SECULAR TRENDS IN BODY COMPOSITION AND FREQUENCY OF OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY IN BOYS AGED 3–18 FROM KRAKOW, POLAND, WITHIN THE LAST 30 YEARS (FROM 1983 TO 2010)

2012 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
MAŁGORZATA KOWAL ◽  
ŁUKASZ KRYST ◽  
JAN SOBIECKI ◽  
AGNIESZKA WORONKOWICZ
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Bone Mass ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Secular Trends ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Fat Tissue ◽  
Overweight People ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Total Body ◽  
A Minor

SummaryThe aim of this study was to examine the changes in body composition (fatness and muscle and bone mass) and BMI in three cohorts of boys living in Krakow, Poland, over the last 30 years, and to assess how overweight and obesity frequencies have developed over the period. The anthropological survey was conducted in 2010, and comprised 1863 boys from Krakow aged 3–18 years. The analysis compared the latest measurements of selected skinfold thicknesses, BMI, total body muscle mass and bone mass with the results of surveys from 1983 (N=1934) and 2000 (N=2323). The frequency of overweight and obesity was assessed for the last survey series, and their trends determined for the years 1983–2000 and 2000–2010. The analysis of fat tissue distribution showed that the boys from the 2010 cohort, as compared with those examined in 2000, had a higher trunk adiposity, as manifested by greater thickness of subscapular and suprailiac skinfold thicknesses, and boasted a larger muscle mass and lower bone mass. The survey results also showed that, from 1983 to 2000, the percentage of overweight boys increased slightly (from 11.69% to 12.48%), whereas the frequency of obesity did not change. Over the last decade, the percentage of overweight people has increased to 15.94%, and the frequency of obesity has doubled, equalling 4.94% in 2010. The last decade has seen a minor trend in boys towards increased trunk adiposity, muscle mass, BMI and prevalence of overweight and obesity, and a slight decrease in bone mass.

scholarly journals Total Body Fat Content versus BMI in 4-Year-Old Healthy Swedish Children

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabet Forsum ◽  
Eva Flinke Carlsson ◽  
Hanna Henriksson ◽  
Pontus Henriksson ◽  
Marie Löf
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Air Displacement Plethysmography ◽  
High Body ◽  
Childhood Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Body Fat Content ◽  
Measurement Session ◽  
Total Body

Childhood overweight and obesity, a worldwide problem, is generally identified using BMI (body mass index). However, this application of BMI has been little investigated in children below 5 years of age due to a lack of appropriate methods to assess body composition. Therefore, we used air displacement plethysmography (ADP) to study 4.4-year old boys and girls since this method is accurate in young children if they accept the requirements of the measurement. The purpose was to analyze the relationship between BMI and body fat in these children. Body composition was assessed in 76 (43 boys, 33 girls) of the 84 children brought to the measurement session. Boys and girls contained25.2±4.7and26.8±4.0% body fat, respectively. BMI-based cut-offs for overweight could not effectively identify children with a high body fat content. There was a significant (P<0.001) but weak (r=0.39) correlation between BMI and body fat (%). In conclusion, requirements associated with a successful assessment of body composition by means of ADP were accepted by most 4-year-olds. Furthermore, BMI-based cut-offs for overweight did not effectively identify children with a high body fatness and BMI explained only a small proportion of the variation in body fat (%) in this age group.

Musculoskeletal profile of amateur combat athletes: body composition, muscular strength and striking power

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luke Del Vecchio ◽  
Nattai Borges ◽  
Campbell MacGregor ◽  
Jarrod D. Meerkin ◽  
Mike Climstein
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Lumbar Spine ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Lean Muscle Mass ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Physiological Tests

Background: Previous research highlighted positive musculoskeletal adaptations resulting from mechanical forces and loadings distinctive to impacts and movements with sports participation. However, little is known about these adaptations in combat athletes. The aim of this study was to quantify bone mineral density, lean muscle mass and punching and kicking power in amateur male combat athletes. Methods: Thirteen male combat athletes (lightweight and middleweight) volunteered all physiological tests including dual energy X-ray absorptiometry for bone mineral density (BMD) segmental body composition (lean muscle mass, LMM), muscle strength and striking power, sedentary controls (n = 15) were used for selected DXA outcome variables. Results: There were significant differences (p < 0.05) between combat groups for lumbar spine (+5.0%), dominant arm (+4.4%) BMD, and dominant and non-dominant leg LMM (+21.8% and +22.6%). Controls had significantly (p < 0.05) high adiposity (+36.8% relative), visceral adipose tissue (VAT) mass (+69.7%), VAT area (+69.5%), lower total body BMD (−8.4%) and lumbar spine BMD (−13.8%) than controls. No differences in lower limb BMD were seen in combat groups. Arm lean mass differences (dominant versus non-dominant) were significantly different between combat groups (p < 0.05, 4.2% versus 7.3%). There were no differences in punch/kick power (absolute or relative) between combat groups. 5RM strength (bench and squat) correlated significantly with upper limb striking power (r = 0.57), dominant and non-dominant leg BMD (r = 0.67, r = 0.70, respectively) and total body BMD (r = 0.59). Conclusion: BMD and LMM appear to be particularly important to discriminate between dominant and non-dominant upper limbs and less so for lower limb dominance in recreational combat athletes.

scholarly journals Lower Percentage of Fat Mass among Tai Chi Chuan Practitioners

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 1232
Author(s):  
Silvia Stagi ◽  
Azzurra Doneddu ◽  
Gabriele Mulliri ◽  
Giovanna Ghiani ◽  
Valeria Succa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Grip Strength ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Tai Chi ◽  
Hand Grip Strength ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Tai Chi Chuan ◽  
Hand Grip ◽  
Total Body

The aim of the study was to analyze total and regional body composition in Tai Chi Chuan (TCC) middle-aged and elderly practitioners. A cross-sectional study on 139 Italian subjects was realized: 34 TCC practitioners (14 men, 20 women; 62.8 ± 7.4 years) and 105 sedentary volunteers (49 men, 56 women; 62.8 ± 6.4 years). Anthropometric measurements (height, weight, arm, waist, and calf circumferences), hand-grip strength, and physical capacity values were collected. Total and regional (arm, leg, and trunk) body composition was analyzed by means of specific bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (specific BIVA). TCC practitioners of both sexes were characterized by a normal nutritional status, normal levels of physical capacity, and normal values of hand-grip strength. Compared to controls, they showed lower percentages of fat mass (lower specific resistance) in the total body, the arm, and the trunk, and higher muscle mass (higher phase angle) in the trunk, but lower muscle mass in the arm. Sexual dimorphism was characterized by higher muscle mass (total body, arm, and trunk) and lower %FM (arm) in men; sex differences were less accentuated among TCC practitioners than in the control. TCC middle-aged and elderly practitioners appear to be less affected by the process of physiological aging and the associated fat mass changes, compared to sedentary people.

scholarly journals Ultrasonography of Quadriceps Femoris Muscle and Subcutaneous Fat Tissue and Body Composition by BIVA in Chronic Dialysis Patients

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuri Battaglia ◽  
Ines Ullo ◽  
Sara Massarenti ◽  
Pasquale Esposito ◽  
Michele Prencipe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Fat Tissue ◽  
Body Composition Assessment ◽  
Widespread Application ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat Tissue ◽  
Femoris Muscle

Protein Energy Wasting (PEW) in hemodialysis (HD) patients is a multifactorial condition due to specific pathology-related pathogenetic mechanisms, leading to loss of skeletal muscle mass in HD patients. Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging still represent the gold standard techniques for body composition assessment. However, their widespread application in clinical practice is difficult and body composition evaluation in HD patients is mainly based on conventional anthropometric nutritional indexes and bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA). Little data is currently available on ultrasound (US)-based measurements of muscle mass and fat tissue in this clinical setting. The purpose of our study is to ascertain: (1) if there are differences between quadriceps rectus femoris muscle (QRFM) thickness and abdominal/thigh subcutaneous fat tissue (SFT) measured by US between HD patients and healthy subjects; (2) if there is any correlation between QRFM and abdominal/thigh SFT thickness by US, and BIVA/conventional nutritional indexes in HD patients. We enrolled 65 consecutive HD patients and 33 healthy subjects. Demographic and laboratory were collected. The malnutrition inflammation score (MIS) was calculated. Using B-mode US system, the QRFM and SFT thicknesses were measured at the level of three landmarks in both thighs (superior anterior iliac spine, upper pole of the patella, the midpoint of the tract included between the previous points). SFT was also measured at the level of the periumbilical point. The mono frequency (50 KHz) BIVA was conducted using bioelectrical measurements (Rz, resistance; Xc, reactance; adjusted for height, Rz/H and Xc/H; PA, phase angle). 58.5% were men and the mean age was 69 (SD 13.7) years. QRFM and thigh SFT thicknesses were reduced in HD patients as compared to healthy subjects (p < 0.01). Similarly, also BIVA parameters, expression of lean body mass, were lower (p < 0.001), except for Rz and Rz/H in HD patients. The average QRFM thickness of both thighs at top, mid, lower landmarks were positively correlated with PA and body cell mass (BCM) by BIVA, while negatively correlated with Rz/H (p < 0.05). Abdominal SFT was positively correlated with PA, BCM and basal metabolic rate (BMR) (p < 0.05). Our study shows that ultrasound QRFM and thigh SFT thicknesses were reduced in HD patients and that muscle ultrasound measurements were significantly correlated with BIVA parameters.

HYSTERECTOMY IS ASSOCIATED WITH POSTMENOPAUSAL BODY COMPOSITION CHARACTERISTICS

2000 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
SYLVIA KIRCHENGAST ◽  
DORIS GRUBER ◽  
MICHAEL SATOR ◽  
JOHANNES HUBER
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Bone Mass ◽  
Psychological Stress ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Hormonal Changes ◽  
Fat Tissue ◽  
Abdominal Region ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Composition Characteristics

The impact of hysterectomy without oophorectomy and with no malignant purpose on body composition and postmenopausal weight gain was tested in 184 Viennese females aged between 47 and 57 years (mean 52·9). Hysterectomized women were significantly heavier than those who experienced a spontaneous menopause (controls). The amount of fat tissue, especially in the abdominal region, was significantly higher in hysterectomized women. Furthermore, they were reported to have experienced a significantly higher weight gain since menopause (9·1 versus 6·0 kg). No significant differences in bone mass were found. Psychological stress factors and hormonal changes following hysterectomy are discussed as possible causes of these differences.

Body composition in the elderly: Reference values and bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy to predict total body skeletal muscle mass

2009 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marja Tengvall ◽  
Lars Ellegård ◽  
Vibeke Malmros ◽  
Niklas Bosaeus ◽  
Lauren Lissner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Impedance Spectroscopy ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽  
Bioelectrical Impedance ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Total Body

scholarly journals Cortisol concentration affects fat and muscle mass among Polish children aged 6–13 years

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulina Pruszkowska-Przybylska ◽  
Aneta Sitek ◽  
Iwona Rosset ◽  
Marta Sobalska-Kwapis ◽  
Marcin Słomka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Cortisol Concentration ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Maternal Trauma ◽  
Total Body ◽  
The University

Abstract Background Cortisol is a steroid hormone acting as a stress hormone, which is crucial in regulating homeostasis. Previous studies have linked cortisol concentration to body mass and body composition. Methods The investigations were carried out in 2016–2017. A total of 176 children aged 6–13 years in primary schools in central Poland were investigated. Three types of measurements were performed: anthropometric (body weight and height, waist and hip circumferences), body composition (fat mass FM (%), muscle mass – MM (%), body cellular mass - BCM (%), total body water - TBW (%)), and cortisol concentration using saliva of the investigated individuals. Information about standard of living, type of feeding after birth, parental education and maternal trauma during pregnancy was obtained with questionnaires. Results The results of regression models after removing the environmental factors (parental education, standard of living, type of feeding after birth, and maternal trauma during pregnancy) indicate a statistically significant association between the cortisol concentration and fat mass and muscle mass. The cortisol concentration was negatively associated with FM (%) (Beta=-0.171; p = 0.026), explaining 2.32 % of the fat mass variability and positively associated with MM (%) (Beta = 0.192; p = 0.012) explaining 3.09 % of the muscle mass variability. Conclusions Cortisol concentration affects fat and muscle mass among Polish children. Trial registration The Ethical Commission at the University of Lodz (nr 19/KBBN-UŁ/II/2016).

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