A fungal endophyte consortium counterbalances the negative effects of reduced nitrogen input on the yield of field-grown spring barley

2017 ◽  
Vol 155 (8) ◽  
pp. 1324-1331 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. R. MURPHY ◽  
T. R. HODKINSON ◽  
F. M. DOOHAN
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yields ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Fungal Endophyte ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Intensive Farming ◽  
N Input

SUMMARYThe use of chemicals to fertilize crops incurs economic and environmental costs and it is widely recognized that the current level of chemical fertilizer use is unsustainable in many intensive farming systems. Any methods that can reduce fertilizer input and still maintain acceptable yields would be of great benefit to both the farmer and the environment. The use of beneficial endophytes as crop inoculants may go some way towards improving crop yields beyond that achievable using fertilizer increases alone. Field trials were conducted over two seasons on three contrasting field sites to test the effects of fungal endophytes from a wild barley relative on three barley cultivars (Mickle, Planet and Propino). Seeds were either untreated or dressed with a consortium of four endophyte strains, and three levels of nitrogen (N) were applied to both treatments: full N, 50% N and 0 N. On the field site with the lowest overall N input, the endophyte treatment with 50% N restored yield for ‘Planet’ to that associated with untreated plants receiving the full N input. On the same site and with the same cultivar, endophyte treatment increased yield by 15% under full N, and by a mean 12% for all three cultivars with 50% N input. Over both seasons and all three sites, the endophyte treatment increased yield for the cultivar Planet by a mean of 9%. For the endophyte-associated increase in the variety Planet grain yield over the untreated trials strong correlations were found between increased yield and each of low rainfall, greater evaporation and greater number of degree days above the base. Furthermore, the efficacy of the endophytes was not removed by regular foliar fungicidal treatment. These results suggest that fungal endophytes can contribute to improving barley yield grown in low rainfall areas and under a range of fertilizer input regimes, provided that endophyte treatments are applied to compatible crop cultivars and sites.

Conservation agriculture for climate smart agriculture in smallholder farming systems in Kenya.

2022 ◽  
pp. 431-442
Author(s):  
Alfred Micheni ◽  
Patrick Gicheru ◽  
Onesmus Kitonyo
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yields ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Conservation Agriculture ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Smallholder Farming ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Adequate Food ◽  
Labour Requirement ◽  
Smart Agriculture

Abstract Climate change is any significant change in climatic conditions. Such changes may negatively affect productivity of the rain-fed agriculture practised by over 75% of the smallholder Kenyan farmers. The effect leads to failure to sustainably provide adequate food and revenue to famers. It is on this basis that an almost 8-year field study was conducted to evaluate and scale climate resilient agricultural technological options associated with Conservation Agriculture (CA) systems and practices (no-till; maintenance of permanent soil cover; and crop diversification - rotations and associations), complemented with good agricultural strategies. The activities involved were targeted to sustainably increase productivity of maize-legumes farming systems while reducing environmental risks. The results showed improved soil properties (physical, chemical and health) and consequently increased crop yields and human nutrition by over 30%. Such benefits were attributed to cost savings arising from NT and reduced labour requirement for weed control. This was further based on enhanced crop soil moisture and nutrients availability and use efficiency leading to over 25% yield increase advantage. Apart from the field trials, the study used the Agricultural Production Simulator (APSIM) computer model to simulate CA scenario with the aim of providing potential quick answers to adopting CA practices for farm system productivity. The results were inclusively shared, leading to over 21% increase in the number of farmers adopting the CA practices within and beyond the project sites. The study's overall recommendation affirmed the need to integrate the CA practices into Kenyan farming systems for sustainable agricultural livelihoods and economic opportunities.

The ability of 29 barley cultivars to compete and withstand competition

Weed Science ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 783-792 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul R. Watson ◽  
Douglas A. Derksen ◽  
Rene C. Van Acker
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
External Input ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Barley Cultivar ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Full Height

Using competitive crops and cultivars can be an important integrated weed management (IWM) tool, useful in both conventional and low-external-input (LEI) farming systems. Barley is considered a competitive crop, but cultivar competitiveness varies. There are two aspects of cultivar competitive ability; the ability to compete (AC) and the ability to withstand competition (AWC). However, the relationship between these aspects has not been addressed in barley. A study was conducted to explore aspects of barley cultivar competitive ability with oats, and to examine the feasibility of ranking cultivars based on either, or both, AWC and AC. Field trials were undertaken in 2001 and 2002 to determine cultivar competitive ability for 29 barley cultivars commonly grown on the Canadian prairies. Cultivars were selected from semidwarf and full height, hulled and hull-less, 2- and 6-row, and feed and malt classes. Yield loss ranged from 6 to 79% while weed seed return ranged from 10 to 83% of gross yield. As a class, semidwarf and hull-less cultivars were less competitive than full height and hulled cultivars, respectively. However, considerable variation existed within these classes, and an absolute relationship between class membership and competitive ability did not exist. Ability to withstand competition was significantly correlated with ability to compete, but correlation coefficients were not strong enough to attempt reliable co-selection within a breeding program. Ability to compete was a more consistent measure of competitive ability than AWC. Ranking barley cultivar competitive ability would make it a valuable IWM tool for farmers and extension personnel.

scholarly journals POTENTIAL CONTAMINATION OF SOYBEAN AGROPHYTOCENOSIS DEPENDING ON THE SYSTEM OF FARMING AND SOIL TILLAGE

2020 ◽  
Vol 357 (56) ◽  
pp. 45-52
Author(s):  
Oleksiy TSYUK ◽  
◽  
Dmutro MARCHENKO ◽  
Ivan SHUVAR ◽  
Wioletta BIEL ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological System ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Black Soil ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Intensive Farming ◽  
Weed Seeds ◽  
Biological Farming

This work presents the results of the study of changes of the potential contamination of soybean agrophytocenosis in grain-row crop rotation by using different systems of farming and typical black soil tillage. It was established that in the upper 0–5 cm layer of soil there are on average 393–671 million pieces of weed seeds. which is 33.6–43.0% of the total number in the layer of soil 0–20 cm. It was established that the use of periodical moldboard and superficial basic soil tillage had no impact on reducing the potential contamination of typical black soil compared to the variant of differentiated tillage. During subsurface plowing the total number of seeds in the soil layer 0–20 cm increased by 13.5–25.8% compared to differentiated tillage. In the variants of ecological and biological farming systems the number of weed seeds in the layer 0–5 cm was 11.3–19.6% higher compared to the intensive farming system. Based on monitoring of the species composition of the weed seeds bank it was established that in the arable layer of the soil the largest share are annual dicotyledonous – 48–62%. annual monocotyledonous – 30.2–44.6%. perennial – 0.9–3.3% of the total number. It was proved that under the intensive system of farming the yield of soybean variety Silesia increased on average from 10.2 to 147% compared to the ecological and biological system of farming. During the biological system of farming soybean yield did not exceed 1.0–1.8 t/ha. Therefore. the industrial and ecological system of farming had the greatest impact on reducing the potential weediness of the soybean agrocenosis during the growing season. During the biological system of farming crop yields decrease due to the accumulation of weed seeds in the topsoil and formation of high actual weediness of the soybean agrocenosis.

scholarly journals Resistance To Powdery Mildew In Selected Czech Winter Barley Breeding Lines

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 45-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Dreiseitl
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Winter Barley ◽  
Substantial Part ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Barley Breeding

Powdery mildew resistances in Czech winter barley breeding lines were postulated on the basis of their reaction types to 32 pathotypes of the pathogen with different combinations of virulence genes. The results from testing 38 lines represent a substantial part of found variability in the examined trait with 13 found resistances. The resistances typical of winter barley cultivars dominated in six-row lines whereas the resistances typical of spring barley cultivars were more frequent in two-row lines. None of these resistances was effective enough to all used pathotypes. Desired effectiveness is present neither in the lines with a combination of corresponding resistances nor in the cases when their resistance is controlled by more (up to six) postulated genes. Resistances “Ch” (detected in the line CH 669) and “Lu” (detected in the line LU 1258/A/02) are novel, the former without any practical importance. A need of breeding winter barley cultivars resistant to powdery mildew is discussed since they are required for both conventional and particularly low-input farming systems.

scholarly journals Pyramiding of scald resistance genes in four spring barley MAGIC populations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juho Hautsalo ◽  
Fluturë Novakazi ◽  
Marja Jalli ◽  
Magnus Göransson ◽  
Outi Manninen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Association Studies ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Snp Markers ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Barley Leaf ◽  
Advanced Generation

AbstractGenome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) of four Multi-parent Advanced Generation Inter-Cross (MAGIC) populations identified nine regions on chromosomes 1H, 3H, 4H, 5H, 6H and 7H associated with resistance against barley scald disease. Three of these regions are putatively novel resistance Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL). Barley scald is caused by Rhynchosporium commune, one of the most important barley leaf diseases that are prevalent in most barley-growing regions. Up to 40% yield losses can occur in susceptible barley cultivars. Four MAGIC populations were generated in a Nordic Public–Private Pre-breeding of spring barley project (PPP Barley) to introduce resistance to several important diseases. Here, these MAGIC populations consisting of six to eight founders each were tested for scald resistance in field trials in Finland and Iceland. Eight different model covariate combinations were compared for GWAS studies, and the models that deviated the least from the expected p-values were selected. For all QTL, candidate genes were identified that are predicted to be involved in pathogen defence. The MAGIC progenies contained new haplotypes of significant SNP-markers with high resistance levels. The lines with successfully pyramided resistance against scald and mildew and the significant markers are now distributed among Nordic plant breeders and will benefit development of disease-resistant cultivars.

scholarly journals Impact of biofertilizers on resistance to diseases of spring barley

2021 ◽  
Vol 273 ◽  
pp. 01004
Author(s):  
Irina Tychinskaya ◽  
Alexey Tarakin ◽  
Yuriy Bukhvostov ◽  
Irina Minakova ◽  
Tatyana Bukreeva
Keyword(s):  
Spring Barley ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Combined Application ◽  
Intensive Farming ◽  
Positive Treatment Effect ◽  
Positive Treatment ◽  
Experimental Process

The article is devoted to the effect of biofertilizers (Bioklad and Vermix) on the severity of common diseases of spring barley in field trials conducted in the Orel region. The authors estimate risks of spring barley diseases and analyse the results of the three-year experiment, carried out under certain weather and climate conditions. The subject of the research is the spring barley crop Suzdalets under intensive farming (zoned for 2, 3, 5 regions of Russia). For a more comprehensive assessment, the experimental process includes separate and combined application of biofertilizers at two different doses. The results of the experiment shows that spring barley crops have responded to all tested combinations of treatment and, at the same time, biofertilizers Bioklad and Vermix, regardless of the doses of application used, had a positive treatment effect and reduced development of severe plant diseases such as root rot by 8.4%, Helminthosporium spot by 29.2%, powdery mildew by 28.9%, Rhynchosporium by 26.3%, stem rust by 65.9%, Septoria spot by 24.4%, and Fusarium head blight by 12%. The most productive agrocenosis of spring barley was formed with the use of Bioklad: barley yield was 0.59 t/ha at a dose of 1 L/ ha and 0.61 t/ha at a dose of 2 L/ha.

scholarly journals Application of metal nanoparticles for pre-sowing treatment of spring barley seeds

2020 ◽  
pp. 1140-1149
Author(s):  
Arthur Gagikovich Yablokov ◽  
Olga Aleksandrovna Bogoslovskaya ◽  
Irina Pavlovna Olkhovskaya ◽  
Natalya Nikolaevna Glushchenko
Keyword(s):  
Phase Composition ◽  
Metal Ions ◽  
Metal Nanoparticles ◽  
Polymer Coating ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Polymer Composition ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Polyethylene Glycol 400

This paper presents data on the pre-sowing treatment of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seeds by polymer coating with metal nanoparticles (NPs) affecting on seed germination and morphometric parameters of seedlings. Metal NPs [Fe (56.0 ± 0.9 nm, phase composition: Fe0 -27.9 ± 2.1%, Fe3O4 - 72.1 ± 3.6%); Zn (60.6 ± 3.7 nm, phase composition: Zn0 - 100%); Cu (65.0 ± 1.2 nm, phase composition: Cu0 - 100%)] were incorporated into a polymer coating about 10 microns thick, consisting of Na-carboxymethyl cellulose (Na-CMC) and polyethylene glycol-400 (PEG-400), with a dye rhodamine 6G (Rh6G). We developed and studied polymer compositions as with individual NPs in concentrations 10-4% - 10-10% and their combinations. To compare effects of NPs with metal ions, we tested polymer film coating with metal sulfates in equivalent amounts. Pre-sowing treatment of barley seeds with metal NPs or metal ions in the polymer coating affected germination, fresh green and root mass (FM and RM) of seedlings. Film thickness was less than 10% of the caryopsis shell. The surface of seeds treated with the polymer composition was uniform. The defects and irregularities were smoothed. There were no significant differences in the endosperm structure on sections of the treated and control samples. Iron, zinc and copper NPs composition at 10-8%, 10-4% and 10-8% concentrations were the best in laboratory experiments. In the field trials, it stimulated barley crop yields and decreased the moisture content of the bunker grain compared with the control.

Productivity and quality of soybean seeds with different fertilization on podzolized chernozem

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (97) ◽  
pp. 136-144
Author(s):  
H.M. Hospodarenko ◽  
◽  
I.V. Prokopchuk ◽  
K. P. Leonova ◽  
V.P. Boyko
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Mineral Fertilizer ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Soybean Seeds ◽  
Different Doses

The productivity of agricultural crops is the most variable and integral indicator of their vital activity, which accumulates their genetic potential, soil fertility, weather conditions and components of agricultural technology. Soybean under optimal growing conditions (the reaction of the soil is close to neutral, sufficient phosphorus and potassium nutrition, the use of nitraginization) assimilates from the air about 70 % of the total nitrogen requirement. Therefore, it is believed that it is enough to apply only a starting dose of nitrogen fertilizers (20–40 kg/ha a. s.), to get a high yield with good indicators of grain quality. The results of studies of the influence of long-term (8 years) application of different doses and ratios of fertilizers in field crop rotation on podzolized chernozem in the conditions of the Right -Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine on the yield and quality of soybean seeds preceded by spring barley were presented. It was found that crop yields could be increased by 18–77 % owing to different doses, ratios and types of fertilizers. The highest indicators of seed yields for three years of the research (3,02 t/ha) were obtained under the application of mineral fertilizers at a dose of N110P60K80 per 1 ha of crop rotation area, including under soybean – N60P60K60. Exclusion of the nitrogen component from the complete fertilizer (N60P60K60) reduced its yield by 26 %, phosphorus – by 17, and potassium by 11 %. There was no significant decrease in soybean yield in the variant of the experiment with a decrease in the proportion of potassium in the composition of complete mineral fertilizer (N60P60K30) for three years of study. The largest mass of 1000 soybean seeds was formed at doses of N60К60 fertilizers, and their protein content — under the application of complete mineral fertilizer in doses of N60P60K60 and N60P60K30.

scholarly journals Opportunities and limits of controlled-environment plant phenotyping for climate response traits

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Langstroff ◽  
Marc C. Heuermann ◽  
Andreas Stahl ◽  
Astrid Junker
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Plant Phenotyping ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Climate Response ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Phenotypic Data ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Controlled Environments ◽  
Response Traits

AbstractRising temperatures and changing precipitation patterns will affect agricultural production substantially, exposing crops to extended and more intense periods of stress. Therefore, breeding of varieties adapted to the constantly changing conditions is pivotal to enable a quantitatively and qualitatively adequate crop production despite the negative effects of climate change. As it is not yet possible to select for adaptation to future climate scenarios in the field, simulations of future conditions in controlled-environment (CE) phenotyping facilities contribute to the understanding of the plant response to special stress conditions and help breeders to select ideal genotypes which cope with future conditions. CE phenotyping facilities enable the collection of traits that are not easy to measure under field conditions and the assessment of a plant‘s phenotype under repeatable, clearly defined environmental conditions using automated, non-invasive, high-throughput methods. However, extrapolation and translation of results obtained under controlled environments to field environments is ambiguous. This review outlines the opportunities and challenges of phenotyping approaches under controlled environments complementary to conventional field trials. It gives an overview on general principles and introduces existing phenotyping facilities that take up the challenge of obtaining reliable and robust phenotypic data on climate response traits to support breeding of climate-adapted crops.

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