. The results also show that effective triticale-field beans intercrop for light soil may be designed as additive one, based on 400 plants/m<sup>2</sup> of triticale.

Optimum plant population density for chickpea and dry pea in a semiarid environment

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. T. Gan ◽  
P. R. Miller ◽  
B. G. McConkey ◽  
R. P. Zentner ◽  
P. H. Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Cicer Arietinum ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Wheat Stubble ◽  
Plant Population Density ◽  
Field Emergence ◽  
Seed Yields

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), an annual grain legume, is being broadly included in cereal-based cropping systems throughout the semiarid Canadian prairies, but information on optimum plant population density (PPD) has not been developed for this region. This study, which was conducted from 1998 to 2000 in southwestern Saskatchewan, determined the effect of PPD on field emergence, seed yield and quality, and harvestability of kabuli and desi chickpea compared with dry pea (Pisum sativum L.). Seed yields of all legumes increased with increasing PPD when the crops were grown on conventional summerfallow. The PPD that produced the highest seed yields ranged from 40 to 45 plants m-2 for kabuli chickpea, from 45 to 50 plants m-2 for desi chickpea, and from 75 to 80 plants m-2 for dry pea. When the legumes were grown on wheat stubble, the PPD that gained optimum seed yield ranged from 35 to 40 plants m-2 for kabuli chickpea, from 40 to 45 plants m-2 for desi chickpea, and from 65 to 70 plants m-2 for dry pea. The proportion of large-sized (>9-mm diameter) seed in the harvested seed was >70% when the kabuli chickpea was grown on summerfallow regardless of PPD, whereas the large-seed proportion decreased with increasing PPD when the crop was grown on wheat stubble. Increases in PPD advanced plant maturity by 1.5 to 3.0 d and increased the height of the lowest pods from the soil surface by 1.4 to 2.0 cm (or 5 to 10%), with desi chickpea receiving the greatest benefits from increased PPD. The percentage of plants established from viable seeds per unit area decreased substantially as PPD increased, with kabuli chickpea emergence decreasing from 90% at PPD = 20 plants m-2 to 72% at PPD = 50 plants m-2, from 81 to 69% for desi type, and from 83 to 59% for dry pea . The reason for the low field emergence with increased PPD is unknown, but methods which lead to improved field emergence represent a great opportunity to increase seed yield and reduce production costs for both chickpea and dry pea in this semiarid region. Key words: seed size, Cicer arietinum, Pisum sativum, seeding rate, summerfallow

scholarly journals Effects of the cropyear and the agronomical factors on agronomical elements of different sweet corn (Zea Mays L. convar. saccharata Koern.) genotypes in long-term experiment

2012 ◽  
pp. 105-110
Author(s):  
Ádám Lente
Keyword(s):  
Plant Density ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Long Term Experiment ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Fertilization Level ◽  
The University

In the crop season of 2010 (rainy year), we studied the effect of three agrotechnical factors (sowing time, fertilization, plant density) and four different genotypes on the agronomical characteristics of sweet corn on chernozem soil in the Hajdúság. The experiments were carried out at the Látókép Experimental Farm of the University of Debrecen. In the experiment, two sowing dates (27 April, 26 May), six fertilization levels (control, N30+PK, N60+PK, N90+PK, N120+PK, N150+PK) and four genotypes (Jumbo, Enterprise, Prelude, Box-R) were used at two plant densities (45 thousand plants ha-1, 65 thousand plants ha-1). The amount of precipitation in the season of 2010 was 184 mm higher, while the average temperature was 0.8 oC higher in the studied months than the average of 30 years. Weather was more favourable for sweet maize at the first sowing date, if we consider the yields, however, if we evaluate the agronomical data and yield elements (number of cobs, cob length and diameter, the number of kernel rows, the number of kernels per row) it can be stated that the size of the fertile cobs was greater at the second sowing date due to the lower number of cobs. The largest number of fertile cobs was harvested in the case of the hybrid Enterprise (72367.9 ha-1) in the higher plant density treatment (65 thousand ha-1) at the fertilization level of N120+PK when the first sowing date was applied. The largest cobs were harvested from the hybrid Box-R (cob weight with husks: 516.7 g, number of kernels in one row: 45.7) at the lower plant density (45 thousand plants ha-1) in the second sowing date treatment. Cob diameter and the number of kernel rows were the highest for the hybrid Prelude.

scholarly journals PLANT SPACING AND NITROGEN INFLUENCE ON STRAWBERRY GROWTH AND FRUITING

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 399c-399
Author(s):  
Elden J. Stang ◽  
Gavin G. Weis
Keyword(s):  
Plant Population ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
Available N ◽  
Berry Size ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Nitrogen Treatments ◽  
Population Effects

`Raritan' and `Guardian' strawberry were grown in the matted row system with controlled plant densities of 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 plants/0.09m2 for comparison to a non-thinned matted row averaging 9 plants/0.09m2. Nitrogen treatments were superimposed on plant spacings at 3 week intervals in preharvest and postharvest applications. Total seasonal available N was 0, 36, 54 and 76 kg/ha. Fruit yield per plant decreased as plant population increased. Berry size declined with increased plant population but number of fruit per plant was not influenced. For both cultivars, plant populations of 4 to 5 plants/0.09m2 resulted in maximum fruit yield. Number of branch crowns for all treatments was 2.5-3.5/plant in the second growing season. Branch crown numbers were reduced with higher plant populations. N effects were independent of plant population effects and did not compensate for lower yields at low plant populations in more or larger berries. Optimum water management may be more important than N fertilizer in determing strawberry plant growth and yield.

Effect of plant population density on dry matter partitioning and yield in a short-duration cultivar of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) grown in the tropics

1996 ◽  
Vol 127 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Q. Craufurd
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Incident Radiation ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Dry Matter Partitioning ◽  
Radiation Interception ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Plant Population Density

SUMMARYAn erect, 60-day cultivar of cowpea, IT84S–2246, was grown with adequate soil moisture at two locations in Nigeria in 1990/91, Ibadan (7° N) and Kano (12° N), contrasting in total incident radiation (Q) and at plant population densities of 1·9–7·7 and 5·4–16·3 plants/m2, respectively. Leaf area, radiation interception and dry matter (DM) accumulation and partitioning were measured. Total shoot and seed dry weights were greater at Kano (mean 4·10 and 1·61 t/ha, respectively) than at Ibadan (mean 1·89 and 0·68 t/ha, respectively), and greater athigher plant densities. Relationships between the reciprocal of total shoot (Wt) and seed dry weight (Ws) per plant and plant population density (Np) determined at Kano and Ibadan were linear and parallel; intercepts, however, were significantly different (P < 0·005). The theoretical maximum potential Wt and Ws per unit area (i.e. 1/b) was therefore the same at Kano and at Ibadan, 448 and 170 g/m2, respectively. However, the optimum Np at Kano and Ibadan was markedly different, c. 10 and 40 plants/m2, respectively. These differences in the relations between DM yields and Np at Kano and Ibadan are examined in terms of leaf area, radiation interception and the partitioning coefficient, and the implications for the design of other agronomic investigations in cowpea are discussed.

Comparative Response of Conventional and Quality Protein Maize Hybrids to High Population Densities in the Southern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
O B Bello
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Quality Protein Maize ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Guinea Savanna ◽  
Plant Densities

Optimum plant population is very important in enhancing high and stable grain yield especially in quality protein maize (QPM) production. A field trial was therefore conducted to compare the performance of six hybrids (three each of QPM and normal endosperm) at three population densities using a split-plot design at the sub-station of the Lower Niger River Basin Development Authority, Oke-Oyi, in the southern Guinea savanna zone of Nigeria during the 2010 and 2011 cropping seasons. Plant population -1 densities (53,333, 66,666, and 88,888 plants ha ) constituted the main plots and the six hybrids were assigned to the subplots, replicated three times. Our results showed a differential response of maize -1 hybrids to high densities, with plant populations above 53,333 plants ha reduced grain yield, and this is more pronounced in QPM than normal endosperm hybrids. This is contrary to the results observed in many other countries. This might be that the hybrids were selected in low yield potential area at low plant densities, and hence not tolerant to plant density stress. It may also be due to low yield potential of the experimental site, which does not allow yield increases at high plant densities. Though normal endosperm hybrids 0103-11 and 0103-15 as well as QPM Dada-ba were superior for grain yield among -1 the hybrids at 53,333 plants ha , hybrid 0103-11 was most outstanding. Therefore, genetic improvement of QPM and normal endosperm hybrids for superior stress tolerance and high yield could be enhanced by selection at higher plant population densities.

Sorghum-pigeonpea intercropping and the effects of plant population density

1980 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Natarajan ◽  
R. W. Willey
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Light Interception ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Plant Distribution ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Sole Cropping ◽  
Plant Population Density ◽  
Uptake Of Nutrients

SummaryThe use of growth resources is examined in an intercropping combination of early sorghum (82 days) and later-maturing pigeonpea (173 days) in a row arrangement of 2 sorghum: 1 pigeonpea.Prior to sorghum harvest, light interception by the intercrop combination was almost as high as sole sorghum. After sorghum harvest, light interception by the remaining pigeonpea was very poor and it is suggested that pigeonpea yield could be increased with higher plant population density and better plant distribution. Soil water measurements indicated that this would increase the amount of water being transpired through the crop but would not increase the total evapotranspiration demand. Higher nutrient concentrations in the intercrop pigeonpea compared with sole pigeonpea during this post-sorghum period suggested that yield of intercrop pigeonpea was not limited by nutrient stress, though the total uptake of nutrients by both crops was much greater from intercropping than sole cropping.

Effects of autumn sowing dates on growth and yield of indeterminate and determinate field beans (Vicia faba)

1990 ◽  
Vol 114 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Pilbeam ◽  
P. D. Hebblethwaite ◽  
H. E. Ricketts ◽  
O. A. Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Vicia Faba ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Cultivar Differences ◽  
Field Bean ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Base Temperature ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Final Yield ◽  
The University ◽  
Field Beans

SUMMARYDeterminate forms of field bean (Vicia faba L.), because of their altered growth habit, may differ in phenology from indeterminate cultivars and so their responses to environmental conditions may necessitate different optimum sowing dates. This was studied in autumn-sown field beans at the University of Nottingham at Sutton Bonington by standard growth analysis techniques, final yield components and monitoring of crop growth stages in an indeterminate cultivar, Bourdon, and two determinate populations, 858 and 796 (provided by Plant Breeding International, Cambridge), in three consecutive seasons beginning in 1985/86.Bourdon yielded significantly more (2·4 t/ha, on average) than the determinate selections as a result of more pod-bearing nodes per stem and seeds per pod and a greater individual seed weight. There was, however, no correlation between seed yield and canopy size, either in total or during pod filling. Determinacy, contrary to expectation, did not increase harvest index. In fact, the reproductive stems of Bourdon had higher harvest indices than those of 858. The yield disadvantage of determinates was therefore exacerbated by the existence of reproductive stems, which, by prolonging the maturation phase, may also detract from a further potential benefit of the determinate habit, namely an increase in yield stability.There seemed to be no cultivar differences in the temperature requirement for the initiation of developmental processes. An average accumulation of 1239 °C days was required from sowing to flowering. Differences between this and other work in the calculated base temperature for flowering were cautiously explained by the lack of data distinguishing day and night temperature in this experiment and by the use of autumn-sown rather than spring-sown cultivars. It is also suggested that photoperiod may be important in initiating flowering.Both determinate and indeterminate forms gave the greatest seed yields from the earliest sowing dates.

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