scholarly journals Effect of timing of drought stress on growth and grain yield of extra-short-duration pigeonpea lines

2001 ◽  
Vol 136 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. H. NAM ◽  
Y. S. CHAUHAN ◽  
C. JOHANSEN
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Short Duration ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Targeted Screening ◽  
The Individual

Four extra-short-duration (ESD) lines in 1991 and eight ESD lines in 1992 were grown with adequate soil moisture throughout their growth or subjected to drought coinciding with the vegetative, flowering and pod-filling stages under rainout shelters. In both years, drought stress treatments significantly reduced dry matter accumulation and grain yield. The extent of reduction in grain yield varied with the line and stage of stress imposition. Drought stress at the flowering stage caused greater reduction in total dry matter and grain yield than the stress imposed during the pre-flowering and pod-filling stages. Drought stress coinciding with the flowering stage reduced grain yield by 40–55% in 1991 and 15–40% in 1992 in different lines. ESD genotypes could extract moisture from up to a metre depth during pre-flowering and flowering stage stress but less so during the pod-filling stage stress. Genotype ICPL 88039, followed by ICPL 89021, showed consistently lowest sensitivity to drought stress at flowering. Protracted drought stress commencing from the pre-flowering to flowering or from the flowering to pod-filling stages was more harmful than stress at the individual stages. The reduction in yield under drought stress could be attributed mainly to less total dry matter accumulation, but also increased abscission of plant parts. The results suggest variation in sensitivity of ESD lines in relation to timing of stress, which should facilitate targeted screening for different intermittent moisture stress environments.

IRRIGATION, SPACING AND CULTIVAR EFFECTS ON NET PHOTOSYNTHETIC RATE, DRY MATTER PARTITIONING AND PRODUCTIVITY OF RICE UNDER SYSTEM OF RICE INTENSIFICATION IN MOLLISOLS OF NORTHERN INDIA

2013 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 504-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANCHAL DASS ◽  
SUBHASH CHANDRA
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Net Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
System Of Rice Intensification ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Rice Intensification

SUMMARYField experiments were conducted on a Typic Hapludoll (Mollisols) soil in the Indo-Gangetic Plains of India during the 2008 and 2009 rainy seasons to (1) find out the effect of irrigation schedules and plant spacing on physiological parameters, yield and water productivity of two rice cultivars under System of Rice Intensification (SRI), and (2) compare the performance of SRI with conventional transplanting (CT). Treatments under SRI included 12 combinations of three irrigation schedules, viz. irrigation at 1, 3 and 5 day(s) after disappearance of ponded water (DADPW), two spacing intervals (20 × 20 cm and 25 × 25 cm) and two cultivars (‘Pant Dhan 4’ and ‘Hybrid 6444’). The two control treatments were the CT of each cultivar. The experiment was set in a factorial randomized complete block design replicated thrice. The net photosynthetic rate (NPR) of the topmost fully expanded leaf at tillering and that of flag-leaf at flowering stage was affected significantly by irrigation schedules. Irrigating rice crop at 1 or 3 DADPW, being at par with each other, recorded significantly higher NPR than 5 DADPW. The increase in NPR at 1 and 3 DADPW was 17.1% and 8.4% at tillering and 13.6% and 6.1% at flowering stage, respectively, compared with that at 5 DADPW (tillering: 12.78 μmol CO2 m−2 S−1, flowering: 16.01 μmol CO2 m‑2 S−1). At closer spacing (20 × 20 cm) the cultivars did not differ significantly for NPR; however, at wider spacing (25 × 25 cm), ‘Hybrid 6444’ showed significantly higher NPR than ‘Pant Dhan 4’. Between two methods, SRI recoded higher NPR. Dry matter accumulation (DMA) in leaves and grains declined with delay in irrigation from 1 to 5 DADPW. Wider spacing significantly enhanced DMA in stems and grains. ‘Hybrid 6444’ showed higher DMA in all plant parts than ‘Pant Dhan 4’. Grain yield was not affected significantly by irrigation schedules in 2008, while in 2009, irrigation at 1 and 3 DADPW resulted in 12.8% and 8.0% higher grain yield, respectively, than 5 DADPW (5.84 t ha−1). Wider spacing was superior to closer spacing. SRI improved grain yield by 16.9% and water productivity by 18.5% over CT.

Dry matter accumulation and distribution in five cultivars of maize (Zea mays): relationships and procedures for use in crop modelling

1999 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 513 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Birch ◽  
G. L. Hammer ◽  
K. G. Rickert
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Radiation Use Efficiency ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Radiation Use

The ability to predict accurately dry matter (DM) accumulation, partitioning, and thus final grain yield is crucial in crop simulation models. The objectives of the study were to measure radiation interception and radiation use efficiency, to quantify the distribution of DM among the various plant parts, and to develop improved methods of modelling DM accumulation and partitioning among plant parts. Five cultivars of maize differing widely in maturity and adaptation were planted in October 1993 in south- eastern Queensland, and grown under non-limiting conditions of water and plant nutrient supplies. Data on DM accumulation, light interception, and canopy development were collected. The light extinction coefficient (k) did not differ among the cultivars. Radiation use efficiency was constant in each cultivar until close to physiological maturity, when a small decline was observed. Partitioning of DM between leaves and stems (until 90% of leaf tips had appeared) was described by a linear relationship between the proportion of DM allocated to leaves and the number of leaves present. Ear growth was described by a thermal-time-dependent equation from 150 degree-days (base temperature 8˚C) before silking to 115 degree-days after silking. Predictions of accumulation of grain yield by either components of yield (grain number per plant and individual grain weight) or daily increase in harvest index were assessed, but neither was entirely satisfactory, the former because of inaccurate prediction of grain number per plant, and the latter because of differences among cultivars in the daily increase in harvest index and terminal harvest index. Thus, the use of genotype-specific coefficients remains necessary. Throughout crop life, DM in stems can be predicted by difference, once DM is allocated to other plant parts. The relationships presented where leaf number mediates DM partitioning before silking simplify modelling of DM accumulation and partitioning in maize.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF FERTILIZER N AND SOIL MOISTURE ON YIELD, YIELD COMPONENTS, PROTEIN CONTENT AND N ACCUMULATION IN THE ABOVEGROUND PARTS OF SPRING WHEAT

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. CAMPBELL ◽  
H. R. DAVIDSON ◽  
F. G. WARDER
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Plant Parts

The accumulation of aboveground dry matter (DM) and nitrogen (N) by spring wheat (T. aestivum L. cv. Manitou) grown on stubble land in lysimeters at two moisture levels (irrigation and natural rainfall) and seven rates of N was measured at five sampling dates. With irrigation, DM increased exponentially with time and N fertilization. This also occurred on dryland except between shot blade and anthesis when DM accumulated more slowly and plants lost 20% of their N at application rates > 61.5 kg N/ha. Rainfall after anthesis increased grain yields of dryland crops fertilized with > 61.5 kg N/ha more than those receiving less N because the former plants still had residual fertilizer N available to them. Grain yield response to N fertility followed the law of diminishing returns on irrigated land, but on dryland the relationship fitted a logarithmic growth curve. Grain yield when neither water nor N was added was 1,600 kg/ha; it increased by 71, 47 and 300% when water, 164 kg N/ha, and water plus 164 kg N/ha, respectively, were applied. On dryland, grain protein was 15.4% with no N applied and 17.0% at rates > 61.5 kg/ha; on irrigation, it increased from 14.1 to 15.7% with increasing N levels. Number of heads and kernels and kernel weight were increased by irrigation but only the two former parameters were increased by N. Dry matter accumulation was related to N concentration in plants by: DM = (%N)−k where k was < 1. N accumulated in plants at a faster rate than DM. The maximum rate of N accumulation was not affected by moisture; it was highest (4.7 kg N/ha/day) at a fertilizer rate of 123 kg N/ha. Irrigated plants recovered one-half or more of the fertilizer N, and dryland plants recovered one-quarter to one-third. Fertilizer recovery decreased with increasing fertilizer N. At maturity more than 70% of the N in the aboveground plant parts was located in the grain; N fertilizer had little effect on this porportion but drought during flowering retarded translocation of assimilates to the grain.

EFFECTS OF INCREMENTAL N FERTILIZATION ON GRAIN YIELD AND DRY MATTER ACCUMULATION OF SIX SPRING WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.) CULTIVARS IN SOUTHERN MANITOBA

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. T. GEHL ◽  
L. D. BAILEY ◽  
C. A. GRANT ◽  
J. M. SADLER
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation

A 3-yr study was conducted on three Orthic Black Chernozemic soils to determine the effects of incremental N fertilization on grain yield and dry matter accumulation and distribution of six spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. Urea (46–0–0) was sidebanded at seeding in 40 kg N ha−1 increments from 0 to 240 kg ha−1 in the first year and from 0 to 200 kg ha−1 in the 2 subsequent years. Nitrogen fertilization increased the grain and straw yields of all cultivars in each experiment. The predominant factor affecting the N response and harvest index of each cultivar was available moisture. At two of the three sites, 91% of the interexperiment variability in mean maximum grain yield was explained by variation in root zone moisture at seeding. Mean maximum total dry matter varied by less than 12% among cultivars, but mean maximum grain yield varied by more than 30%. Three semidwarf cultivars, HY 320, Marshall and Solar, had consistently higher grain yield and grain yield response to N than Glenlea and Katepwa, two standard height cultivars, and Len, a semidwarf. The mean maximum grain yield of HY 320 was the highest of the cultivars on test and those of Katepwa and Len the lowest. Len produced the least straw and total dry matter. The level of N fertilization at maximum grain yield varied among cultivars, sites and years. Marshall and Solar required the highest and Len the lowest N rates to achieve maximum grain yield. The year-to-year variation in rates of N fertilization needed to produce maximum grain yield on a specific soil type revealed the limitations of N fertility recommendations based on "average" amounts and temporal distribution of available moisture.Key words: Wheat (spring), N response, standard height, semidwarf, grain yield

Tillage Effects on Soil Temperature, Shoot Dry Matter Accumulation and Corn Grain Yield

1995 ◽  
Vol 5 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 85-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Dwyer ◽  
B. L. Ma ◽  
H. N. Hayhoe ◽  
J.L.B. Culley
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Corn Grain ◽  
Corn Grain Yield

Dry Matter, Nodulation and Nutrient Uptake in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) as Influenced by Irrigation and Phosphorus

1989 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. Parihar ◽  
R. S. Tripathi
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Pan Evaporation ◽  
Eastern India

SUMMARYThe response of chickpea to irrigation and phosphorus was studied at Kharagpur in Eastern India. Irrigation scheduling was based on the ratio between irrigation water applied and cumulative pan evaporation (ID/CPE), and had little effect on dry matter accumulation. Increasing the frequency and amount of irrigation reduced the number and dry weight of nodules per plant, which increased to a maximum 70 days after sowing and then declined. Irrigation significantly reduced grain yield as a result of excessive vegetative growth at the expense of pod formation. Application of phosphorus promoted nodulation and increased both nodule dry weight and the concentration of N, P and K in grain and stover. Uptake of N, P and K by the crop was also increased.

scholarly journals Physiological and developmental traits associated with the grain yield of winter wheat as affected by phosphorus fertilizer management

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiu-Xiu Chen ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Xiao-Yuan Liang ◽  
Yu-Min Liu ◽  
Shi-Jie Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Photosynthetic Capacity ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Photosynthetic Parameters ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Spike Number

Abstract Although researchers have determined that attaining high grain yields of winter wheat depends on the spike number and the shoot biomass, a quantitative understanding of how phosphorus (P) nutrition affects spike formation, leaf expansion and photosynthesis is still lacking. A 3-year field experiment with wheat with six P application rates (0, 25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 kg P ha−1) was conducted to investigate this issue. Stem development and mortality, photosynthetic parameters, dry matter accumulation, and P concentration in whole shoots and in single tillers were studied at key growth stages for this purpose. The results indicated that spike number contributed the most to grain yield of all the yield components in a high-yielding (>8 t/ha) winter wheat system. The main stem (MS) contributed 79% to the spike number and tiller 1 (T1) contributed 21%. The 2.7 g kg−1 tiller P concentration associated with 15 mg kg−1 soil Olsen-P at anthesis stage led to the maximal rate of productive T1s (64%). The critical shoot P concentration that resulted in an adequate product of Pn and LAI was identified as 2.1 g kg−1. The thresholds of shoot P concentration that led to the maximum productive ability of T1 and optimal canopy photosynthetic capacity at anthesis were very similar. In conclusion, the thresholds of soil available P and shoot P concentration in whole plants and in single organs (individual tillers) were established for optimal spike formation, canopy photosynthetic capacity, and dry matter accumulation. These thresholds could be useful in achieving high grain yields while avoiding excessive P fertilization.

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