Branching of tillers in some grasses

In investigations on the grass regeneration biology a special attention was paid to the formation of aerial tillers and branching pseudostolons in Dactylis glomerata L., Festuca arundinacea Schreb., Festuca pratensis Huds., Festuca rubra L., Phleum pratense L., Lolium multiflorum Lam., Lolium perenne L., Phalaris arundinacea L., Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) P. B., Holcus lanatus L., Agropyron repens (L.) P. B., Avenastrum pubescens (Huds) Opiz and Agrostis alba L. Aerial tillers, vegetative short ones and with partly elongated internodes as well as generative tillers formed in tufted and rhizomatous grasses. Parental raised tillers, on which aerial tillers developed, had the anatomical structure specific for grass stems. In tufted grasses, moreover, parental branching pseudostolons developed; in their cross section the arrangement of tissues specific for stolons was observed. They constituted the starting point for agglomerations of new plants rooting in soil, contrary to raised tillers. In some grass species, beside pendant roots, shorter roots grew at the base of aerial tillers; they surrounded with a ring the parent shoot in the node, thus reinforcing the connection of aerial tillers with the stem. An attention was paid to the favourable role of branching pseudostolons in the sward thickness formation. Conditions of the arrangement of tissues in the stem cross section, owing to which the rhizomatous form is developed, are discussed. The fertilization with compost or the covering with sand results in the formation of tillers resembling pseudorhizomes.

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CHLORIDE UPTAKE BY VARIOUS TURFGRASS SPECIES AND CULTIVARS

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps71-095 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 51 (6) ◽

pp. 485-490 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

W. E. CORDUKES ◽

E. V. PARUPS

Keyword(s):

Festuca Arundinacea ◽

Poa Pratensis ◽

Lolium Multiflorum ◽

Chloride Content ◽

Kentucky Bluegrass ◽

Phleum Pratense ◽

Italian Ryegrass ◽

Grass Species ◽

Red Fescue ◽

Chloride Uptake

Twelve cultivars representing eight grass species were each grown in a sand/vermiculite medium in the greenhouse, fed six solutions varying in chloride content for 140 days, and cut at lawn height. Six harvests were obtained and analyzed for chloride uptake. Visual ratings and yields indicated that the grasses tolerate relatively high chloride levels for a considerable time. Chloride uptake increased with time and increasing chloride content of the solutions. Uptake was less from alkaline than from acid solutions. Highland bentgrass (Agrostis tenuis Sibth.), Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and timothy (Phleum pratense L.) were the least tolerant, while Norlea perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and Kentucky 31 tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) were the most tolerant to chlorides. Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) and creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) were intermediate in this respect.

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Determination of indigestible neutral detergent fibre contents of grasses and its prediction from chemical composition

Czech Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.17221/2716-cjas ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 53 (No. 3) ◽

pp. 128-135 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

F. Jančík ◽

P. Homolka ◽

B. Čermák ◽

F. Lád

Keyword(s):

Festuca Arundinacea ◽

Lolium Multiflorum ◽

Phleum Pratense ◽

Grass Species ◽

Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽

Rumen Degradation ◽

Lactating Cows ◽

Acid Detergent Lignin ◽

Acid Detergent Fibre ◽

Highly Correlated

Five grass species (Dactylis glomerata L., Phleum pratense L., Lolium perenne L., Festuca arundinacea L.) and the hybrid Felina (Lolium multiflorum L. × Festuca arundinacea L.), commonly used in roughages for ruminants, were harvested at different maturities of primary growth (n = 60) and evaluated for contents of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ash, crude fat, neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), indigestible neutral detergent fibre (INDF) and digestible neutral detergent fibre (DNDF). INDF and DNDF contents were determined by in sacco rumen degradation of grasses for 12 days in non-lactating cows. ADL content was found to be highly correlated (P < 0.05) with DNDF (r = –0.87) and presented a reliable (R2 = 0.78; residual mean square error of 17.65 g/kg DM; P < 0.0001) parameter to predict INDF contents. Over a six-week period of maturation INDF contents increased (P < 0.0001) in all studied grasses. It was confirmed by this study that the INDF contents of grasses, which markedly increased during maturation, could be effectively predicted from ADL contents.

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Formation of botanical composition of clover cereal and alfalfa cereal crops agrophytocenoses depending on sowing method

Agrobìologìâ ◽

10.33245/2310-9270-2020-157-1-160-168 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 160-168

Author(s):

I. Senyk

Keyword(s):

Festuca Arundinacea ◽

Global Climate ◽

Phleum Pratense ◽

Grass Species ◽

Cereal Crops ◽

Forest Steppe ◽

Botanical Composition ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Row Crops ◽

Adverse Weather

Botanical composition of grasses is one of the most important indicators the biological value and quality of the obtained hay and pasture forage, the longevity of hayfi elds and pastures depend on. The issue of changing the botanical composition of agrophytocenoses is especially important in the context of global climate change, which in recent decades is also manifested in the territory of Ukraine, as it is possible to establish the most adapted species of legumes and cereals to adverse weather conditions and to identify eff ective technological methods of managing these processes for maximum conservation economically valuable species in the herbage. The purpose of the research is to establish the infl uence of diff erent ways of sowing of clover and alfalfa cereal crops agrophytocenoses on the formation of their botanical composition. Field studies have established diff erent eff ects of conventional in-line, cross-section and cross-sectional methods of sowing on the formation of botanical composition of grass mixtures of clover meadow (Trifolium pratense) varieties Sparta and Pavlyna with timothy meadow (Phleum pratense) and fenugreek multifl oral (Lolium multifl orum) and of agrophytocenoses of alfalfa of Sinyukha and Seraphima sowing varieties with reed fire (Festuca arundinacea Schreb) and middle wheatgrass (Elytrigia intermedia). For the average of four years of life of clover and alfalfa cereal crops agrophytocenoses, the highest proportion of legume component was observed with split-cross sowing – 51.6 % for Sparta, 53.1 % for Pavlyna, 60.3 % for Seraphima and 61.6 % for the Sinyukha variety. In the fourth year of life (the third year of use) of sowed leguminous-cereals agrophytocenoses, the preservation of the legume component was 14.6–15.5 % in clover-cereals grass mixtures with the Sparta variety and 16.0–16.8 % with the Pavlyna variety. In alfalfa grasslands, these indicators were 54.0–55.1 % with Seraphim and 55.0–56.2 % with Sinyukha. Among the studied varieties of clover meadow and alfalfa sowing proved better in the conditions of the Forest Steppe of western Pavlyna and Sinyukha. Cross-sectional and divided cross-sectional sowing of legumes and cereals mixtures proved to be better compared to conventional row crops in terms of conservation of economically valuable grass species. Key words: agrophytocenosis, botanical composition, clover meadow, alfalfa sowing, sowing methods.

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Influence of neighbors on node production, stolon growth, and branching of Trifolium repens transplants in a pasture

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b93-149 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 71 (9) ◽

pp. 1266-1269 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Roy Turkington ◽

Elena Klein

Keyword(s):

Trifolium Repens ◽

Maximum Rate ◽

Light Quality ◽

Dactylis Glomerata ◽

Phleum Pratense ◽

Grass Species ◽

Holcus Lanatus ◽

Subsequent Growth ◽

Local Environments ◽

Trifolium Repens L

Ten individual plants of Trifolium repens L. were transplanted into a 49-year-old cattle pasture in British Columbia. They were protected from grazing and their subsequent growth was monitored at 2- to 3-week intervals throughout the summer from May to October. The rate of stolon elongation was greatest (2.01 cm ∙ week−1) in late July and a maximum rate of node production (1.48 new nodes per stolon ∙ week−1) occurred in early August. As stolons extended through the pasture they encountered a number of different grass species: Dactylis glomerata, Holcus lanatus, Lolium perenne, Phleum pratense, and Poa spp. The stolons grew through a total of 2 m of H. lanatus neighborhood and produced only 3 branches, whereas they produced 11 branches in only 57.2 cm of P. pratense neighborhood. Neighboring grasses impose different local environments on the nodes and stolons of T. repens and consequently influence the dynamics of node production, the rate of stolon elongation, and the amount of stolon branching. Key words: stolon branching, neighbors, light quality, Trifolium repens.

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The Role Of Perennial Grasses In The Protection Of Soil Resources Of Erosive Ecosystems With Active Development Of Linear Erosion

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/901/1/012007 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 901 (1) ◽

pp. 012007

Author(s):

V M Kosolapov ◽

V I Cherniavskih ◽

E V Dumacheva ◽

M N Marinich ◽

L D Sajfutdinova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Festuca Arundinacea ◽

Trifolium Pratense ◽

Genetic Material ◽

Steppe Zone ◽

Perennial Grasses ◽

Grass Species ◽

Forest Steppe ◽

Perennial Legume ◽

The Stability

Abstract We evaluated the stability of perennial legume and cereal grass species in artificial plant communities on permanent anti-erosion watercourses in the agroecosystems of the Belgorod region with active development of linear soil erosion. In the conditions of steppe and forest-steppe zones of the Belgorod region on permanently grassed watercourses in 2017-2019. varieties of perennial leguminous and cereal grasses: ‘Krasnoyaruzhskaya 1’ and ‘Krasnoyaruzhskaya 2’ (Medicago varia), ‘Kazatsky’ (Trifolium pratense), ‘Olshanka’ and ‘Ivica’ (Festuca arundinacea), ‘Streletsky’ and ‘Stepnyak’ (Lolium perenne)) obtained using local genetic material were studied. All varieties showed their resistance in agro-ecosystems with active development of linear erosion in the forest-steppe and steppe zones. Projective cover on watercourses in the steppe zone in all variants of experience was on average 83,4 %, in the forest-steppe zone - 86,3 %. In the third year of the tests on permanently irrigated watercourses in the steppe zone, the share of cereal and legume grass species was quite high and varied from 88 % in the variant M. varia + Onobrychis arenaria to 92 % in the variants M. varia + Bromopsis inermis and O. arenaria. In the forest-steppe zone, the share of cereal and legume grass species varied from 86 % in the variant L. perenne to 94 % in the variant L. perenne + B. inermis.

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Effects of grass species on ruminal degradability of silages and prediction of dry matter effective degradability

Czech Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.17221/1725-cjas ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 54 (No. 7) ◽

pp. 315-323 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

F. Jančík ◽

V. Koukolová ◽

P. Kubelková ◽

B. Čermák

Keyword(s):

Lolium Perenne ◽

Festuca Arundinacea ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Dactylis Glomerata ◽

Phleum Pratense ◽

Grass Species ◽

Regression Equations ◽

Ruminant Nutrition ◽

Accuracy Level ◽

Ruminal Degradability

Forty samples of grass silages, made from the five most widely used grass species in ruminant nutrition (Dactylis glomerata L.,Phleum pratense L., Lolium perenne L., Festuca arundinacea L. and hybrid Felina) were tested in the present study. These grass species conserved by an ensiling process were compared among each other according to dry matter (DM) rumen degradability parameters (a = portion of DM solubilized at initiation of incubation, b = fraction of DM potentially degradable in the rumen, c = rate constant of disappearance of fraction b and EDDM = effective degradability of DM, estimated for each ingredient assuming the rumen solid outflow rates of 0.02 (EDDM2), 0.05 (EDDM5) and 0.08 (EDDM8) h–1). Based on the chemical composition of grass silages the regression equations for prediction of EDDM were evaluated. The influence of the ensiling process on dry matter degradability parameters was also assessed. The best values of EDDM were determined for Lolium perenne (EDDM2 = 753.2, EDDM5 = 631.1 and EDDM8 = 567.7 g/kg DM). The best predictor was NDF (R2-values of 0.757 (EDDM2), 0.863 (EDDM5) and 0.906 (EDDM8)). Using two predictors the accuracy level increased. The combination of CF and NDF gave R2-values 0.892, 0.920 and 0.929 for EDDM2, EDDM5 and EDDM8, respectively. The regression equations based on the most important grass species harvested in different vegetation periods seem to be a useful tool for practical use. No significant P < 0.05) effect of the ensiling process in relation to dry matter rumen degradability parameters was proved.

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Root mass vertical distribution of perennial cool-season grasses grown in pure or mixed swards

Ciência Rural ◽

10.1590/0103-8478cr20210242 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 52 (7) ◽

Author(s):

Valentina Ylluyanka Méndez Moncada ◽

Luana Fidelis Américo ◽

Paulo Gonçalves Duchini ◽

Gabriela Cristina Guzatti ◽

Daniel Schmitt ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Conservation ◽

Festuca Arundinacea ◽

Root Biomass ◽

Dactylis Glomerata ◽

Grass Species ◽

Conservation Practices ◽

Root Mass ◽

Soil Environment ◽

Cool Season ◽

Arrhenatherum Elatius

ABSTRACT: In this study we tested whether the root biomass of mixtures composed by grass species is greater than their respective monocultures. The treatments were monocultures of Arrhenatherum elatius, Festuca arundinacea, Dactylis glomerata, and a mixture of them, cultivated in a rich-soil environment. Root biomass was evaluated on a single evaluation per season at three soil depths (0-5, 5-10, and 10-20 cm). Mixed swards presented the greatest root biomass, and this was explained by a greater concentration in the topsoil layer (0-5 cm). These findings reinforce the need for permanent soil conservation practices to not jeopardize the benefits of the more abundant root biomass reported in the mixed swards.

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Factors influencing pasture productivity in Atlantic Canada

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas93-076 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 73 (4) ◽

pp. 699-713 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Y. A. Papadopoulos ◽

H. T. Kunelius ◽

A. H. Fredeen

Keyword(s):

Festuca Arundinacea ◽

Native Species ◽

Phleum Pratense ◽

Gastrointestinal Parasites ◽

Livestock Grazing ◽

Grass Species ◽

Atlantic Canada ◽

The Impact ◽

Grazing Livestock ◽

Pasture Productivity

Most pastures in Atlantic Canada are classified as permanent and contain primarily native species. Well-managed native swards have the potential of supporting profitable animal output. Productive cultivars of cool-season perennial grass species such as timothy (Phleum pratense L.), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) and legumes such as white clover can increase pasture productivity in the region and ameliorate seasonal fluctuations in dry matter yield associated with native swards. Improved swards gradually revert to native species, partly because forage cultivars and mixtures are not assessed for persistence under grazing.Soil acidity and deficiencies in soil nutrients were shown to reduce herbage yield, legume content of the grazed swards and mineral content of the herbage, all of which may adversely affect livestock performance. High concentrations of K, observed in swards heavily fertilized with N, are likely to cause problems in the metabolism of Ca and Mg in lactating ruminant livestock grazing such swards.Supplemental pasture crops, including annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and Brassica species, extend the productive grazing season from approximately 4 to 7 mo, and permit the production of large quantities of biomass close to the barn.Rotational grazing and forward creep-grazing techniques at high stocking rates can improve the number of animal grazing days and average daily gains. Previous experience with grazing and exposure to pasture species before and during weaning appear to influence grazing behavior and species preference of newly weaned livestock. The use of previous grazing experience may help create the desired pasture sward or improve the efficiency of sward utilization by the grazing animal. The high rainfall climate of the Atlantic region, which promotes good herbage production, also encourages heavy and prolonged infestations of infective free-living stages of gastrointestinal parasites on pastures. Permanent pasture is the main source of initial herd infection, which then spreads to newly seeded pastures. Strategic treatments of grazing livestock with anthelmintic drugs are recommended to minimize the impact of these parasites on the productivity of grazing livestock in this region. Key words: Pasture, Atlantic Canada, productivity, grazing management, fertility management, Brassica spp., grasses, legumes

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Herbage production and tiller density in five related grasses, their hybrids and mixtures

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600077376 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 127 (1) ◽

pp. 57-65 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

D. Wilman ◽

Y. Gao

Keyword(s):

Perennial Ryegrass ◽

Tall Fescue ◽

Festuca Arundinacea ◽

Lolium Multiflorum ◽

Italian Ryegrass ◽

Grass Species ◽

Meadow Fescue ◽

The Mean ◽

Tiller Density ◽

Better Than

SUMMARYFour grass species, three hybrids and three mixtures were grown in field swards near Aberystwyth. All swards were amply supplied with nutrients and were cut at 5-week intervals during the year of sowing (1989) and during the following 4 years. The order of the grasses in rate of establishment was: Westerwolds ryegrass > Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) > Italian ryegrass × perennial ryegrass, Italian ryegrass × meadow fescue, perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) > perennial ryegrass × meadow fescue, meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis) > tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea). During the sowing year as a whole, Italian ryegrass was the highest yielding grass, followed by Westerwolds ryegrass. During the remaining period (1990–93), as a whole, the highest yields were obtained from perennial ryegrass sown alone or in a mixture with tall fescue. Tall fescue sown alone was one of the lowest yielding grasses in the year of sowing, but developed to be the highest yielding in 1992 and 1993. Westerwolds ryegrass persisted least well, although some plants did survive until 1992. Italian ryegrass persisted better than Westerwolds and Italian ryegrass × meadow fescue persisted better than Italian ryegrass. Hybrid ryegrass and perennial ryegrass × meadow fescue persisted satisfactorily but with fewer tillers/m2 than perennial ryegrass or tall fescue. The yield of tall fescue in March was as high as that of Italian ryegrass in 1990 and 1991 and higher than that of any of the other grasses in 1992 and 1993; the tiller density of tall fescue was particularly high in March. The yield of mixtures (Italian ryegrass with perennial ryegrass, Italian ryegrass with tall fescue and perennial ryegrass with tall fescue) was, on average, 2·5% more than the mean of the component species when sown alone. When grown with ryegrass, tall fescue was not prominent initially but its proportion in the sward gradually increased.

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Ergosterol content in selected grasses on the end of vegetation period

Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis ◽

10.11118/actaun200755040009 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 55 (4) ◽

pp. 9-14 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Vlastimil Dohnal ◽

Ilona Kaderová ◽

Alena Ježková ◽

Jiří Skládanka

Keyword(s):

Festuca Arundinacea ◽

Lolium Multiflorum ◽

Dactylis Glomerata ◽

Vegetation Period ◽

Ultraviolet Region ◽

Forage Crops ◽

Liquid Chromatographic Method ◽

Arrhenatherum Elatius ◽

Liquid Chromatographic

Ergosterol is a natural compound with steroidic structure produced mainly by fungi. Due to this, it is considered as a marker of fungal spoilage. In this work, the content of ergosterol was monitored in samples of three forage crops (Festuca arundinacea x Lolium multiflorum, Dactylis glomerata, Arrhenatherum elatius) during period October–December 2005 and different term of summer harvesting (June or July). There were adapted and applied liquid chromatographic method with fotometric detection in ultraviolet region for determination of this compound. It was found, that the content of ergosterol strongly increased in all december’s samples with small variations between all three forage crops. Samples, where the summer harvest was performed in July had significantly lower content of ergosterol. Obtained results showed that level of monitored compounds was under limits in all samples.

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