The productivity of five grass species at six levels of compound fertilizer application II. Crude-protein production

1962 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Henderson ◽  
R. S. Edwards ◽  
J. L. Hammerton
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
Rye Grass ◽  
Compound Fertilizer

1. Data on the crude-protein content and crudeprotein production of five grass species (each sown with white clover) over the period 1954–56, at six levels of compound fertilizer application, are reported. Perennial rye-grass (S. 101), meadow fescue (S. 215), timothy (S. 48), cocksfoot (S. 26) and bent (N.Z. Browntop) were sown in 1953 at appropriate seed rates, each with 2 lb./acre S. 100 white clover. The fertilizer treatments were 0, 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 cwt./ acre of a compound of composition 10% N, 4%P2O5, 9·5% K2O applied in the early spring of each of the years 1954–56. The swards were cut three times a year in 1954 and 1956, but only two cuts were possible in 1955.2. Bent mixtures had a higher crude-protein content than any other mixture in all years and (with one exception) at every cut within years. Differences between other mixtures were smaller and often erratic, though timothy invariably had the lowest crude-protein content at the second cut and cocksfoot at the third. Application of the fertilizer raised the crude-protein level of the herbage at the first cut, but depressed it in subsequent cuts.3. The bent mixture gave the highest yield of crude-protein per acre followed by the timothy mixture, while the lowest yield was produced by the perennial rye-grass mixture. The bent mixture differed from all others in its distribution of crudeprotein production over the season, producing less at the first cuts and more at the second and third cuts. This reflects its pattern of production of dry-matter. Response to spring application of fertilizer in terms of crude-protein yield declined rapidly from cut to cut. Over the whole period of the experiment 1 cwt./acre/ annum of fertilizer containing 10% N gave a response of about 0·5 cwt. crude-protein/annum.

The productivity of five grass species at six levels of compound fertilizer application I. Dry-matter production

1962 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Henderson ◽  
R. S. Edwards ◽  
J. L. Hammerton
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
The Third ◽  
Rye Grass ◽  
Compound Fertilizer ◽  
Matter Production

1. Data on the dry-matter production of five grass species (each sown with white clover), over the period 1954–56, at six levels of compound fertilizer application, are reported. Perennial ryegrass (S. 101), meadow fescue (S. 215), timothy (S. 48), cocksfoot (S. 26) and bent (N.Z. browntop) were sown in 1953 at appropriate seed rates, each with 2 lb. per acre S. 100 white clover. The fertilizer treatments were 0, 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 cwt. per acre of a compound of composition 10% N, 4% P2O5 and 9·5% K2O, applied in the early spring of each of the years 1954–56. The swards were cut three times a year in 1954 and 1956, but only two cuts were possible in 1955.2. The timothy mixture gave the highest total production of dry-matter over the 3 years, the bent and perennial rye-grass mixtures giving the lowest total productions. Differences between mixtures in annual yield varied in sign and in magnitude from year to year. For example, bent gave the lowest yield in 1954, but outyielded the meadow fescue and the cocksfoot mixtures in 1955, and the perennial rye-grass mixture in 1956. As regards the distribution of dry-matter production over the season, it was found that bent differed from the other mixtures in that a higher proportion of its annual yield was produced at the second and third cuts.3. There were significant linear relationships of dry-matter yield to fertilizer application rate in most of the data. On average over the 3 years, 1·6 cwt. of dry-matter were produced for each cwt. of spring applied fertilizer in the first cut, 0·7 cwt. per cwt. of fertilizer in the second cut, while very small and non-significant responses were found in the third cut. There was no evidence of systematic differences between grass mixtures in response to fertilizer level.4. The yield of clover dry-matter in 1956 (the third harvest year) was least from the cocksfoot and timothy swards, and was significantly and linearly depressed by fertilizer application in all three cuts.

The yields of barley following leys based on different grass species

1965 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-9
Author(s):  
John L. Hammerton ◽  
R. S. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Management Regime ◽  
Experimental Area ◽  
Compound Fertilizer ◽  
Experimental Treatments

In two earlier papers (Henderson, Edwards & Hammerton, 1962a, b) data on the yields of dry matter and crude protein obtained in an experiment carried out at Aberystwyth over the period 1954–56 were presented. The experiment compared the productivity of five leys, each based on a single grass species with white clover, at six levels of compound fertilizer, under a management regime of three cuts per annum. Subsequent to 1956 the fertilizer application and cutting regime were continued, but no yield data were collected. Early in 1960, the experimental area was ploughed up and sown to barley, in order to study the effects of the previous experimental treatments on arable productivity. Barley was also sown in 1961 and 1962, and the present paper is concerned with the yields of the three successive crops of barley.

Milk production from cows grazing on tropical grass pastures. 1. Effects of stocking rate and level of nitrogen fertilizer on the pasture and diet

1985 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 505 ◽  
Author(s):  
TM Davison ◽  
RT Cowan ◽  
RK Shepherd ◽  
P Martin
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Stocking Rates ◽  
Applied Nitrogen

A 3-year experiment was conducted at Kairi Research Station on the Atherton Tablelands, Queensland, to determine the effects of stocking rate and applied nitrogen fertilizer on the pasture yield and composition, diet selection by cows, and soil fertility of Gatton panic (Panicum maximum cv. Gatton) pastures. Thirty-two Friesian cows were used in a 4x2 factorial design: four stocking rates (2.0, 2.5, 3.0 and 3.5 cows/ha), each at two rates of fertilizer application 200 and 400 kg N/ha.year. The higher rate of fertilization increased the pasture green dry matter on offer at all samplings (P < 0.01); the increase ranged from 1 106 kg/ha in summer to 548 kg/ha in spring. Green dry matter decreased ( P< 0.0 1) with increasing stocking rate, with mean yields of 3736 and 2384 kg/ha at 2.0 and 3.5 cows/ha, respectively. Weed yields increased over the 3 years at the higher stocking rates for pastures receiving 200 kg N/ha.year. The crude protein content of leaf and stem increased with increasing stocking rate and amount of applied nitrogen fertilizer. Values ranged from 12.1 to 26.5% of dry matter (DM) in leaf and from 3.7 to 13.8% DM in stem. In leaf, sodium concentration (range 0.05-0.20% DM) was increased, while phosphorus concentration (range 0.21-0.44% DM) was decreased by the higher rate of fertilizer application. Plant sodium and phosphorus levels were inadequate for high levels of milk production. Dietary leaf content and crude protein contents were consistently increased by both a reduced stocking rate, and the higher rate of fertilization. Cows were able to select for leaf and at the lowest stocking rate, leaf in the diet averaged 38%; while the leaf content of the pasture was 20%. Dietary leaf content ranged from 38 to 57% in summer and from 11 to 36% in winter. Dietary crude protein ranged from 13 to 15% in summer and from 7 to 11% in winter and was positively correlated with pasture crude protein content and dietary leaf percentage. Soil pH decreased (P<0.05) from an overall mean of 6.3 in 1976 to 6.1 at 200 N and 5.8 at 400 N in 1979. Soil phosphorus status remained stable, while calcium and magnesium levels were lower (P<0.01) after 3 years.

Degradability of crude protein from clover herbages used in irrigated dairy production systems in northern Victoria

2001 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 415 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Persian Clover ◽  
Protein Supply ◽  
In Sacco

An in sacco (nylon bag) technique was used to estimate the degradability of dry matter (DM) and crude protein, and to estimate the effective rumen degradability of protein (ERDP), for 3 irrigated clover herbages. Pasture characteristics (nutritive values and leaf: stem ratios) were also described, and relationships to ERDP established. The nutritive value characteristics and degradabilities of white clover (Trifolium repens L.), Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum L.), and subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) were also compared for various regrowth periods (of 3, 4, 6, and 12 weeks). Nutritive value characteristics of clover herbages varied from 9.9 to 11.9 MJ/kg DM for metabolisable energy, 153 to 304 g/kg DM for crude protein, and 209 to 377 g/kg DM for neutral detergent fibre. The leaf: stem ratio correlated well with the crude protein content of the clovers, with herbages consisting of more leaf generally having superior crude protein content (R2 = 0.64, P < 0.001). The effective rumen degradability of protein for clover herbages ranged from 60 g/kg DM for mature (12 week regrowth) subterranean clover to 195 g/kg DM for vegetative (3 weeks regrowth) Persian clover. For clover herbages with a 3-week regrowth period, after initial cutting to 5 cm, and at ruminal outflow rates of 0.08/h, the effective rumen degradability of protein varied from 136 to 195 g/kg DM. A positive relationship between crude protein and ERDP (R2 = 0.82) suggested that ERDP could be estimated for clover herbages that have been previously assessed for crude protein content, obviating the need for in sacco studies. Calculated degradabilities were lower for all clovers when higher ruminal outflow rates were assumed. Using the metabolisable protein system, metabolisable protein supply and metabolisable protein in excess of animal requirements were calculated. Ruminal losses of nitrogen were also estimated for cows consuming white clover of varying regrowth periods in both early and late lactation. It was concluded that metabolisable protein supply is unlikely to limit production in these examples. At regrowth periods of 3 weeks, metabolisable protein contributions from microbial and dietary sources were similar, and twice that required by the animal. Ruminal losses of nitrogen were substantial and amounted to 66—23% of nitrogen intake. In the experiments reported here, if all of the energy required to excrete excess protein (as urea) could instead be used for the production of milk, cows may have produced 0.5mp;mdash;2.0 kg more milk per day. Such losses could potentially be reduced if the protein content and/or degradabilities of clover herbages were reduced, and/or energy rich supplements were offered.

442. Variations in composition of cows' milk during a period of 12 weeks

1951 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Featherstone ◽  
C. D. Rickaby ◽  
A. J. Cavell
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Graphical Form ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Average Composition ◽  
Legal Standard ◽  
Individual Consistency

The milk from twelve individual cows in a mixed herd in Shropshire was sampled twice weekly over a period of 12 weeks, which covered the transition from winter to summer conditions of feeding. Detailed analytical results are tabulated, and certain figures presented in graphical form. In addition, bulk samples of both morning's and evening's milk were obtained and tested for fat and solids-not-fat.On the whole the results show great individual consistency of composition, but an appreciable rise in the crude protein content of the milk from all cows took place in late April and in May, this effect being attributed to the change-over in feeding to an all-grass diet. From a consideration of the figures obtained, it is deduced that:(1) The average composition of mid-lactation milk may differ markedly from cow to cow, but appears to be unchanged by minor alterations in the winter rations, provided these are reasonably satisfactory to begin with. There is, however, a marked increase in total protein resulting from the introduction of spring-grass feeding.(2) The results show that a herd, although well-fed and efficiently managed, may produce milk in the late winter months, and even in the early spring, which is below the legal standard of 8·50% in s.n.f.

scholarly journals Effects of plant species and harvesting system on grassland production in northern Finland

1995 ◽  
Vol 4 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 479-494
Author(s):  
Oiva Nissinen ◽  
Heikki Hakkola
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Favourable Effect ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Cutting Frequency ◽  
Cutting Regimes

The dry matter yields and forage quality of seven grassland plant species and mixed stands which included three cutting regimes (pasture 4-5 cuts, silage 2-3 cuts, hay and aftermath) were studied at two locations in northern Finland, Ruukki (64°40’N) and Rovaniemi (66° 35’N). Increased cutting frequency lowered the total dry matter yields of all plant species. Production of timothy (Phleum pratense L.) and smooth brome grass (Bromus inermis L.) swards was significantly reduced by taking four or five cuts instead of one or two cuts. Meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds.) and meadow grass (Poa pratensis L.) showed only a minor interaction with harvesting regimes and were less affected by the cutting frequency. The increased cutting frequency raised the crude protein content, this causing the highest protein yields despite the smaller dry matter yields. The inclusion of red clover in seed mixtures had a favourable effect on the crude protein content of grass swards. Stands of sown plants decreased and the proportion of weeds in yields increased with time, reflecting the suitability of plant species to various cutting regimes. Meadow fescue and meadow grass with rapid regrowth had a positive effect on sward density and also caused less invasion of weeds when the cutting frequency was increased.

Criteria for expressing nutritional values of subtropical grasses

1960 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 121 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Milford
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Nutritional Values ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Sufficient Energy

The results from digestibility experiments made with 17 different subtropical grasses are discussed. The most suitable criteria for expressing nutritional values are crude protein content, crude protein digestibility, nitrogen balance, dry matter intake, and dry matter digestibility. Feeding standards based on starch equivalents and total digestible nutrients which are used in temperate environments are highly inaccurate when applied to these subtropical species. Large seasonal fluctuations occur in the nutritional value of subtropical grasses. At the height of the summer growing season values are very high and adequate for all forms of animal production. In the winter and early spring the grasses are generally of poor quality and are unable to meet the requirements for producing livestock. At this time the crude protein content and crude protein digestibility are low. Animals are also unable to obtain sufficient energy because the dry matter intakes and dry matter digestibilities of the grasses are low. The very low nutritive values obtained during winter and early spring usually occur after grasses have been killed by frost. Frost resistance is therefore an important criterion in selecting subtropical grasses which will maintain high nutritional values throughout the entire yew.

Hybrid Bermudagrass compared with Kikuyu and common couch in coastal New South Wales. 2. Crude protein content, and estimated in vivo digestibility

1979 ◽  
Vol 19 (99) ◽  
pp. 444 ◽  
Author(s):  
AC Andrews ◽  
FC Crofts
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Pasture Management ◽  
South Wales

In a previous study it was found that four ecotypes of hybrid Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) (ecotypes 632, 692, 6389 and 719) outyielded kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) and common couch (C. dactylon) at three sites in New South Wales. The relative feeding value of these grasses was compared in terms of their crude protein content and organic matter digestibility when grown for two years at Mitchells Island, New South Wales (Lat. 32�S). Over the two years, kikuyu had the highest crude protein content, averaging 124 g kg-1 compared with 11 6,115,ll 1, 103 and 108, respectively, for the ecotypes 632, 692, 6389, 719 and common couch. Mean digestibilities of ecotypes 632, 692, 6389 and 719 were 63, 60, 61 and 58% respectively, compared with 60% for kikuyu and 57% for common couch. The crude protein content and digestibility of all ecotypes tended to be highest in early spring and late autumn and lower in summer, trends which were opposite to dry matter production rates. It was concluded that the quality of hybrid Bermudagrass forage was comparable with that of other sub-tropical grasses now being used in subcoastal New South Wales. However, careful pasture management would be required to maintain herbage quality during summer.

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