scholarly journals The Journey towards “No Man's Land”: Interpreting the China-Korea Borderland within Imperial and Colonial Contexts

2017 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 1035-1058 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nianshen Song
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
International Law ◽  
Geographic Information ◽  
Legal Knowledge ◽  
Tumen River ◽  
Origin And Evolution ◽  
The Past ◽  
Japanese Colonial ◽  
No Man's Land

In the early twentieth century, the sovereignty of a territory north of the China-Korea Tumen River border was under severe dispute between China, Korea, and Japan. Based on a Jesuit memoir and map of Korea published in eighteenth-century Europe, a Japanese colonial bureaucrat and international law expert, Shinoda Jisaku, asserted that a vast region north of the China-Korea border should be regarded as a “no man's land.” Employing Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and European materials, this article traces the origin and evolution of such a definition. It demonstrates that the Jesuit map and description were based on false geographic information, which the Korean court deliberately provided to a Manchu official in 1713 in order to safeguard its interests. During prolonged intercommunication between diverse areas of the globe during the past three centuries, spatial and legal knowledge has been produced, reproduced, and transformed within imperial and colonial contexts.

What Was Neo-Classicism?

1969 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-70
Author(s):  
James William Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
English Literature ◽  
Matthew Arnold ◽  
Eighteenth Century Literature ◽  
The Past ◽  
Charles Ii ◽  
Vast Range ◽  
Century Literature ◽  
Selection Of

There seems to be no doubt about it: the century-old truisms about the literature variously called “Augustan” and “Neo-Classical” are in the process of dissolution. Premises induced by J. S. Mill and Matthew Arnold, explored by Oliver Elton, dogmatized by G. E. B. Saintsbury, and summarized by Leslie Stephen now appear inadequate to more recent scholars, whose research and rereading of Neo-Classical texts run counter to the general testimony as well as the specific judgments of their grandfathers. For the past few decades at least, published commentary has increasingly indicated the need to overhaul received ideas about those writers identified with the revival of classicism in England following the Restoration of Charles II and continuing throughout the eighteenth century.The deficiencies in Victorian and Edwardian assumptions about Neo-Classicism revealed by latter-day findings are several, some of them due to false criteria of taste, morality, and literary excellence. But chiefly the research of the present age has disclosed a vast range of literature simply ignored — or, perhaps, suppressed — by earlier critics. Based as they were on a limited, prejudged selection of Restoration and eighteenth-century literature, the premises inherited from Victorian criticism have naturally failed to account for the discoveries of twentieth-century scholars.The resulting disparity between limited assumptions and expanded information has called into question the very possibility of formulating any critical schema that accurately describes the characteristics of English literature between 1660 and 1800. The relativistic — not to say atomistic — inclinations of contemporary scholarship enforce the view that indeed no schema is possible.

Material Visions

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stacy C. Kozakavich
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Temporal Changes ◽  
Intentional Communities ◽  
The Past ◽  
Building Community ◽  
Vinyl Records

Artifacts made, bought, and used within past intentional communities demand careful interpretation. They may reaffirm or challenge our long-held ideas about a group, and as mute witnesses to the past can invite conflicting views among scholars and community descendants. This chapter spans the volume's widest temporal range, from eighteenth-century ceramics and food remains left by Pennsylvania's Ephrata Cloister to twentieth-century vinyl records listened to by members of California's Chosen Family. Examples from the Shakers, Harmonists, and Moravians demonstrate the importance of building community-specific contexts of interpretation that are sensitive to differences between individual groups as well as temporal changes within long-lived communities.

Defining the Prisoner of War in International Law: A Comparative Approach

2019 ◽  
pp. 30-76
Author(s):  
Renaud Morieux
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
International Law ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Prisoner Of War ◽  
National Belonging ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
International Conventions ◽  
Specific Definition

The present-day category of the prisoner of war, in the form inherited from the international conventions of the twentieth century, needs to be deconstructed. One way of doing this is to confront official legal and administrative labels, and the ways in which they operated. This chapter considers the limits of international legal norms, which fail to encapsulate the complexity of the category. The focus is on groups whose very belonging to the category of the prisoner of war was questioned in the eighteenth century. Were the distinctions between ‘civilian’ and ‘combatant’ meaningful? How did they operate in practice? Were concepts of national belonging, ethnicity, religion, gender, or class important criteria for determining the treatment of captives? This chapter emphasizes the contingency of the category ‘prisoner of war’, its lack of clarity, and the dependence on particular situations to give it specific definition.

The Riddle of Me’iri’s Recent Popularity

2020 ◽  
pp. 394-401
Author(s):  
Haym Soloveitchik
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
The Past

This chapter examines the recent popularity of R. Menaḥem ha Me'iri of Perpignan. It is commonly thought that the works of R. Menaḥem ha Me'iri were first published in the twentieth century. This is correct if one is referring to the series of Me'iri publications that Avraham Sofer produced from the huge, six-volume manuscript in the Parma Palatina Library, and which contains the Bet ha-Beḥirah on most of the tractates of the Talmud. However, a glance at any bibliography will immediately reveal that the Bet ha-Beḥirah on many tractates was already published in the eighteenth century. Some parts of it were printed in the eighteenth century, a few more in the nineteenth; but they were swiftly forgotten. In fact, the revival of his work did not begin in the 1930s: initially Sofer's publications had little impact. Only in the latter half of the twentieth century did they become popular, and various scholars moved quickly to put out the Bet ha-Beḥirah on other tractates of the Talmud and to publish new editions of the works that Sofer had already published, and these editions have been repeatedly reprinted. Why the centuries-long indifference and why the revival of the past sixty years? The chapter answers these questions.

scholarly journals WINCKELMANN’S APOLLO AND THE PHYSIOGNOMY OF RACE

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (59) ◽  
pp. 6-35
Author(s):  
Lasse Hodne
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Present Article ◽  
White Supremacy ◽  
White Male ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Male Body ◽  
The West ◽  
The Past ◽  
Different Types

The taste for classical art that induced museums in the West to acquire masterpieces from ancient Greece and Rome for their collections was stimulated largely by the writings of Johann Joachim Winckelmann. In the past decade, a number of articles have claimed that Winckelmann’s glorification of marble statues representing the white, male body promotes notions of white supremacy. The present article challenges this view by examining theories prevalent in the eighteenth century (especially climate theory) that affected Winckelmann’s views on race. Through an examination of different types of classicism, the article also seeks to demonstrate that Winckelmann’s aesthetics were opposed to the eclectic use of ancient models typical of the fascist regimes of the twentieth century.

scholarly journals Crazy about Catherine: Representations of Catherine the Great in Contemporary Russian Cinema (Temptations of Power and Legitimation of the Present)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Prikazchikova
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
The Political ◽  
Self Presentation ◽  
National Pride ◽  
The Past ◽  
Emotional Culture ◽  
Russian Cinema ◽  
Female Audience

This article discusses the reasons for the increased interest in the figure of Catherine II in Russian cinema of the 2010s. These films recreate the principles of gynecocracy in the period of Catherine’s reign. The analysis of TV series Catherine (2014–2016) and The Great (2015) aims to answer the question about the ideological and psychological meaning of such ‘retrohistory’ and its connection with the political concerns of the present. This study also considers these series within the cinematographic tradition of the twentieth century and the context provided by the memoirs of the eighteenth century. The conclusion is made that contemporary Russian historical cinema has lost its escapist function as well as its interest in depicting the emotional culture of the Catherinian era. Cinematic representations of the past are thus characterized by the following features: use of the past to legitimize the present; aesthetic empathy; ‘Russification’ of the German princess as a source of Russian national pride; gender self- presentation and projection of certain psychological complexes on the representation of Catherine in order to enhance the film’s appeal to the female audience. Keywords: Catherine the Great, Russian cinema, gynecocracy, retrohistory, legitimation of the present, aesthetic empathy, gender self-presentation

scholarly journals The Expansion of International Law Beyond Treaties

AJIL Unbound ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 108 ◽  
pp. 70-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Humberto Cantú-Rivera
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
International Law ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
International Order ◽  
International Level ◽  
Regional Society ◽  
Regional Organizations ◽  
The Past ◽  
General Principles Of Law ◽  
Past Millennium

International law is going through a period of change and, potentially, expansion. At a point in history during the past millennium, the main sources of inter-State law were custom and general principles of law recognized by civilized nations. This came to an end with the Westphalian era when an international order slowly began to establish and a treaty system was developed. Thus, such international law sources as custom and general principles of law gave way to an era of treaties: carefully designed instruments at the international level that codified every single aspect of agreements and transactions between nations. This phenomenon was not exclusive to the universal level; it also took place at a regional scale during the twentieth century, which saw the emergence of regional organizations and agreements that would enable the development of a reasonably stable international or regional society.

Contemporary Korean Buddhist Traditions

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Nathan
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
Daily Routines ◽  
Active Involvement ◽  
The Past ◽  
Korean Buddhism ◽  
Japanese Colonial ◽  
Lay Buddhists ◽  
Key Events

This chapter looks closely at key events and noticeable patterns of contemporary Korean Buddhist traditions over the past three decades. After a brief historical background on Korean Buddhism prior to the twentieth century, it turns to early twentieth-century changes under Japanese colonial rule and the postcolonial period in South Korea that set the stage for a series of overlapping trends beginning in the 1980s. These show how the contemporary period has produced more opportunities for lay Buddhists to practice and worship in Korea, to learn and study, to volunteer their time for various causes and help spread the Dharma, and even to experience temporarily the daily routines and forms of practice that were once reserved for monastics. The reorientation of the tradition toward greater social outreach and active involvement in social and political affairs, together with a sharp increase in Buddhist orders and organizations, is also discussed.

scholarly journals EUROPEAN EMPIRE AND INTERNATIONAL LAW FROM THE EIGHTEENTH TO THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
RICHARD BOURKE
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
International Law ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Moral Judgement ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
Philosophy Of Right

In the 1821 Preface to his Elements of the philosophy of right, Hegel famously claimed that ‘philosophy…is its own time comprehended in thoughts’. It is tempting to view history in equivalent terms. After all, historical research usually engages the past under the influence of contemporary concerns. Topics acquire pertinence on account of prevailing values and interests. And yet there is a clear difference between being roused to investigate a subject as a result of its ongoing resonance and interpreting its meaning in terms of current attitudes. This distinction, however, is often blurred, and with it appropriate relations between historical analysis and moral judgement. It may well be that, at the level of political philosophy, each of these activities can be reconciled; but first their respective provinces should be carefully delimited.

Some Questions of International Law in the European War

1916 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
James W. Garner
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
International Law ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Loss Of Life ◽  
Neutral State ◽  
The Past ◽  
Single Instance ◽  
The Press ◽  
History Of ◽  
Naval Operations

The history of the naval operations of the present war is quite without parallel, not only on account of the large number of enemy merchant vessels that have been destroyed without warning and the consequent loss of life of both neutral and non-combatant persons, but also because of the destruction on a large scale of ships of neutral Powers. According to the press dispatches, about one hundred and fifty neutral merchantmen, American, Danish, Dutch, Greek, Italian, Norwegian, Portuguese, and Swedish, have already been sunk by one or another belligerent—in most cases by German cruisers and submarines. The merchant marines of Denmark, Holland, Norway, and Sweden have been the heaviest sufferers. In a few cases the destruction was the resuit of error due to the alleged inability of the captor to distinguish the markings of the vessel, but in the majority of cases the reason alleged was that the ships were carrying contraband of war. In view of the extensive and unprecedented scale upon which this practice has been resorted to during the present War, the conditions under which the destruction by belligerents of neutral merchant vessels is permissible, if at all, well merit consideration in the light of international law and practice. Mr. Thomas Baty, an English authority of high standing, writing in 1911, thus states the practice of the past: It is surely very remarkable, that in all the history of war up to the twentieth century not a single instance can be adduced of a neutral ship’s being destroyed on the high seas. Surely it is most significant that despite the utmost temptations and the fiercest stress of conflict, belligerents uniformly and scrupulously abstained from the least interference with neutral vessels, beyond ascertaining their characters and bringing them into port. French, Americans, Spaniards, Dutch, Danes—strict navy men and lax privateers—polished admirals and rough desperadoes—none of them dared send to the bottom a ship wearing the flag of a neutral state.

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