442. Variations in composition of cows' milk during a period of 12 weeks

1951 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Featherstone ◽  
C. D. Rickaby ◽  
A. J. Cavell
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Graphical Form ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Average Composition ◽  
Legal Standard ◽  
Individual Consistency

The milk from twelve individual cows in a mixed herd in Shropshire was sampled twice weekly over a period of 12 weeks, which covered the transition from winter to summer conditions of feeding. Detailed analytical results are tabulated, and certain figures presented in graphical form. In addition, bulk samples of both morning's and evening's milk were obtained and tested for fat and solids-not-fat.On the whole the results show great individual consistency of composition, but an appreciable rise in the crude protein content of the milk from all cows took place in late April and in May, this effect being attributed to the change-over in feeding to an all-grass diet. From a consideration of the figures obtained, it is deduced that:(1) The average composition of mid-lactation milk may differ markedly from cow to cow, but appears to be unchanged by minor alterations in the winter rations, provided these are reasonably satisfactory to begin with. There is, however, a marked increase in total protein resulting from the introduction of spring-grass feeding.(2) The results show that a herd, although well-fed and efficiently managed, may produce milk in the late winter months, and even in the early spring, which is below the legal standard of 8·50% in s.n.f.

The productivity of five grass species at six levels of compound fertilizer application II. Crude-protein production

1962 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Henderson ◽  
R. S. Edwards ◽  
J. L. Hammerton
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
Rye Grass ◽  
Compound Fertilizer

1. Data on the crude-protein content and crudeprotein production of five grass species (each sown with white clover) over the period 1954–56, at six levels of compound fertilizer application, are reported. Perennial rye-grass (S. 101), meadow fescue (S. 215), timothy (S. 48), cocksfoot (S. 26) and bent (N.Z. Browntop) were sown in 1953 at appropriate seed rates, each with 2 lb./acre S. 100 white clover. The fertilizer treatments were 0, 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 cwt./ acre of a compound of composition 10% N, 4%P2O5, 9·5% K2O applied in the early spring of each of the years 1954–56. The swards were cut three times a year in 1954 and 1956, but only two cuts were possible in 1955.2. Bent mixtures had a higher crude-protein content than any other mixture in all years and (with one exception) at every cut within years. Differences between other mixtures were smaller and often erratic, though timothy invariably had the lowest crude-protein content at the second cut and cocksfoot at the third. Application of the fertilizer raised the crude-protein level of the herbage at the first cut, but depressed it in subsequent cuts.3. The bent mixture gave the highest yield of crude-protein per acre followed by the timothy mixture, while the lowest yield was produced by the perennial rye-grass mixture. The bent mixture differed from all others in its distribution of crudeprotein production over the season, producing less at the first cuts and more at the second and third cuts. This reflects its pattern of production of dry-matter. Response to spring application of fertilizer in terms of crude-protein yield declined rapidly from cut to cut. Over the whole period of the experiment 1 cwt./acre/ annum of fertilizer containing 10% N gave a response of about 0·5 cwt. crude-protein/annum.

scholarly journals HEMATOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL BLOOD INDICES OF RAINBOW TROUT DEPENDING ON THE LEVEL OF PROTEIN IN FEEDS

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-13
Author(s):  
V. M. Kondratyuk
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Phagocytic Activity ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Protein Nutrition ◽  
Hematological And Biochemical Parameters

The article considers the influence of compound feeds with different protein levels on hematological and biochemical parameters of trout blood. The purpose of the experiment was to establish the effect of different protein nutrition levels in commercial rainbow trout feeding on hematological and biochemical parameters of their blood. For this purpose, five experimental groups were formed by the method of analogs. The experiment lasted 210 days and was divided into two periods: equalization (10 days) and main (200 days). During the equalization period, the feeding ration was the same for fish in the control and experimental groups. In the main period, the level of protein in experimental feeds for different experimental trout groups ranged from 44 to 52 % per 1 kg. It was found that different levels of rainbow trout’s protein nutrition do not cause significant changes in blood morphological composition. It is proved that rearing trout using compound feeds with a crude protein content of 50 % and 52 % promotes the increase of red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells and phagocytic activity in blood. The use of 44 % and 46 % low crude protein diets in fish feeding reduces the morphological components in blood. As a result of studies on the phagocytic activity of neutrophils in fish blood, a slight increase was revealed under the influence of the studied factor. The analysis of the obtained results showed that with increasing levels of crude protein in the diets of rainbow trout, the concentration of total protein and its fractions in blood serum increased. Accordingly, the amount of total protein in blood of fish in the control group was 60.0 g/L, in the experimental groups – it was within the range of 59.6–65.3 g/L. The increase in the level of rainbow trout’s protein nutrition in the experimental groups 4 and 5 caused an increase in the number of albumins, β-globulins and γ-globulins compared to control. As a result of experimental studies, an increase in the mineral status of rainbow trout blood during use of feeds with the crude protein content of 50–52 % was established. No differences were found during the assessment of trout white blood cell counts.

Criteria for expressing nutritional values of subtropical grasses

1960 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 121 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Milford
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Nutritional Values ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Sufficient Energy

The results from digestibility experiments made with 17 different subtropical grasses are discussed. The most suitable criteria for expressing nutritional values are crude protein content, crude protein digestibility, nitrogen balance, dry matter intake, and dry matter digestibility. Feeding standards based on starch equivalents and total digestible nutrients which are used in temperate environments are highly inaccurate when applied to these subtropical species. Large seasonal fluctuations occur in the nutritional value of subtropical grasses. At the height of the summer growing season values are very high and adequate for all forms of animal production. In the winter and early spring the grasses are generally of poor quality and are unable to meet the requirements for producing livestock. At this time the crude protein content and crude protein digestibility are low. Animals are also unable to obtain sufficient energy because the dry matter intakes and dry matter digestibilities of the grasses are low. The very low nutritive values obtained during winter and early spring usually occur after grasses have been killed by frost. Frost resistance is therefore an important criterion in selecting subtropical grasses which will maintain high nutritional values throughout the entire yew.

Hybrid Bermudagrass compared with Kikuyu and common couch in coastal New South Wales. 2. Crude protein content, and estimated in vivo digestibility

1979 ◽  
Vol 19 (99) ◽  
pp. 444 ◽  
Author(s):  
AC Andrews ◽  
FC Crofts
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Pasture Management ◽  
South Wales

In a previous study it was found that four ecotypes of hybrid Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) (ecotypes 632, 692, 6389 and 719) outyielded kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) and common couch (C. dactylon) at three sites in New South Wales. The relative feeding value of these grasses was compared in terms of their crude protein content and organic matter digestibility when grown for two years at Mitchells Island, New South Wales (Lat. 32�S). Over the two years, kikuyu had the highest crude protein content, averaging 124 g kg-1 compared with 11 6,115,ll 1, 103 and 108, respectively, for the ecotypes 632, 692, 6389, 719 and common couch. Mean digestibilities of ecotypes 632, 692, 6389 and 719 were 63, 60, 61 and 58% respectively, compared with 60% for kikuyu and 57% for common couch. The crude protein content and digestibility of all ecotypes tended to be highest in early spring and late autumn and lower in summer, trends which were opposite to dry matter production rates. It was concluded that the quality of hybrid Bermudagrass forage was comparable with that of other sub-tropical grasses now being used in subcoastal New South Wales. However, careful pasture management would be required to maintain herbage quality during summer.

Early productivity and crude protein content of establishing forage swards composed of combinations of native grass and legume species in mixed-grassland ecoregions

2013 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 445-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenalee M. Mischkolz ◽  
Michael P. Schellenberg ◽  
Eric G. Lamb
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Schizachyrium Scoparium ◽  
Legume Species ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Native Grass ◽  
Western Wheatgrass

Mischkolz, J. M., Schellenberg, M. P. and Lamb, E. G. 2013. Early productivity and crude protein content of establishing forage swards composed of combinations of native grass and legume species in mixed-grassland ecoregions. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 445–454. We evaluated the early establishment productivity of forage swards of native, perennial, cool and warm season grasses, and legumes as they have the potential to provide non-invasive, productive, and drought resistant rangelands. Seven species with agronomic potential and a broad native geographic distribution were selected for testing including: nodding brome [Bromus anomalus (Coult.)], blue bunch wheatgrass [Pseudoregneria spicata (Pursh)], western wheatgrass [Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.)], side oats grama [Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.)], little blue stem [Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.)], purple prairie clover [Dalea purpurea (Vent.)], and white prairie clover [Dalea candida (Willd.)]. Forage swards, including all seven monocultures, 21 two-species mixtures and a mixture with all species, were planted in two sites, Saskatoon and Swift Current, Saskatchewan. Western wheatgrass (WWG) had the highest overall plant density and the strongest effect on the forage yield of the forage swards; however, productivity and crude protein content were not reduced when other species were also included in the forage sward. Dalea spp. did not establish as well as the other species, but had the highest crude protein concentrations. This work provides insight into forage sward development at the establishment stage; additional work is required to determine long-term species impacts for well established forage swards.

99 Relationship between crude protein content and larval growth in Tenebrio molitor

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 78
Author(s):  
Kerensa Hawkey ◽  
Jon Stubberfield ◽  
Tim Parr ◽  
John Brameld ◽  
Andrew Salter
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Tenebrio Molitor ◽  
Crude Protein Content
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