Spontaneous fetal loss: a note on rates and some implications

1975 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 421-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillips Cutright
Keyword(s):  
Marital Fertility ◽  
Fetal Loss ◽  
Common View ◽  
Fertility Trends ◽  
Genetic Abnormalities ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Common ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
National Fertility Study ◽  
Over Time

SummaryAfter reviewing recent work indicating that the level of spontaneous fetal loss (SFL) is much higher than estimates derived from traditional sources, this paper assesses some implications of differential rates of SFL by race and maternal health and challenges the common view that early SFL is largely a function of genetic abnormalities of the fetus and thus subject to little change over time. If, as is argued here, SFL changes over time in response to changing environmental conditions, fertility trends may be affected by environmental trends. An example of the possible impact of declining SFL on marital fertility rates over the period 1940–60 in the US is provided. The paper concludes with work that uses new estimates of SFL rates to measure the extent to which induced abortion may be unnecessary because the pregnancy would terminate spontaneously, and then estimates the extent to which contraceptive failure rates, as measured in the US National Fertility Study of 1965, may be deflated due to under-reporting of SFL.

Articulatory Generalization in Two Word-Medial, Ambisyllabic Contexts

1988 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia I. Wolfe ◽  
Suzanne D. Blocker ◽  
Norma J. Prater
Keyword(s):  
Common View ◽  
Perceptual Salience ◽  
The Common ◽  
Unitary Concept ◽  
Over Time

Articulatory generalization of velar cognates /k/, /g/ in two phonologically disordered children was studied over time as a function of sequential word-morpheme position training. Although patterns of contextual acquisition differed, correct responses to the word-medial, inflected context (e.g., "picking," "hugging") occurred earlier and exceeded those to the word-medial, noninflected context (e.g., "bacon," "wagon"). This finding indicates that the common view of the word-medial position as a unitary concept is an oversimplification. Possible explanations for superior generalization to the word-medial, inflected position are discussed in terms of coarticulation, perceptual salience, and the representational integrity of the word.

Withdrawal from Sport and Schlossberg’s Model of Transitions

1991 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek A. Swain
Keyword(s):  
Career Change ◽  
Horse Racing ◽  
Common Experience ◽  
Transitional Experience ◽  
Personal Histories ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Over Time

The present study involved three in-depth interviews with 10 informants who had voluntarily withdrawn from hockey, horse racing, football, and racquet-ball. The personal histories of the informants were examined for diversity and commonality of experience. A synthesized description of career change experience was written as a general story, identifying a sequence of experiential units that reflect the shifts in focus within the common experience. The general story indicated that withdrawal from sport was not simply an event but a process that began soon after the athletes became engaged in their career. This study supports and extends a model proposed by Schlossberg (1984) which attempts to account for diversity in the experience of transitions. The model is considered helpful in developing an understanding of the process of a transitional experience such as retirement from sport, considering the context in which the experience takes place, the meaning it has for the individual, and how it changes over time.

scholarly journals THE COMPETITIVENESS OF INDONESIA'S EXPORT TO UNITED STATES, 1986-2003: A SHIFT-SHARE ANALYSIS

2007 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Ahmad Helmy Fuady
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Republic Of Korea ◽  
Single Digit ◽  
The Us ◽  
Asian Economies ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

The objective of this paper is to examine the competitiveness of Indonesia's exports to the United States (US) market, compared to other Asian economies, namely Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, China, Republic of Korea and India, over the period of 1986-2003. A shift-share method is applied to single digit SITC US imports data from those countries. It found that the competitiveness of Indonesia's exports changes over time. The Indonesia's exports reached its best performance in the period 1992-1997. However, after the 1997 economic crisis, Indonesia faces a serious problem, since none of its export has competitiveness in the US market, compared to the reference economy. The analysis also shows that China has consistently posed a serious pressure not only for Indonesia, but also for the other Asian economies.

scholarly journals Contemporary linguistics of English language

2020 ◽  
pp. 23-30
Author(s):  
Fahreta Fijuljanin ◽  
Samina Dazdarević ◽  
Amela Lukač-Zoranić
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
English Language ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Language Change ◽  
Common View ◽  
The Future ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

The paper examines the influence of modern linguistics and the consequences of language reflection on both English language and global philology. A comparative analysis of preferences and lacks of traditional and modern linguistics represent a common view of the progress and the needs of the language. The paper aims to highlight several recent studies of modern linguists in the field of English linguistics such as Chomsky, Sapir, Halliday and Bloomfield as the representative of English speaking grammarians. Modern linguistics, as a set of different variations, raises the question of how and why language changes over time. It possibly may represent the basis for research on contemporary linguistics as a turning point for language change in the future, as well as the impact of society on language, change and universals.

Trends in Acute Appendicitis Among Pregnant Women, the Risk for Cardiac Arrest and Maternal-fetal Mortality

2020 ◽  
Vol 154 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S164-S164
Author(s):  
A D Oluwatoba
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Acute Appendicitis ◽  
Maternal Mortality ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Fetal Loss ◽  
Near Miss ◽  
Fetal Mortality ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Us ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Introduction/Objective Acute appendicitis is the most common extra-uterine surgical emergency requiring immediate surgical intervention during pregnancy. However, risks for mortality and near-miss conditions (e.g., cardiac arrest) remain poorly understood. This study was conducted to determine the temporary changes in rate of acute appendicitis in pregnant women over time compared to their non-pregnant peers in relation to cardiac arrest, maternal mortality and stillbirth. Methods My analysis covered the period from January 1, 2002 through December 31, 2014 using cross-sectional data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS). The NIS, made available by the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP), currently constitutes the largest all-payer, publicly available inpatient database in the US. Results I identified a total of 64,799 cases of acute appendicitis during pregnancy, yielding a prevalence of 11/10,000. There was a significant increase in the prevalence of appendicitis over time. While the risk for cardiac arrest was not elevated, that of maternal mortality was five times (OR = 5.16, 95% CI = 2.57-10.38) as high among mothers diagnosed with appendicitis during pregnancy. The combined risk for fetal loss or stillbirth was twice as high among individuals diagnosed with appendicitis (OR = 2.05, 95% CI = 1.85-2.28). Conclusion Appendicitis during pregnancy increases the risk for cardiac arrest, and maternal mortality by about five- fold. We also found that the risk for fetal loss or stillbirth was doubled.

scholarly journals 2016 HES PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS: STATISTICAL INFERENCE IN ECONOMICS, 1920–1965: CHANGES IN MEANING AND PRACTICE

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeff Biddle
Keyword(s):  
Probability Theory ◽  
Statistical Inference ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Presidential Address ◽  
The Us ◽  
Cowles Commission ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

I review changes over time in the meaning that economists in the US attributed to the phrase “statistical inference,” as well as changes in how inference was conducted. Prior to WWII, leading statistical economists rejected probability theory as a source of measures and procedures to be used in statistical inference. Trygve Haavelmo and the early Cowles Commission econometricians developed an approach to statistical inference based on probability theory, but the arguments they offered in defense of this approach were not always responsive to the concerns of earlier empirical economists that the data available to economists did not satisfy the assumptions required for such an approach. Despite this, after a period of about twenty-five years, a consensus developed that methods of inference derived from probability theory were an almost essential part of empirical research in economics. I conclude with some speculation on possible reasons for this transformation in thinking about statistical inference.

Fertility

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Anderson ◽  
Corinne Roughley
Keyword(s):  
Fertility Decline ◽  
Marital Fertility ◽  
Married Couples ◽  
Birth Rates ◽  
Age Profile ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

There were big changes in numbers of births and birth rates in Scotland over the period coved by this book. Compared with elsewhere and England in particular, fertility in Scotland has always been restrained by low levels of nuptiality, but for most of our period fertility within marriage has been higher. This was especially true from the start of the fertility decline in the 1860s/1870s. At all periods there have been major differences between parts of the country in rates of marital fertility and non-marital fertility, but which areas were the highest, and the reasons for the variations, changed over time. All areas, however, have shared a major rise in non-marital fertility since the 1980s, mostly due to the rise in births to non-married couples. There have also been major changes over time in the age profile of motherhood and in the distribution between families of different sizes.

Changes in responses to nicotine vaping product warnings and leaflets in England compared with Canada, the US and Australia: findings from the 2016–2018 ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Surveys

2020 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2020-055739
Author(s):  
Eve Violet Taylor ◽  
Katherine A East ◽  
Ann McNeill ◽  
Michael Cummings ◽  
James Thrasher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Nicotine Addiction ◽  
Warning Labels ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Probability Sampling ◽  
Black And White ◽  
The Us ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

Background and aimsIn May 2017, black-and-white text nicotine addiction warning labels (‘warnings’) and health and safety leaflets (‘leaflets’) became mandatory for nicotine vaping products (NVPs) in England, in accordance with the European Union’s Tobacco Products Directive. We compared changes over time in noticing warnings and leaflets, recall of warnings about nicotine and concerns about using NVP due to noticing warnings in England, compared with Canada, the US and Australia, where no warnings and leaflets were mandated.Design19 005 adult (aged 18+) NVP users, smokers and quitters of cigarettes and NVP from the 2016 and 2018 International Tobacco Control Four Country Smoking and Vaping Surveys in England, Canada, the US and Australia, recruited via probability and non-probability sampling.FindingsNoticing warnings increased in England from 4.9% (2016) to 9.4% (2018) (adjusted OR/AOR=1.64, 95% CI=1.15–2.36); this change was larger than changes in Canada (AOR=2.51, 95% CI=1.71–3.69) and the US (AOR=2.22, 95% CI=1.45–3.39). Recall of a nicotine warning increased in England from 86% (2016) to 94.9% (2018) (AOR=5.50, 95% CI=1.57–19.27) but not significantly elsewhere. Noticing leaflets increased in England from 14.6% (2016) to 19.1% (2018) (AOR=1.42, 95% CI=1.15–1.74); this change was larger than in Canada (AOR=1.42, 95% CI=1.12–1.79), the US (AOR=1.55, 95% CI=1.17–2.06) and Australia (AOR=1.51, 95% CI=1.02–2.22). Among those noticing warnings, concern about NVP use did not change significantly between 2016 and 2018 (all countries p>0.081).ConclusionsIntroduction of mandatory NVP warnings and leaflets in England was associated with small increases in noticing them but not with changes in concerns about NVP use.

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