Dry matter production, fibre composition and plant characteristics of cool-season grasses under two harvest systems

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. T. K. Kunelius
Keyword(s):  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Primary Growth ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Cutting Height

SUMMARYCultivars of Phleum pratense, Festuca pratensis, Festuca arundinacea, Dactylis glomerata and Lolium × Festuca hybrids were exposed to 4- and 3-cut harvest systems in Prince Edward Island, Canada, in 1985–87. Lolium perenne × F. pratensis, Lolium multiflorum × F. pratensis and L. multiftorum × F. arundinacea hybrids and D. glomerata had more uniform growth among the harvests than other grasses during the growing season. L. perenne × F. pratensis and L. multiflorum × F. pratensis had lower contents of neutral and acid detergent fibre than other grass cultivars, particularly early in the growing season. P. pratense cv. Farol had the lowest and L. perenne × F. pratensis cv. Prior the highest tiller population density. The stem apex of all cultivars was above the cutting height of 5 cm in c. 50% of tillers of primary growth. Leaf area per tiller was largest for P. pratense cv. Farol in the primary growth stage but differences were small in subsequent cuts.

scholarly journals Determination of indigestible neutral detergent fibre contents of grasses and its prediction from chemical composition

2008 ◽  
Vol 53 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 128-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Jančík ◽  
P. Homolka ◽  
B. Čermák ◽  
F. Lád
Keyword(s):  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Acid Detergent Lignin ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Highly Correlated

Five grass species (<I>Dactylis glomerata</I> L., <I>Phleum pratense</I> L.,<I> Lolium perenne</I> L., <I>Festuca arundinacea</I> L.) and the hybrid Felina (<I>Lolium multiflorum</I> L. × <I> Festuca arundinacea</I> L.), commonly used in roughages for ruminants, were harvested at different maturities of primary growth (<I>n</I> = 60) and evaluated for contents of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ash, crude fat, neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), indigestible neutral detergent fibre (INDF) and digestible neutral detergent fibre (DNDF). INDF and DNDF contents were determined by <I>in sacco</I> rumen degradation of grasses for 12 days in non-lactating cows. ADL content was found to be highly correlated (<I>P</I> < 0.05) with DNDF (<I>r</I> = –0.87) and presented a reliable (<I>R</I><sup>2</sup> = 0.78; residual mean square error of 17.65 g/kg DM; <I>P</I> < 0.0001) parameter to predict INDF contents. Over a six-week period of maturation INDF contents increased (<I>P</I> < 0.0001) in all studied grasses. It was confirmed by this study that the INDF contents of grasses, which markedly increased during maturation, could be effectively predicted from ADL contents.

scholarly journals Increase in perennial forage yields driven by climate change, at Apukka Research Station, Rovaniemi, 1980-2017

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oiva Niemeläinen ◽  
Antti Hannukkala ◽  
Lauri Jauhiainen ◽  
Kaija Hakala ◽  
Markku Niskanen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
The North

The official variety trials at Rovaniemi, Finland (66.58°N, 26.01°E) in 1980–2017 show a substantial increase in dry matter yields (DMY) of timothy (Phleum pratense), meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), coinciding with a 156 °Cd increase in the average growing season Tsum and a 461 °Cd decrease in the average winter frost sum for the same period. The annual DMY of timothy was 3128, 4668, 8385 and 9352 kg ha-1 in the periods (P) 1980–1989 (P1), 1990–1999 (P2), 2000–2009 (P3), and 2010–2017 (P4). The first cut yielded 1792, 2166, 4008 and 4473, and the second cut 1337, 2503, 4378 and 4879 kg ha-1, respectively. Yields of meadow fescue followed a similar pattern. The first cut was about ten days and the second cut about one week earlier on P4 than on P1. Shorter snow cover period, milder winters, higher live ground cover of timothy in spring, and higher temperature sum during the growing season were most likely responsible for the yield increase. The results indicate a strong impact of climate change on DMY of perennial forage crops in the north.

scholarly journals Branching of tillers in some grasses

2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-67
Author(s):  
Leontyna Olszewska ◽  
Maria Wielicka
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Holcus Lanatus ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Formation Conditions ◽  
Arrhenatherum Elatius

In investigations on the grass regeneration biology a special attention was paid to the formation of aerial tillers and branching pseudostolons in <i>Dactylis glomerata</i> L., <i>Festuca arundinacea</i> Schreb., <i>Festuca pratensis</i> Huds., <i>Festuca rubra</i> L., <i>Phleum pratense</i> L., <i>Lolium multiflorum</i> Lam., <i>Lolium perenne</i> L., <i>Phalaris arundinacea</i> L., <i>Arrhenatherum elatius</i> (L.) P. B., <i>Holcus lanatus</i> L., <i>Agropyron repens</i> (L.) P. B., <i>Avenastrum pubescens</i> (Huds) Opiz and <i>Agrostis alba</i> L. Aerial tillers, vegetative short ones and with partly elongated internodes as well as generative tillers formed in tufted and rhizomatous grasses. Parental raised tillers, on which aerial tillers developed, had the anatomical structure specific for grass stems. In tufted grasses, moreover, parental branching pseudostolons developed; in their cross section the arrangement of tissues specific for stolons was observed. They constituted the starting point for agglomerations of new plants rooting in soil, contrary to raised tillers. In some grass species, beside pendant roots, shorter roots grew at the base of aerial tillers; they surrounded with a ring the parent shoot in the node, thus reinforcing the connection of aerial tillers with the stem. An attention was paid to the favourable role of branching pseudostolons in the sward thickness formation. Conditions of the arrangement of tissues in the stem cross section, owing to which the rhizomatous form is developed, are discussed. The fertilization with compost or the covering with sand results in the formation of tillers resembling pseudorhizomes.

Effect of times, height and frequency of defoliation on growth and development of Townsville stylo in pure ungrazed swards at Katherine, N.T

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (63) ◽  
pp. 389 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Stylosanthes Humilis ◽  
Townsville Stylo ◽  
One Year ◽  
Complete Fertilizer ◽  
Cutting Height

A one-year experiment was done in the field at Katherine, Northern Territory, to determine the influence of defoliation at different times (January, February, and March) and heights (5, 13 and 20 cm) on the growth and development of Townsville stylo (Stylosanthes humilis) in ungrazed swards grown with complete fertilizer and irrigation. Townsville stylo withstood repeated defoliation at 5 cm provided that cutting started in January, but, when the first defoliation was delayed, single cuts at 5 cm in either February or March killed 82 and 53 per cent of the swards. Defoliation to 5 cm early in the season reduced total cumulative yield by less than 450 kg ha-1, and did not affect pod yield or nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations at the end of the growing season. Immediately after defoliation nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations were reduced, but there was rapid recovery to higher levels with 5-cm and the same levels with 13-cm defoliation. Successive defoliation at 4 3 cm in February and March increased yield of pods. Defoliation at both 5 and 13 cm increased relative growth rate compared with the control and less frequently defoliated treatments. Defoliation to 5 cm each four weeks altered the stand morphology to a dense mat of foliage at cutting height. The ability of Townsville stylo to withstand continued defoliation suggests that sustained grazing during the growing season may be successful in controlling grass weeds vulnerable to grazing without greatly reducing pod yield or total dry matter production of Townsville stylo.

Morphology and position of the shoot apex in some temperate grasses

1994 ◽  
Vol 122 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Wilman ◽  
Y. Gao ◽  
P. J. Michaud
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Shoot Apex ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Festuca Rubra ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Large Length ◽  
Below Ground

SUMMARYThe morphology and position of the shoot apex in field swards was studied in 12 grasses for 12 months, in eight related grasses in 2 years, and in seedlings, young tillers and older tillers of Lolium perenne.Lolium multiflorum had relatively large numbers of primordia, long apices, which were above ground or near ground level, and a small length of apex per primordium. Festuca arundinacea had few primordia, a large length of apex per primordium, and apices which were well below ground or near ground level. Lolium perenne, Festuca pratensis and Lolium × Festuca hybrids were intermediate between Lolium multiflorum and Festuca arundinacea in numbers of primordia and length of apex per primordium. Festuca rubra and Dactylis glomerata had rather small numbers of primordia, whereas Phleum pratense had relatively large numbers of primordia and of unemerged and emerged leaves.The numbers of leaf primordia in Lolium perenne increased as the seedling main shoots or the tillers grew older, while the numbers of unemerged leaves per shoot remained more constant.The morphology, position and protection of shoot apices are discussed in relation to differences between species in rate of establishment and persistence.

CHLORIDE UPTAKE BY VARIOUS TURFGRASS SPECIES AND CULTIVARS

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 485-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. CORDUKES ◽  
E. V. PARUPS
Keyword(s):  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Chloride Content ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
Chloride Uptake

Twelve cultivars representing eight grass species were each grown in a sand/vermiculite medium in the greenhouse, fed six solutions varying in chloride content for 140 days, and cut at lawn height. Six harvests were obtained and analyzed for chloride uptake. Visual ratings and yields indicated that the grasses tolerate relatively high chloride levels for a considerable time. Chloride uptake increased with time and increasing chloride content of the solutions. Uptake was less from alkaline than from acid solutions. Highland bentgrass (Agrostis tenuis Sibth.), Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and timothy (Phleum pratense L.) were the least tolerant, while Norlea perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and Kentucky 31 tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) were the most tolerant to chlorides. Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) and creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) were intermediate in this respect.

Maturation effects on forage quality of Kentucky bluegrass

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Hockensmith ◽  
C. C. Sheaffer ◽  
G. C. Marten ◽  
J. L. Halgerson
Keyword(s):  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Forage Quality ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Cool Season

Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) is an important constituent of many permanent pastures in the northern United States and is an important source of livestock feed, but there is a paucity of information on its forage quality. The objective of this research was to assess changes with maturity in forage quality of whole herbage, leaves, and stems of Kentucky bluegrass compared with other important cool-season forage grasses. Kentucky bluegrass, orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinaceae L.), smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss), timothy (Phleum pratense L.), and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb) were sampled weekly beginning in mid-May until each species reached milk stage. Kentucky bluegrass had the highest or was among the grasses with the highest average leaf percentage, and leaf, stem, and whole herbage neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) concentrations; and lowest average whole herbage, leaf, and stem in vitro digestible dry matter (IVDDM) concentrations compared with tall growing species. Kentucky bluegrass also had the slowest rates of change in leaf and stem concentration and in whole herbage IVDDM and NDF concentrations with maturity. Leaf concentration was negatively correlated with herbage NDF and ADL concentration, but was not correlated with herbage IVDDM and CP concentration. Relative to tall growing cool season grasses, Kentucky bluegrass is leafier, but it has poorer forage digestibility. Key words: Poa pratense L., forage quality, perennial grass, leaves, stems

scholarly journals Yields, plant characteristics, total N and fibre composition of timothy cultivars grown at two latitudes

1996 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 461-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Tapani Kunelius ◽  
Pertti Pärssinen ◽  
Seppo K. Pullli
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Yield Stability ◽  
Total N ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Plant Characteristics ◽  
Phleum Pratense L

Timothy (Phleum pratense L.) cultivars of southern (45°N) and northern (≥60°N) origin were grown in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada (46° N) and Jokioinen, Finland (61° N) in two years. Timothy was harvested twice a season and nitrogen applied at 100 or 150 kg/ha. Dry matter yields were higher in Charlottetown than in Jokioinen and northern cultivars outyielded southern cultivars. Nitrogen at 150 kg/ha increased total yields an average of 1.4 t/ha over the 100 kg N/ha rate. The stems and panicles of timothy were longer in Charlottetown. Northern cultivars had longer panicles. The leaf content of cultivars ranged from 139 to 230 g/kg. Northern cultivars had greater N concentrations (22.1 g/kg) in cut 2 than southern timothies (19.7 g/kg). Concentrations of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) in cut 1 were lower in Jokioinen, In conclusion, northern cultivars performed well in Charlottetown but there were differences in yield stability among cultivars. Nutritional quality of timothy cultivars varied among the sites and the significance of differences in NDF and ADF in relation to animal performance require further study.

Yield, herbage composition, and tillering of timothy cultivars under grazing

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. T. Kunelius ◽  
G. H. Dürr ◽  
K. B. McRae ◽  
S. A. E. Fillmore ◽  
G. Bélanger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Standard Cultivar

Timothy is widely grown for silage and hay in eastern Canada. The relative performance of timothy cultivars under grazing is not, however, well documented. This research determined dry matter production, herbage composition, and tiller characteristics of 34 timothy cultivars under two grazing schedules over 3 yr on the same plots. Several cultivars outyielded the standard cultivar, Farol (7.96 t ha-1), by up to 10% for the 3-yr mean. Richmond and Comtal were the highest-yielding cultivars (8.75 t ha-1) while AC Regal had the best relative yield persistence over the experimental period. Crude protein concentrations of cultivars ranged from 172 to 208 g kg-1 for early and 150 to 179 g kg-1 for late grazing. Neutral detergent fibre (NDF) concentrations ranged from 460 to 495 g kg-1 and concentration of acid detergent fibre (ADF) ranged from 241 to 270 g kg-1 among the cultivars in early grazing. Differences in NDF and ADF concentrations between early and late grazing schedules varied among the cultivars indicating a variable rate of change in fibre concentration. Farol, Timora, Promesse, and Comtal had greater tiller densities than most other cultivars while AC Alliance, Colt, and Winmor had below average tiller densities throughout the grazing season. The ratio between reproductive and vegetative tillers was higher early in the season, than later, but depended on the grazing schedule. The reproductive to vegetative tiller ratios covered a wide range in the third (2–54) and fourth (3–115) grazing periods. We conclude that yield and relative yield persistence of timothy cultivars under grazing varied greatly among cultivars. Tillering density of cultivars also varied but was not significantly related to cultivar performance under grazing. Key words: Timothy, Phleum pratense, grazing, composition, tiller

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