Irrigation of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) grown in a Mediterranean environment

1993 ◽  
Vol 121 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Metochis
Keyword(s):  
Growing Season ◽  
Soil Water Deficit ◽  
Water Application ◽  
Mediterranean Environment ◽  
Irrigation Requirement ◽  
Crop Establishment ◽  
South West ◽  
Crop Development ◽  
Daily Evapotranspiration ◽  
Moisture Conditions

SUMMARYThe response of groundnut to different amounts of irrigation water and the effect of irrigation on the occurrence of chlorosis during the establishment period of the crop were studied in south-west Cyprus in 1984–88. The irrigation requirement of groundnut for the entire growing season was found to be 480 mm. Under-irrigation resulted in a soil water deficit and reduced production. Application of water in excess of requirement also reduced yield. Daily evapotranspiration under optimum soil moisture conditions increased from 1·5–2·0 mm at the beginning of the growing season to 7·0–7·5 mm at full crop development; it then decreased to 2·0–3·0 mm by the end of the season. In soils of low CaCO3 content, neither frequent water application nor over-irrigation during the crop establishment period caused any chlorotic symptoms or affected yield.

Effects of moisture supply in the dry season and subsequent defoliation on persistence of the savanna grasses Themeda triandra, Heteropogon contortus and Panicum maximum

1992 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 241 ◽  
Author(s):  
JJ Mott ◽  
MM Ludlow ◽  
JH Richards ◽  
AD Parsons
Keyword(s):  
Growing Season ◽  
Close Correlation ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Carbon Gain ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Themeda Triandra ◽  
Heteropogon Contortus ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Sheath Material

The close correlation between grazing-induced mortality and major climatic patterns in Australian savannas, led us to the hypothesis that moisture conditions during the dry, non-growing season could affect sensitivity to grazing in the subsequent growing season. Using three widespread savanna species (Themeda triandra, Heteropogon contortus and Panicum maximum), this hypothesis was tested experimentally and the mechanisms controlling this response examined and quantified. In T. triandra drought during the dry season led to major mortality in defoliated plants in the next growing season. This mortality was caused by a synchrony of tillering at the commencement of the wet season, leaving few buds for replacement once parent tillers were killed by defoliation. T. triandra was also the most sensitive species to defoliation. This sensitivity was due to the poor ability of the plant to maintain positive carbon gain after defoliation. Several factors contributed to this poor ability, including: low total photosynthetic rate, low specific leaf area, and a large proportion of sheath material with poor photosynthetic capacity remaining after cutting. Both H. contortus and P. maximum growing under irrigated and fertilized conditions did not display any effects of previous moisture treatments when defoliated during the next wet season and were much less sensitive to defoliation than T. triandra.

CHANGES IN THE HYDROTHERMAL COEFFICIENT AND IN THE FREQUENCY OF EXTREME HUMIDIFICATION CONDITIONS ON THE TERRITORY OF BELARUS DURING CLIMATE WARMING

2020 ◽  
pp. 5-18
Author(s):  
Yuliya A. Brovka ◽  
Ivan V. Buyakov
Keyword(s):  
Climate Warming ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Meteorological Station ◽  
Spatial Change ◽  
Hydrothermal Coefficient ◽  
Arid Conditions ◽  
Moisture Supply ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Heat And Moisture

It is important to study the heat and moisture supply of the territory under climate warming conditions in Belarus since 1989, as well as changes in the occurrence frequency of extreme moisture conditions. The features of the spatial change in the averaged hydrothermal coefficient (HTC) for the period of climate warming (1989–2019) and the colder period preceding it (1960–1988) in the months of the growing season were revealed based on the maps constructed by interpolation. A decrease in the aridity of conditions in May and September in the southeast and east of the country, an increase in aridity in June and August (especially in the southern regions), an increase in the area with excessive moisture in July and its decrease in September were defined. The article shows the features of changes in the frequency of droughts (HTC ≤ 0,7), less arid conditions (HTC = 0,71–1,0) and excessive moisture (HTC > 1,6) from May to September in 1989–2019, according to compared with the period 1960–1988. It was found that during the period of climate warming from May to September, there is a significant increase in the droughts frequency at meteorological stations in various regions of Belarus. A decrease in the number of years with drought in May and June is observed at several eastern and southern meteorological stations, in August – at the Zhitkovichi meteorological station, in September – at the Kostyukovichi meteorological station. The frequency of arid conditions in May, July and September decreases at many meteorological stations, and its changes are characterized by territorial heterogeneity. An increase in the number of years with less arid conditions is observed in most of Belarus in June and August. A significant increase in the frequency of excessive moisture was noted in July in most of the territory of Belarus, in May – in some regions. A decrease in the frequency of excessive moisture is observed at many meteorological stations in June and August; the number of years with excessive moisture increases only in the northern region. Spatial heterogeneity and less pronounced changes in the frequency of excessive moisture are noted in September.

Effects of drought on leaf area development, biomass production and nitrogen uptake of durum wheat grown in a Mediterranean environment

1995 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 99 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Giunta ◽  
R Motzo ◽  
M Deidda
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Nitrogen Uptake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Mediterranean Environment ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Area Development ◽  
Leaf Area Development

A field experiment was carried out in Sardinia (Italy) on durum wheat to analyse the effects of different moisture treatments, irrigated (I), rainfed (R) and stressed (S), on leaf area index (LAI), radiation intercepted (Q) and water use (WU), efficiency of conversion of radiation and water into dry matter (RUE and WUE), nitrogen uptake and carbon and nitrogen partitioning in the above-ground part of the plant. In the period between beginning of stem elongation and heading, drought affected the maximum LA1 in the most stressed treatment (4.7 in S v. about 6.9 in R and I), but not Q and WU. RUE was also lowered by drought in this period (0.68 in S v. about 0.95 g MJ-1 in R and I) as a reduced biomass was recorded in S at heading (528gm-2 in S v. 777 g m-2 on average in R and I). In contrast with the previous period, the reduction in LA1 between heading and maximum ear weight (MEW) determined a significant reduction in Q and WU, WUE and RUE, resulting, ultimately, in notable differences in the total biomass produced until MEW (1203, 930 and 546 gm-2 in I, R and S respectively). The amount of stem reserves relocated to the grain decreased as the level of stress increased, going from 223gm-2 in I to 9gm-2 in S and was accumulated almost entirely (from 76% of the total in I to 100% in S), in the post-heading period. Nitrogen percentage was not affected by the treatments applied apart from the higher values in stem and flag leaf in S later in the growing season due to an inhibition of nitrogen translocation in S. The total nitrogen uptake was lower in S (12.3gm-2) than in I (16.6gm-2) only as a consequence of the different dry matter accumulation patterns. The importance of WUE in this type of Mediterranean environment is discussed, with particular concern to the key role of modulation of leaf area development through the growing season.

scholarly journals Impact of Drought on Yields of Field Crops Grown under Different Agroecological Conditions in Croatia

1970 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan ŠIMUNIĆ ◽  
Stjepan HUSNJAK ◽  
Gabrijel ONDRAŠEK ◽  
Ivan MUSTAĆ ◽  
Vilim FILIPOVIĆ
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Soil Water Deficit ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Development Stages ◽  
Field Crops ◽  
Crop Development ◽  
Research Goal ◽  
The Impact

The research goal was to investigate the impact of drought on the yields of some field crops on three different locations in two different hydrological years (2003 and 2005). Research results show that yield quantity depends on the amount and distribution of precipitation. Yield decreases are higher in case of more severe droughts, and vice versa. With sufficient water in the soil in the dry 2003, it possible to increase crop yields from 98.1 % to 129.5 % in the Gospić region, from 44.9 % to 72.8 % in the Našice region and from to in the Virovitica region. In the hydrologically more favourable 2005, yields were increased from 18.6% to 42.2% in the Gospić region, from 16.1 % to 21.9 % in the Našice region and from to in the Virovitica region. Higher and safer yields in the studied regions can be achieved by compensating soil water deficit in all crop development stages, which requires construction of adequate irrigation systems.

Climate change and its effects on grassland productivity and carrying capacity of livestock in the main grasslands of China

2012 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 341 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Qian ◽  
L. Y. Wang ◽  
X. F. Gong
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Average Decrease ◽  
South West ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Humidity Index ◽  
Grassland Productivity ◽  
Increase In Productivity

Climate change and its effects on grassland productivity and potential carrying capacity of livestock were systemically studied using AVIM-GRASS and other models, using daily meteorological data for the period from 1961 to 2007 for 70% (275 million ha) of grasslands across China. The results showed an overall trend for increasing temperatures per year and in the length of the grass-growing season from April to September. Sunlight hours decreased in most places. Precipitation and a humidity index had decreased in the northern grasslands of China, where the climate has become warmer and drier, and had increased in the western grasslands, where the climate has become warmer and wetter. Changes to a warmer and drier climate in the more productive northern grasslands resulted in a decrease in annual available herbage production and the carrying capacity of livestock. The greatest reductions in productivity have been in middle and east Inner Mongolia and south-east Gansu. Where there had been a trend for a warmer and wetter climate in western grassland areas, the trend in available herbage production and carrying capacity of livestock has been for a small increase or none at all. The largest rate of increase in productivity was in south-west Xinjiang and east Xizang. Annual available herbage production and carrying capacity of livestock decreased in north and east Xinjiang and south Qinghai where there was very little increase in precipitation. Overall, climate change has resulted in an average decrease in annual available herbage production and carrying capacity of livestock in most of the main grassland areas in China from 1961 to 2007.

Growth and Morphology of Black Spruce, Jack Pine, and White Spruce Container Seedlings in Northern Ontario

1995 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-74
Author(s):  
Anneli Jalkanen
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
Morphological Attributes ◽  
Crop Development ◽  
In The Beginning

Abstract The development of morphological attributes of containerized seedlings during the growing season was studied in eight crops from three nurseries in Northern Ontario, including four black spruce crops, three jack pine crops, and one white spruce crop. The variability was proportionally largest in root and shoot dry mass, followed by height and diameter. During seedling growth, proportionally the variability of size did not seem to increase. In absolute scale, however, differences between individual seedlings increased more than differences between seedling trays, possibly due to competition between individuals. Height and shoot growth were greater in the beginning of the growing season, and diameter and root growth were greater toward the end. In comparison to standards, the balance between morphological attributes (height/diameter, shoot/root) was usually acceptable, and usually independent of seedling size. The easiest way of monitoring crop development is to take seedling samples at regular intervals and to construct a growth progression curve for seedling height, if diameter growth reaches acceptable level. Care should be taken that the height of seedlings does not increase too much at the expense of diameter and root development in the larger crops. To monitor this, height-diameter ratios and shoot-root ratios might be measured a couple of times during the growing season to take corrective action if necessary. North. J. Appl. For. 12(2):69-74.

Rain, rain, gone away: decreased growing-season rainfall for the dryland cropping region of the south-west of Western Australia

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy T. Scanlon ◽  
Greg Doncon
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Sea Surface Temperature ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
South West

The shift in Indian Ocean sea surface temperatures in 1976 led to a change in rainfall for the broad-scale winter annual grain cropping and pasture region in the south-west of Western Australia (the WA wheatbelt). Agriculture in the eastern part the WA wheatbelt was particularly sensitive to the change in rainfall because it is a marginal area for agronomic production, with low rainfall before changes in sea surface temperature. A second shift in sea surface temperature occurred in 2000, but there has been no analysis of the resulting impact on rainfall in the eastern WA wheatbelt. An analysis of rainfall pre- and post-2000 was performed for sites in the eastern WA wheatbelt in three groups: 19 sites in the west, 56 central, and 10 east. The analysis found a decline in growing-season rainfall (i.e. April–October), especially during May–July, post-2000. Rainfall declines of 49.9 mm (west group), 39.1 mm (central group) and 28.0 mm (east group) represented respective losses of 20.1%, 17.4% and 14.2% of growing-season rainfall. Increases in out-of-season rainfall in the respective groups of 31.0, 33.6, and 50.7 mm (57.8%, 60.8% and 87.6%) meant that annual rainfall changes were smaller than growing-season losses. The west and central groups lost 17.5 and 6.16 mm annual rainfall, whereas the east group gained 15.6 mm. Analysis of wheat yield indicated reductions of 13.5% (west) and 9.90% (central) in the eastern WA wheatbelt; the small group of east sites had a potential yield gain of 8.9% arising from the increased out-of-season rainfall. Further, increased out-of-season rainfall will exacerbate weed and disease growth over the summer fallow.

Growth and ignitability of annual pastures in a Mediterranean environment. 1. Effect of length of season and of defoliation on the growth, water content and desiccation of annual pastures

1970 ◽  
Vol 10 (42) ◽  
pp. 67 ◽  
Author(s):  
RT Parrott ◽  
CM Donald
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Mediterranean Environment ◽  
Fuel Production ◽  
Maximum Percentage ◽  
Pasture Plants

The growth and water content of annual swards were examined in a Mediterranean environment under three lengths of season (attained by extension of the natural season by irrigation), and under two defoliation treatments. Swards attained their maximum percentage water (about 800-950 per cent of the dry matter) in late July or early August. Maximum dry matter yields were attained two months later, when the percentage water had fallen to 150-400 per cent. The swards were dead and dry about 50 days after maximum yield. Earlier commencement of the growing season (18 days) doubled the winter production, delayed desiccation, in the spring and gave heavier dry herbage in the following summer. Extension of the season in the spring gave little response by undefoliated swards, but a considerable response by defoliated swards ; it failed to prevent the maturation and desiccation of these annual pasture plants. Autumn irrigation gave a greater return of dry matter per inch of water than did spring irrigation. The influence of these practices on pasture growth and summer fuel production is discussed.

Investigations into the mode of action of farmyard manure. I. The influence of soil moisture conditions on the response of maincrop potatoes to farmyard manure

1965 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Holliday ◽  
P. M. Harris ◽  
M. R. Baba
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Moisture Conditions

1. The paper describes ten consecutive field experiments carried out between 1952 and 1961 investigating the action of F.Y.M. on the yield of maincrop potatoes. In all experiments high basal dressings of PK fertilizer were used.2. Soil moisture deficits were estimated from meteorological data and the maximum deficit (M.S.M.D.) in a particular season used as an index of the dryness of the growing season.

scholarly journals Climatology of Tropical System Rainfall in the Eastern Corn Belt

2014 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 395-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Haberlie ◽  
Kari Gale ◽  
David Changnon ◽  
Mike Tannura
Keyword(s):  
Daily Rainfall ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Severity Index ◽  
Corn Belt ◽  
Drought Severity ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Event Risk ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Tropical System ◽  
Tropical Systems

AbstractThis study examines the frequency of daily rainfall totals greater than 2.54 cm (1 in.) averaged within a climate division (CD) associated with tropical systems that moved through the U.S. eastern Corn Belt region during the growing season. These occurrences are defined as “events.” From 1913 to 2012, the tracks of 60 tropical systems moved over a study area that included 24 CDs—9 in Illinois, 9 in Indiana, and 6 in western Ohio. Of those 60 tropical systems, 37 were associated with events. Event risk varied through the growing season ranging from 3 events in June to 21 events in September. Decadal analysis showed an increase in the frequency of tropical systems and events during the last decade of the study (2003–12). Tropical systems were infrequent, and the timing of rainfall associated with the majority of events (i.e., September) was too late to impact corn and soybean development or yield in this region. Events had some impact on current and subsequent CD average soil moisture conditions; however, only 8 of the 37 events produced dramatic improvements in Palmer drought severity index (PDSI) values from categorical moderate to severe drought levels to near-normal conditions in the eastern Corn Belt. Those CDs that experienced a September or October event were associated with significantly higher PDSI values (+1.34) prior to the following summer than those that did not experience an event (+0.54).

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