A genetic isolate in the French Pyrenees: probabilities of origin of genes and inbreeding

1985 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 405-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Louis Serre ◽  
Lucienne Jakobi ◽  
Marie-claude Babron
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Inbreeding Coefficient ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Genetic Isolate ◽  
Cultural Isolation ◽  
Inbred Populations ◽  
The Village

SummaryThe genetic structure and its recent evolution in a small isolated village in the French Pyrenees, Arthez-d'Asson, have been characterized by calculating the probabilities of origin of genes and inbreeding values at every generation since the 17th century.Arthez-d'Asson appears to be one of the most inbred populations in France, with an inbreeding coefficient of approximately 0·5%. This is due first to genetical and cultural isolation, and secondly to migration out of the village towards towns at the turn of the century. The valley of Ouzom, in which Arthez-d'Asson lies, constitutes a hierarchical population and some cultural and genetical turnover is drawing back to the valley genes which have been absent for some generations.

Genetic rescue by augmenting gene flow

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Frankham ◽  
Jonathan D. Ballou ◽  
Katherine Ralls ◽  
Mark D. B. Eldridge ◽  
Michele R. Dudash ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Gene Flow ◽  
Inbreeding Coefficient ◽  
Outbreeding Depression ◽  
Genetic Rescue ◽  
Evolutionary Potential ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Inbred Populations ◽  
Harmful Effects

Inbreeding is reduced and genetic diversity enhanced when a small isolated inbred population is crossed to another unrelated population. Crossing can have beneficial or harmful effects on fitness, but beneficial effects predominate, and the risks of harmful ones (outbreeding depression) can be predicted and avoided. For crosses with a low risk of outbreeding depression, there are large and consistent benefits on fitness that persist across generations in outbreeding species. Benefits are greater in species that naturally outbreed than those that inbreed, and increase with the difference in inbreeding coefficient between crossed and inbred populations in mothers and zygotes. However, benefits are similar across invertebrates, vertebrates and plants. There are also important benefits for evolutionary potential of crossing between populations.

scholarly journals Organization of the Village of Cossack self-government as the basis of everyday life

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 112-118
Author(s):  
Sergey Valentinovich Lyubichankovskiy ◽  
Elena Victorovna Godovova
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Community Organization ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Village Government ◽  
The Village

The paper presents the evolution of the formation of the system of local government in the Cossack armies in Russia. Cossacks living in villages with towns belonging to it were Cossack society. Local Cossacks authority It was Village chieftain, Village descent, Village court, Cossack community. Organization of the Village government in the Cossack army was virtually identical to that due to the fact that the reform of the Cossack troops went on the model of the Don and Kuban troops. This system has been transformed at the beginning of the twentieth century. Fall elective responsibility, a manifestation of laziness and indifference of the Cossacks it was due to property, education and psychological disunity. Contemporaries noted that many members of the village office turn of the century were literate, prone to drunkenness and extortion. An increasing number of the Cossacks did not attend gatherings and did not pay the dues. But, despite this, the Cossack communities continued to live, to regulate agrarian relations, contributed to the development of health and education.

scholarly journals Using nuclear microsatellite data to trace the gene flow and population structure in Czech horses

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 67-77
Author(s):  
L. Putnová ◽  
R. Štohl ◽  
I. Vrtková
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Inbreeding Coefficient ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
Nuclear Microsatellite ◽  
High Level ◽  
Equus Przewalskii ◽  
Assignment Success

Based on a data set comprising 2879 animals and 17 nuclear microsatellite DNA markers, we propose the most comprehensive in-depth study mapping the genetic structure and specifying the assignment success rates in horse breeds at the Czech population scale. The STRUCTURE program was used to perform systematic Bayesian clustering via the Markov chain Monte Carlo estimation, enabling us to explain the population stratification and to identify genetic structure patterns within breeds worldwide. In total, 182 different alleles were found over all the populations and markers, with the mean number of 10.7 alleles per locus. The expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.459 (Friesian) to 0.775 (Welsh Part Bred), and the average level reached 0.721. The average observed heterozygosity corresponded to 0.709, with the highest value detected in the Czech Sport Pony (0.775). The largest number of private alleles was found in Equus przewalskii. The population inbreeding coefficient F<sub>IS</sub> ranged from –0.08 in the Merens to 0.14 in the Belgian Warmblood. The total within-population inbreeding coefficient was estimated to be moderate. As expected, very large genetic differentiation and small gene flow were established between the Friesian and Equus przewalskii (F<sub>ST </sub>= 0.37, Nm = 0.43). Zero F<sub>ST</sub> values indicated no differences between the Czech Warmblood–Slovak Warmblood and the Czech Warmblood–Bavarian Warmblood. A high level of breeding and connectivity was revealed between the Slovak Warmblood–Bavarian Warmblood, Dutch Warmblood–Oldenburg Horse, Bavarian Warmblood–Dutch Warmblood, and Bavarian Warmblood–Oldenburg Horse. The breeds’ contribution equalled about 6% of the total genetic variability. The overall proportion of individuals correctly assigned to a population corresponded to 82.4%. The posterior Bayesian approach revealed a hierarchical dynamic genetic structure in four clusters (hot-blooded, warm-blooded, cold-blooded, and pony). While most of the populations were genetically distinct from each other and well-arranged with solid breed structures, some of the entire sets showed signs of admixture and/or fragmentation.

Forcing the Wealthy to Pay Their Fair Share? The Politics of Rural Taxes in 17th-Century Ottoman Damascus

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-66
Author(s):  
Malissa Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Fair Share ◽  
Peasant Communities ◽  
The Village ◽  
Detailed Picture

AbstractFocusing on the province of Damascus, this study shows that individuals of the ʿaskarī class were obligated to pay village taxes in proportion to the amount of property they owned, and that it was the village cultivators who had the primary authority for individuating and collecting these taxes. Providing a detailed picture of the relations between the ʿaskarī class and peasant communities before the rise of the a’yān in the eighteenth century, the study explores how peasants sought to enforce their decisions on these powerful individuals and to what extent they were successful in doing so.

The Many Lives of Chief Kisco

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 40-61
Author(s):  
Madeline Bourque Kearin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Cultural Geography ◽  
The United States ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Communal Identity ◽  
The Past ◽  
Art Object ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Village

This paper deconstructs the folklore surrounding an early twentieth-century zinc figure of an American Indian that stands in the center of the village of Mount Kisco, New York. The identity that “Chief Kisco” has assumed over the past hundred years elides the nature of the origins of the statue, which was intended not as a statement of communal identity, but rather as the exact opposite. As a ready-made art object, the statue was emblematic of a new network of commodified goods that transformed the cultural geography of the United States; as it was utilized in Mount Kisco, the statue was a piece of temperance propaganda with strong nativist undertones that tapped directly into the class, religious, and ethnic divisions running through the turn-of-the-century village.

scholarly journals The Ostenfeld farm at the open-air museum; Aspects of the role of folk museums in conflicts of national heritage

1970 ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Mette Skougaard
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Special Interest ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
National Heritage ◽  
The Village

The founder of the Danish Folk Museum and the Open-Air Museum, Bernhard Olsen, took a special interest in former Danish provinces; Scandinavian areas lost to Sweden in the 17th century, and Schleswig lost to Prussia in 1864. This paper examines the efforts made by Bernhard Olsen to obtain a farm house from the village of Ostenfeld in Schleswigfor the Open Air Museum, and the struggle between the Danish and the German elements in the attempt to define the national and cultural heritage of the region. These nationalistic intentions are seen in relation to the choice of exhibits and exhibition language in the new folk museums of the period. 

scholarly journals Geographical Lexicon and Toponymy of Staroshentalinsky Dialect of the Erzya-Mordovian Language

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-80
Author(s):  
Nikolai V. Belenov
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Turkic Languages ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Village

This article analyzes the geographical lexicon circulating in the Staroshentalinsky dialect of the Erzya-Mordovian language and the toponymic nomenclature of the village of Staraya Shentala in the Shentala district of the Samara region and its surroundings. Staroshentalinsky dialect belongs to the group of Mordovian dialects of the Samara region, characterized by a significant number of lexical archaisms in particular in the geographical vocabulary. Thus, a number of geographical terms that remain to this day in the dialect of the Erzya-Mordovian population of Staraya Shentala are contained in the oldest known Mordovian lexicographic monuments - the “List of Mordovian words” from the work “Northern and Eastern Tartary” by the Dutch researcher N. Witsen, which dates back to the second half of the 17th century. Vocabulary of the Staroshentalinsky dialect of the Erzya-Mordvin language shows the greatest affinity with the dialects of Erzya and Chuvash Sura region that may indicate the historical territory of the settlement of the native Staroshentalinsky dialect speakers. The structural and comparative analysis carried out in this work has shown that, in general, the toponymic space of the village of Staraya Shentala has the most of the characteristics of the Erzya-Mordovian toponymic spaces. A number of common structural elements for the toponymic nomenclature existing in the dialect in question, with corresponding clusters in other Erzya dialects of the Samara Volga region and the Republic of Mordovia, have been identified. At the same time, a number of unique phenomena are recorded in this toponymic space: both for the Mordovian dialects of the Samara Volga region, and for the Mordovian toponymy as a whole. The deetymologized toponymic bases of the space under study probably go back to the Volga Turkic languages, some of them may be archaic Finno-Ugric toponyms.

scholarly journals Estructura Genética de la Población de Llamas (Lama glama del Banco de Germoplasma del Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria -Perú

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Rubén Mamani Catoa ◽  
Roberto Gallegos Acero ◽  
Teodosio Huanca Mamani ◽  
Juan P Ablo Gutiérrez
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Reference Population ◽  
Critical Value ◽  
Inbreeding Coefficient ◽  
Gene Bank ◽  
Effective Number ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Generation Interval ◽  
Average Ratio ◽  
Lama Glama

<p><strong>RESUMEN</strong></p><p>El objetivo del  estudio fue evaluar la estructura genética de la población de llamas, del Banco de Germoplasma  de  Quimsachata Estación Experimental Illpa-Puno del Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria, durante el año 2015<a href="#_msocom_1">[h1]</a> <a href="#_msocom_2">[h2]</a> . Se analizó el archivo de pedigrí de 4698 animales nacidos en el periodo 1993 al 2014, de los cuales 2075 fueron machos y 2623 hembras<a href="#_msocom_3">[h3]</a> . Para el cálculo de los coeficientes individuales de consanguinidad (<em>F</em>), coeficiente de relación media (<em>AR</em>), tamaño efectivo de la población (<em>N<sub>e</sub></em>), de fundadores (<em>f<sub>e</sub></em>)  de ancestros (<em>f<sub>a</sub></em>), intervalo generacional (IG) y la profundidad de pedigrí se ha utilizado el programa ENDOG v.4.8. Los resultados para coeficiente de consanguinidad media y el promedio de relación media de la población de llamas fueron 0.11 y 0.25% respectivamente. Del total de 906 ancestros que dieron origen a la población de referencia, 102 explican el 50% de la variabilidad genética de la población. El número efectivo de fundadores fue 508 y de ancestros 284. El intervalo generacional medio fue  5.65 años, siendo mayor en las vías gaméticas padre-hijo y padre-hija. Para el grado de profundidad de pedigrí fueron identificados 65.88% de animales con información sobre los padres y 83.95% sobre las madres. El tamaño efectivo de la población  fue de 281.81, este valor está por encima del valor crítico. En conclusión la consanguinidad en la población de llamas del banco de germoplasma fue de pequeña magnitud y que las prácticas de apareamiento fueron adecuadas durante el periodo evaluado.</p><p> </p><p><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p>The objective of the study was to describe the genetic structure of the population of llama’s gene bank National Institute of Innovation Agrarian INIA-Puno. The pedigree file of 4698 animals born in the period 1993 to 2014, of which 2075 were males and 2623 females were analyzed. For the calculation of individual coefficients of inbreeding (<em>F</em>), coefficient average ratio (<em>AR</em>), effective population size (<em>N<sub>e</sub></em>), of founders (<em>f<sub>e</sub></em>)  of ancestors (<em>f<sub>a</sub></em>), generation interval (IG) and depth of pedigree has been used ENDOG v.4.8 program. The results for inbreeding coefficient average and average mean ratio of the population were 0.11 and 0.25 flames% respectively. Of the total of 906 ancestors that gave rise to the reference population, 102 account for 50% of the genetic variability of the population. The effective number of founders and ancestors was 508 284. The average generation interval was 5.65 years, being higher in the gametic roads father-son and father-daughter. For the degree of depth of pedigree they were identified 65.88% of animals with information about parents and 83.95% on mothers. The effective size of the population was 281.81, this value is above the critical value. In conclusion inbreeding in the population of llamas gene bank was small in magnitude and mating practices were adequate during the period evaluated.</p><div><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><div><div><p> </p></div></div></div>

scholarly journals Expansão urbana da vila de Cascais no século XVII e XVIII: a intervenção arqueológica na Rua da Vitória nº 15 a 17

2020 ◽  
pp. 1975-1986
Author(s):  
Tiago Pereira ◽  
Vanessa Filipe
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Waste Disposal ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Household Waste ◽  
A Minor ◽  
The Village ◽  
Previous Occupation

The archaeological intervention at Rua da Vitória 15-17, Cascais, was motivated by an urban rehabilitation project for a buldind located nearby the center of the village. The original bulding foundation date from late 17th century and 18th century, above a series of deposits containing ceramics, fauna, glass and metals as a result of landfill of domestic waste. Between these deposits we registered several small pits used as household waste disposal. The previous occupation in this area corresponds to a minor agricultural production from 15th or 16th century probably a small vineyard field. We report were evidence of the urban expansion of ancient village of Cascais occurred since 16th century, and the development of urban area to open areas of landfill.

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