Modification of yield components and stem length in spring barley by the application of growth retardants prior to main shoot stem elongation

1986 ◽  
Vol 107 (2) ◽  
pp. 367-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. Waddington ◽  
Phyllis Cartwright
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Growth Retardants ◽  
Main Shoot ◽  
Mepiquat Chloride

SummaryThe ability of mepiquat chloride and chlormequat growth retardants to modify grain yield components and stem length in two contrasting spring barley cultivars was evaluated in 2 years of small scale field experiments in central southern England. Interactions with plant population density and sowing date were studied.The mid-tall cv. Koru was more responsive than the shorter high tillering ‘erectoides’ cv. Goldmarker. Early treatments of mepiquat chloride (applied before the start of main shoot stem elongation) on Koru raised grain yield/plant in both years. Early treatments with chlormequat and later applications (during main shoot stem elongation) of either retardant were largely ineffective. Yield increases were achieved by raising the number of spikes/plant along with the number of grains/spike and the above-ground biomass in certain later-formed, lower ranking shoots.A medium plant population density (250 plants/m2) allowed the best response to early treatment with mepiquat chloride, as did a normally-timed sowing in contrast to a late one. Retardant-induced improvements in yield components in Koru were positively correlated with plant height, the result of over-compensation in the length of upper internodes.It appears that effective treatments reduced the dominance of the main shoot during tillering, allowing greater initiation and survival of florets (grain sites) in smaller shoots.

Pre-maturity gradients in shoot size and in number and size of florets for spring barley treated with mepiquat chloride

1988 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 633-639
Author(s):  
S. R. Waddington ◽  
Phyllis Cartwright
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Main Shoot ◽  
Mepiquat Chloride ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Spike Development ◽  
Shoot Size

SummaryEffects of mepiquat chloride on gradients of shoot growth within spring barley plants (cv. Koru) were determined in two small-scale field experiments. Mepiquat chloride was applied at either the lemma primordium stage or the late carpel primordium stage of spike development in the main shoot. The shoot dry weight, stem length, spike length, number and size of florets and floret developmental score were measured for all shoots, over the period from the lemma primordium stage of main shoot spike development to the late milk stage of grain development.Lemma primordium mepiquat chloride increased the size and developmental score of later-formed shorter shoots pre-anthesis while delaying the spike development of the main shoot and other longer shoots by up to 4 days. The overall effect was to produce plants with a reduced range of shoot and spike sizes from the end of floret initiation in the main shoot until maturity. In addition, there was a slight increase in the number of shoots per plant in both experiments. Gradients of carpel development and carpel width along the spike were reduced in all treated spikes by the time of floret abortion in the main shoot but the effects were more noticeable in shorter shoots. The number of florets initiated per plant was increased by 21–22%. All shoots contributed to the larger number of florets but again the major additions came from the shorter shoots. The few extra florets initiated in longer shoots were lost during abortion of distal florets while the 2–5 extra florets on shorter shoots were retained to give extra grains at maturity.Application of mepiquat chloride at the late carpel primordium stage had little effect on gradients of spike size or on number, size and development of florets.

scholarly journals Assessment of Plant Population and Time of Introduction of Maizeon the Performance of Garden egg - Maize Intercrop

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 1479-1484
Author(s):  
Olabisi Awoniyi ◽  
Felix Takim ◽  
Gbadebo Olaoye ◽  
Patience Olorunmaiye ◽  
Ade Isaac Afe
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Yield And Yield Components ◽  
Dry Seasons

The field trials were conducted during the rainy and dry seasons of 2014 and 2015 to investigate the influence of population density and time of introduction of the component maize on the performance of garden egg/maize intercrop in Nigeria. The trial was laid as a randomised complete block design in a split-plot arrangement with 3 replications. The main plots were time of introduction of maize [2weeks before transplanting (WBT), same time with transplanting (STT) and 2 weeks after transplanting (WAT)] while 9 plant population ratios were the sub plots (100M: 100G, 100M: 75G, 100M: 50G, 100M: 25G 100M: 0, 0:100G, 25M: 100G, 50M: 100G, 75M: 100G). Intercropping system was evaluated using competitive indices and data collected on yield and yield components of both crops were subjected to analysis of variance. Maize sown STT garden egg had significantly high grain yield (3.70 t/ha) while the highest garden egg fruit yields of 40.96 t/ha was obtained when maize was introduced 2 WAT garden egg. This study recommends that, 50-75% maize should be introduced 2WAT of 100% garden egg during the dry season where irrigation facilities are available for optimal crops yields and minimal intercrop losses.

scholarly journals Increasing population density reduces soybean yield components and productivity

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. e37042
Author(s):  
Marcelo De Almeida Silva ◽  
Ana Carolina De Santana Soares ◽  
Melina Rodrigues Alves Carnietto ◽  
Alexandrius De Moraes Barbosa
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Growth Type ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Plant Yields

Studies addressing the interaction of different spatial arrangement in soybean are needed in order to achieve management that leads to higher grain yield associated with rational seed use. The objective of this work was to evaluate the yield components and productivity of an undetermined growth type soybean as a function of different row spacing and plant densities. The treatments consisted of three row spaces (0.25, 0.35 and 0.45 m) and three plant population densities (30, 40 and 50 plants/m²). There was no interaction of row spaces and plant population on soybean yield. Regarding the overall spacing average, the grain yield of the population of 30/m² plants was higher than the productivity of the populations of 40 and 50/m² plants. The largest populations reduce plant sizes due to greater competition between plants. In addition, smaller populations promote higher individual plant yields due to the increase components of the production. This characteristic is defined as the ability of the plant to change its morphology and yield components in order to adapt to the conditions imposed by the spatial arrangement.

Grain Yield Gains and Associated Traits in Tropical X Temperate Maize Germplasm Under High and Low Plant Density

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vince Ndou ◽  
Edmore Gasura ◽  
Pauline Chivenge ◽  
John Derera
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Genetic Gains ◽  
Maize Germplasm ◽  
High Plant Density ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Plant Population Density

Abstract Development of ideal breeding and crop management strategies that can improve maize grain yield under tropical environments is crucial. In the temperate regions, such yield improvements were achieved through use of genotypes that adapt high plant population density stress. However, tropical germplasm has poor tolerance to high plant population density stress, and thus it should be improved by temperate maize. The aim of this study was to estimate the genetic gains and identify traits associated with such gains in stable and high yielding temperate x tropical hybrids under low and high plant population densities. A total of 200 hybrids derived from a line x tester mating design of tropical x temperate germplasm were developed. These hybrids were evaluated for grain yield and allied traits under varied plant population densities. High yielding and stable hybrids, such as 15XH214, 15XH215 and 15XH121 were resistant to lodging and had higher number of leaves above the cob. The high genetic gains of 26% and desirable stress tolerance indices of these hybrids made them better performers over check hybrids under high plant population density. At high plant population density yield was correlated to stem lodging and number of leaves above the cob. Future gains in grain yield of these hybrids derived from temperate x tropical maize germplasm can be achieved by exploiting indirect selection for resistance to stem lodging and increased number of leaves above the cob under high plant density conditions.

scholarly journals Grain Yield and Yield Components of Quality Protein Maize Genotypes as Influenced by Irrigation and Plant Population in the Nigerian Savannah

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 166 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. M. Sani ◽  
I. U. Abubakar ◽  
A. M. Falaki ◽  
H. Mani ◽  
M. M. Jaliya
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Quality Protein Maize ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Yield And Yield Components

An experiment was conducted to assess the yield and yield components of QPM genotypes to plant population under irrigated conditions in a semi arid ecology of Northern Nigeria. Field trials were conducted at the Irrigation Research Station, Institute for Agricultural Research, Kadawa (11° 39'N, 08° 20'E) and 500 m above sea level) during dry seasons 2007, 2008 and 2009 to study the effect of (Zea mays L.) genotypes (TZE-W Pop X 1368, EV-DT W99 STR and DMR-ESRW), four plant population (33333, 44444, 55555 and 66666 plants ha-1) and three irrigation scheduling (40, 60 and 80 centibars soil moisture tension) on the growth and yield of quality protein maize. A split plot design was used with combinations of genotypes and irrigation regimes assigned to the main plot and plant population assigned to the sub-plot. The treatments were replicated three times. The study revealed that genotype EV-DT W99 STR had significantly higher weight of ears per plant, cob length, cob diameter, number of rows per cob, 100 grain weight, grain yield, shelling percentage and harvest index than the other two genotypes used in the trial. Irrigating at 40 and 60 centibars significantly increased weight of ears per plant, while delayed irrigation significantly depressed total dry matter production. Based on the results obtained in this study, it can be concluded that the use of genotype EV-DT W99 STR, at 60 centibars irrigation scheduling and population of 55,555 plants ha-1 had resulted in good agro-physiological characters of QPM at Kadawa.

Some relationships between plant population, yield components and grain yield of wheat in a Mediterranean environment

1986 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 219 ◽  
Author(s):  
WK Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Spring Bread Wheat ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Optimum Population ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The Relationship

Eight spring bread wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.), differing widely in their nominal yield component characteristics, were tested under rain-fed conditions for three years at sowing densities ranging from 50 to 800 seeds m-2. The objectives of the experiments were to estimate the relationship between grain yield and particular yield components, the expression of plant type (yield components) in relation to plant density, and the plant population x cultivar interaction for grain yield over a range of seasons in a given environment. The 'optimum' plant population (at maximum grain yield) varied over 30-220 plants m-2, depending on season and cultivar. In general, variation in the 'optimum' population was greater between seasons for a given cultivar than between cultivars within seasons. The relationship between grain yield and yield components was examined at the 'optimum' population rather than at an arbitrary population at which grain yield may have been suboptimal for some cultivars or seasons. Grain yields at the optimum populations for the various cultivar x season combinations were positively related to culms m-2, spikes m-2 and seeds m-2. They were not clearly related to culm mortality (%). When averaged across seasons, cultivar grain yields were positively related to harvest index, but the general relationship was not so clear when seasons and cultivars were examined individually. Spike size (seeds spike-I or spike weight) and seed size were also not clearly related to grain yield at the 'optimum' population, and it was thus postulated that the production and survival of large numbers of culms, which in turn led to large numbers of seeds per unit area, were the source of large grain yields. Some interactions were found between yield components and plant population for some cultivars that could have implications for plant breeders selecting at low plant densities. The implications for crop ideotypes of the individual plant characters at the 'optimum' population are also discussed. Interactions between cultivars and plant populations implied that some cultivars required different populations to achieve maximum yields in some seasons. There was a tendency for larger yields to be achieved from cultivar x season combinations where the optimum population was larger, which suggested that commercial seed rates should be re-examined when changes to plant types or yield levels are made.

scholarly journals Effect of Plant Growth Retardants on Stem Elongation of Hibiscus Species

2003 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan M. Warner ◽  
John E. Erwin
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Growth Retardants ◽  
Chlormequat Chloride ◽  
Plant Growth Retardants ◽  
Butanedioic Acid ◽  
Spray Applications

One-time spray applications [about 6 mL (0.2 fl oz)] of chlormequat chloride [1000 or 2000 mg·L-1 (ppm)], daminozide (2500 or 5000 mg·L-1), paclobutrazol (20 or 40 mg·L-1) and uniconazole (5 or 10 mg·L-1) varied in efficacy in reducing Hibiscus coccineus (Medic.) Walt., H. radiatus Cav., and H. trionum L. (flower-of-an-hour) stem elongation. Chlormequat chloride inhibited stem elongation of all species, with a 2000 mg·L-1 application reducing stem length of H. coccineus, H. radiatus, and H. trionum by 87%, 42%, and 52%, respectively, compared to untreated plants, 28 d after application. Paclobutrazol also inhibited stem elongation of all species. Uniconazole reduced stem elongation of H. coccineus and H. radiatus, but not H. trionum. Daminozide applied at 5000 mg·L-1 reduced H. radiatus stem elongation only. Growth retardants examined in this study did not delay flowering of H. trionum, the only species that flowered during the experiment. (Chemical names used: ancymidol (α-cyclopropyl-α-(4-methoxyphenol)-5-pyrimidinemethonol), chlormequat chloride(2-chloroethyltrimethylammonium chloride), paclobutrazol ((+)-(R*,R*)-beta((4-chlorophenyl)methyl)-alpha-(1,1-dimethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ethanol), daminozide ([butanedioic acid mono(2,2-dimethylhydrazide)], uniconazol-P ((E)-(+)-(s)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pent-1-ene-3-ol)).

scholarly journals Productivity of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp) genotypes under Varying Population Densities

2021 ◽  
pp. 4089-4100
Author(s):  
Afolabi Michael Segun ◽  
Ojeleye Abiola Elizabeth ◽  
Olalekan Kazeem Kolapo ◽  
Shittu Kabiru Alani
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Interaction Effect ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Appreciable Effect ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Flower Production

To investigate the influence of three population densities (88,000, 44,000, and 29,000 plants/ha) on the growth and yield of five cowpea varieties (IT97K-461, IT97K-568-18, IT98K-131-2, IT99K-1060 and IT99K-`245), a field experiment was conducted at Teaching and Research farm of Landmark University. Growth parameters such as germination count, plant height, and number of trifoliate leaves per plant, number of branches per plant, flower production dynamics and dry matter determination were measured, while harvest index, shelling percentage, number of seeds per pod, see weight pods per plant and grain yield were measured at harvest as yield components. Data were subjected to statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SAS Institute. Significant means were separated using Duncans Multiple Range Test at 5% probability level. Results revealed that there were no constant trends in growth parameters response to population density. Plant height and flower production decreased with increased population density, while number of leaves per plant and dry matter increased with increasing population density. There was no appreciable effect of population density on branching. All these parameters were significantly (p≤0.05) affected with variety, while there was no significant (p≤0.05) interaction effect. Most yield components decreased with increasing population density while grain yield however, slightly increased with increasing population density. All yield parameter and grain yield significantly varied with variety, while there were no appreciable interaction effect. In conclusion, a population density of 88,000 plants /ha gives the highest growth and grain yield. While, variety, IT97-568-18 gives the higher growth and grain yield than other varieties studied.

scholarly journals Yield reduction of spring barley in relation to disease development caused by Rhynchosporium secalis

1990 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-254
Author(s):  
Reijo Karjalainen
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Severe Infection ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Rhynchosporium Secalis ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Infection Level ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Leaf Area Duration

Effects of barley scald caused by Rhynchosporium secalis on grain yield were studied in three spring barley cultivars under field conditions using artificial inoculation over three years. The disease strongly reduced the green-leaf area duration compared with fungicide-treated leaves. At low infection level, R. secalis reduced the grain yield of barley by 3—5 %. Moderate and severe infection reduced the grain yields of susceptible cultivars by 10—12 %. Single-tiller analysis of yield components indicated that grain weight and ear weight were most affected, but the number of grains was only insignificantly reduced by the disease. Implications of these results for controlling scald disease in Finland are discussed.

scholarly journals Plant population is the function of grain yield of maize

2021 ◽  
pp. 103-107
Author(s):  
Mian MAK ◽  
Kakon SS ◽  
Zannat ST ◽  
Begum AA
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Functional Relationship ◽  
Functional Model ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Rabi Season ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Good Consistency ◽  
Plant Population Density ◽  
Hybrid Maize

A field experiment on hybrid maize with different plant population density was conducted at the Agronomy field of BARI, Joydebpur, Gazipur during the consecutive rabi season of 2019-2020 and 2020-2021. Five plant population density viz; T1= 66666 plants/ha (75cm × 20cm spacing: 6.67 plants/m2), T2= 83333 plants/ha (60cm × 20cm spacing:8.33 plants/m2), T3=100000 plants/ha (50cm × 20cm spacing:10 plants/m2), T4=125000 plants/ha (40cm × 20cm spacing:12.5 plants/m2) and T5=166666 plants/ha (30cm × 20cm spacing:16.67 plants/m2) were used in the experiment. LAI (leaf area index) and TDM (total dry matter) increased with the increase of plant population, those influenced grain yield of maize. The highest grain yield (10.12-10.78 t/ha) was recorded in T3 (100000 plants/ha) and the lowest (5.02-5.33t/ha) in T5 (166666 plants/ha) treatment. Functional relationship between plant population and grain yield of maize was established as Y = 2.0795x-0.1067x2; (R² = 0.92). The effect of plant population on the grain yield of maize could be explained 92% by the functional model. The co- efficient indicated that increase of one plant/m2 would increase grain yield at the rate of 2.0795 t/ha up to a certain limit. The estimated optimum plant population was 9.74 plants/m2 (974000 plants/ha) through functional model. Then the predicted maximum grain yield would be 10.13 t/ha at that optimum plant population of 9.74 plants/m2 (974000 plants/ha). There existed a good consistency between observed and predicted grain yield of maize (r=0.96 at p<0.01 and R2=0.97; using the developed functional model).

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