Biological influence of infant death on fertility

1989 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. Chandran
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Infant Death ◽  
Birth Interval ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Birth Intervals ◽  
Survival Status ◽  
Subsequent Fertility

SummaryThis study examines the biological influence of infant death on subsequent fertility in three Asian countries—Indonesia, Nepal and Sri Lanka, comparing the birth interval between two consecutive births up to the sixth birth by survival status of the preceding infant among breast-feeding women not using contraception.There is consistent evidence of biological influence in each of the three countries. Infant death shortens birth intervals by up to 30%, though its influence varies between the countries.

Birth Interval Among Breast-Feeding Women Not Using Contraceptives

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 86 (5) ◽  
pp. 747-752
Author(s):  
Audrey E. Rosner ◽  
Susan K. Schulman
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Birth Control ◽  
Birth Interval ◽  
Formula Feeding ◽  
Orthodox Jewish ◽  
Birth Intervals ◽  
Total Birth ◽  
Night Feeding ◽  
Lactational Amenorrhea ◽  
Breast Fed

One hundred twelve Orthodox Jewish mothers were surveyed by means of questionnaire about birth interval in relationship to formula-feeding (n = 30) and breast-feeding (n = 236) experiences in the absence of birth control. Analyses indicate that mothers who breast-fed have longer birth intervals than those who did not. Moreover, data obtained from the same mothers show that birth intervals preceded by breast-feeding were longer than those preceded by formula-feeding of the previous infant. For those mothers who breast-fed, there was significant positive correlation between duration of breast-feeding and the length of lactational amenorrhea and total birth interval. The age at which night feeding was terminated had corresponding but less strong associations with lactational amenorrhea and total birth interval.

Effect of infant mortality on subsequent fertility of women in jordan: a life table analysis

1984 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Suchindran ◽  
A. L. Adlakha
Keyword(s):  
Infant Death ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Child Survival ◽  
Fertility Survey ◽  
Birth Intervals ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Subsequent Fertility ◽  
High Birth Order ◽  
Death Experience ◽  
The Impact

SummaryThe proportional hazards models of birth intervals based on the data from the 1976 Jordan Fertility Survey indicate that in Jordan the influence of infant death on subsequent fertility is not uniform among all population subgroups. Child survival seems to have only minimal influence on fertility among less educated women and women at low birth orders. In contrast, the probability of a subsequent birth increases significantly following an infant death among women in the high education class and among women in the high birth order group. The impact of infant death is similar among rural and urban women. Further analysis shows that the observed differences in the birth intervals of women with and without infant death experience cannot be attributed to the fecundity differentials of these two groups of women.

Comparison of effects of breast-feeding practices on birth-spacing in three societies: nomadic Turkana, Gainj, and Quechua

1994 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra J. Gray
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Birth Interval ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Birth Intervals ◽  
Pastoral System ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Quechua Indians ◽  
Resumption Of Menses

SummaryVariation in the duration and pattern of breast-feeding contributes significantly to inter-population differences in fertility. In this paper, measures of suckling frequency and intensity are used to compare the effects of breastfeeding practices on the duration of lactational amenorrhoea, and on the length of the birth interval in three prospective studies undertaken during the 1980s, among Quechua Indians of Peru, Turkana nomads of Kenya, and Gainj of Papua New Guinea.In all three societies, lactation is prolonged well into the second year postpartum, and frequent, on-demand breast-feeding is the norm. However, the duration of lactational amenorrhoea and the length of birth intervals vary considerably. Breast-feeding patterns among Gainj and Turkana are similar, but Turkana women resume menses some 3 months earlier than do the Gainj. The average birth interval among the Gainj exceeds that of nomadic Turkana by over 15 months. Suckling activity decreases significantly with increasing age of nurslings among both Gainj and Quechua, but not among Turkana. Earlier resumption of menses among Turkana women may be linked to the unpredictable demands of the pastoral system, which increase day-to-day variation in the number of periods of on-demand breast-feeding, although not in suckling patterns. This effect is independent of the age of infants.The short birth intervals of Turkana women, relative to those of the Gainj, may be related to early supplementation of Turkana nurslings with butterfat and animals' milk, which reduces energetic demands on lactating women at risk of negative energy balance.

scholarly journals Determinants of Short Interbirth Interval among Reproductive Age Mothers in Arba Minch District, Ethiopia

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Desta Hailu ◽  
Teklemariam Gulte
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Birth Interval ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Birth Spacing ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Modern Contraceptive ◽  
Birth Intervals ◽  
Unequal Distribution

Background. One of the key strategies to reduce fertility and promote the health status of mothers and their children is adhering to optimal birth spacing. However, women still have shorter birth intervals and studies addressing their determinants were scarce. The objective of this study, therefore, was to assess determinants of birth interval among women who had at least two consecutive live births.Methods. Case control study was conducted from February to April 2014. Cases were women with short birth intervals (<3 years), whereas controls were women having history of optimal birth intervals (3 to 5 years). Bivariate and multivariable analyses were performed.Result. Having no formal education (AOR = 2.36, 95% CL: [1.23–4.52]), duration of breast feeding for less than 24 months (AOR: 66.03, 95% CI; [34.60–126]), preceding child being female (AOR: 5.73, 95% CI; [3.18–10.310]), modern contraceptive use (AOR: 2.79, 95% CI: [1.58–4.940]), and poor wealth index (AOR: 4.89, 95% CI; [1.81–13.25]) of respondents were independent predictors of short birth interval.Conclusion. In equalities in education, duration of breast feeding, sex of the preceding child, contraceptive method use, and wealth index were markers of unequal distribution of inter birth intervals. Thus, to optimize birth spacing, strategies of providing information, education and communication targeting predictor variables should be improved.

scholarly journals Does Foreign Direct Investment Influence Renewable Energy Consumption? Empirical Evidence from South Asian Countries

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 3470
Author(s):  
Xueqing Kang ◽  
Farman Ullah Khan ◽  
Raza Ullah ◽  
Muhammad Arif ◽  
Shams Ur Rehman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Ordinary Least Square ◽  
The Relationship

In selected South Asian countries, the study intends to investigate the relationship between urban population (UP), carbon dioxide (CO2), trade openness (TO), gross domestic product (GDP), foreign direct investment (FDI), and renewable energy (RE). Fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS) and dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS) models for estimation were used in the study, which covered yearly data from 1990 to 2019. We used Levin–Lin–Chu, Im–Pesaran–Shin, and Fisher PP tests for the stationarity of the variables. The outcomes of the panel cointegration approach looked at whether there was a long-run equilibrium nexus between selected variables in Pakistan, Bangladesh, India, and Sri Lanka. The FMOLS approach was also used to assess the relationship, and the results suggest that there is a significant and negative nexus between FDI and renewable energy in south Asian nations. The study’s findings reveal a strong and favorable relationship between GDP and renewable energy use. In South Asian nations (Sri Lanka, Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh), the FMOLS and DOLS findings are nearly identical, but the authors used the DOLS model for robustification. According to the findings, policymakers in South Asian economies (Sri Lanka, Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh) should view GDP and FDI as fundamental policy instruments for environmental sustainability. To reduce reliance on hazardous energy sources, the government should also reassure financial sectors to participate in renewable energy.

Suicide methods in South Asia over two decades (2001–2020)

2021 ◽  
pp. 002076402110157
Author(s):  
S M Yasir Arafat ◽  
Syeda Ayat-e-Zainab Ali ◽  
Vikas Menon ◽  
Fahad Hussain ◽  
Daniyal Shabbir Ansari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
South Asia ◽  
South Asian ◽  
English Language ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Pubmed Central ◽  
Suicide Methods ◽  
Search Terms ◽  
Quantitative Studies

Background: Suicide is a global preventable public health problem. About a quarter of all suicides in the world occur in South Asia. As means restriction is an important suicide prevention strategy, gaining knowledge of the common suicide methods and their changing trends in each country and region is crucial. Aims: We aimed to assess the suicide methods in South Asian countries over the last two decades. Methods: A search was performed in PubMed, PubMed Central, Scopus, and Google Scholar with the search terms. Original articles of quantitative studies, published in the English language, from 2001 to 2020, with full-accessible text, that rank different methods of suicide in eight South Asian countries, were included. Results: A total of 68 studies were found eligible for review. The Maximum number of studies were found from India ( n = 38), followed by Bangladesh ( n = 12), Pakistan ( n = 9), Sri Lanka ( n = 6), and Nepal ( n = 3). Hanging ( n = 40, 55.8%) and poisoning ( n = 24, 35.3%) were the two most common suicide methods reported, in that order. Hanging followed by poisoning were the commonest suicide methods in Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan while in Sri Lanka, poisoning was the preferred method to hanging. There is a decline in suicide by poisoning and an increase in suicide by hanging in Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and India. Although hanging is still the commonest method in Pakistan, the use of firearms is growing in recent years (2011–2020). Conclusions: There is a steady decline in the incidence of suicides by poisoning following pesticide regulations in South Asian countries. However, there is heterogeneity of study methods, probable under-reporting of suicide, and lack of robust suicide data.

Hi-tech Sexism? Evidence from Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazmul Hoque ◽  
Bryan L. Boulier
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Birth Interval ◽  
Urban Women ◽  
Hazard Model ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Son Preference ◽  
Birth Intervals ◽  
Selective Abortion ◽  
China And India ◽  
Missing Women

AbstractWith the advent of modern technology for fetal sex determination, selective abortion is found to be responsible for a significant number of “missing women” in countries like China and India. Using a competing risk hazard model, we investigate whether son preference translates into selective abortion and accounts for any of the “missing women” in Bangladesh. Data suggest that son preference leads to shorter birth intervals if previous births are girls. For example, if the first birth is a girl, the odds of having another child each quarter is about 15% higher and the birth interval is about 2 months shorter for more educated urban women in recent years (1990–2011). However, there is no evidence that selective abortion contributes to missing women in Bangladesh.

Breast-Feeding, Birth Interval, and Infant Health

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 695-701
Author(s):  
John E. Anderson ◽  
James S. Marks ◽  
Tai-Keun Park
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Infant Health ◽  
Fertility Rates ◽  
Recent Issue ◽  
Birth Intervals ◽  
Contraceptive Effect ◽  
Breast Feed ◽  
Lower Fertility ◽  
Demographic Surveys

In this section we consider the indirect effects of breast-feeding on infant health through its effect on birth intervals. First, we examine the evidence that breast-feeding is associated with longer intervals between births. Then we discuss studies that have attempted to show that short birth intervals are related to poorer infant health. EFFECT OF BREAST-FEEDING ON INTERVALS BETWEEN BIRTHS Breast-feeding is associated with a delay in the return of ovulation after a birth, with longer intervals between births, and with lower fertility rates occurring in populations where this practice is prolonged. In a recent issue of Population Reports,13 numerous studies that evaluate the contraceptive effect of breast-feeding were reviewed. Studies that link breast-feeding and fertility include clinical reports based on small numbers of women, larger prospective studies, and single-round demographic surveys which may be representative of national populations. Clinical Studies Because ovulation is difficult to measure, studies linking breast-feeding with ovulation have been limited to small numbers of clinic-based subjects.4,14,17 These studies have shown that women who breast-feed—and those who breast-feed for longer periods—tend to ovulate later following a birth than other women. This effect is believed to be related to the hormone prolactin, which is released through the stimulus caused by the infant's sucking. Prolactin promotes the production of breast milk and is believed to be related to the inhibition of ovulation. Levels of prolactin and the anovulatory effect are related to the frequency and intensity of nursing. Thus, women who breast-feed partially on infrequently, while giving supplementary food, are more likely to ovulate than those who breast-feed fully.

scholarly journals AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF TOTAL FDI INFLOW, OUTFLOW AND NET FDI OF FIVE SOUTH ASIAN COUNTRIES OVER THE PERIOD 1992–2019

2021 ◽  
pp. 417-435
Author(s):  
Sushanta Kumar Tarai ◽  
Prof. Sudhakar Patra
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Analytical Study ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Causality Test ◽  
Development Indicators ◽  
The World Bank

This present research aims to analyze the total FDI inflow, outflow and net FDI of five South Asian countries over the period 1992–2019.This study is based on 28years Time series data taken from the World Bank Development Indicators. In order to compare the FDI inflow, outflow and net FDI inflow of India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal over the period 1992–2019,both descriptive and inferential statistical tools such as correlation test, paired t test, the familiar linear regression model, Granger-Causality test, percentage analysis and tables, are used for analysis, hypothesis testing and interpretation of data. This study used various secondary data. Economic development of the developing countries like India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and Nepal largely rely on FDI. However, the study also reveals that in the last two decades, India received 23 times more FDI than Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Nepal. For attracting more FDI, these nations require to create more congenial and favorable atmosphere towards the foreign investors. It is also concluded that the after implementing make in India campaign investing countries in total FDI inflow are increased. KEYWORDS: FDI inflow, FDI outflow, GDP growth.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document