Criteria for expressing nutritional values of subtropical grasses

The results from digestibility experiments made with 17 different subtropical grasses are discussed. The most suitable criteria for expressing nutritional values are crude protein content, crude protein digestibility, nitrogen balance, dry matter intake, and dry matter digestibility. Feeding standards based on starch equivalents and total digestible nutrients which are used in temperate environments are highly inaccurate when applied to these subtropical species. Large seasonal fluctuations occur in the nutritional value of subtropical grasses. At the height of the summer growing season values are very high and adequate for all forms of animal production. In the winter and early spring the grasses are generally of poor quality and are unable to meet the requirements for producing livestock. At this time the crude protein content and crude protein digestibility are low. Animals are also unable to obtain sufficient energy because the dry matter intakes and dry matter digestibilities of the grasses are low. The very low nutritive values obtained during winter and early spring usually occur after grasses have been killed by frost. Frost resistance is therefore an important criterion in selecting subtropical grasses which will maintain high nutritional values throughout the entire yew.

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Seasonal production of Andropogon gayanus

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600023455 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 77 (1) ◽

pp. 47-52 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

R. J. Haggar ◽

M. B. Ahmed

Keyword(s):

Protein Content ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Crude Protein Content ◽

Wet Season ◽

Mature Leaves ◽

Dry Matter Digestibility ◽

Andropogon Gayanus ◽

The Mean

SummaryThe crude protein content and in vitro dry-matter digestibility (I.V.D.) of leaves and stems of Andropogon gayanus, grouped into four different age categories, were measured at weekly intervals during the secondhalf of the 1968 wet season. The crude protein content of all categories of leaf and stem rose to a maximumat ear emergence; significant reductions occurred thereafter, especiallyin the younger categories of leaf and stem. At any point in time the younger leaves and stems contained significantly more crude protein than the older leaves and stems.Although the mean crude protein content of each stem category was significantly lower than the corresponding leaf category, the young, elongating stems had a significantly higher crude protein content than the older, mature leaves at the time of ear emergence.The mean I.V.D. of all leaf and stem categories was highest at the start of the recording period. At ear emergence the I.V.D. of the young elongating stems was at least as high as the mature leaves. After ear emergence the I.V.D. of the stems fell more rapidly than the leaves.The results support the principle of cutting at ear emergence to achieve maximum yields of digestible nutrients.

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THE EFFECTS OF ADVANCING MATURITY ON CRUDE PROTEIN AND DIGESTIBILITY OF MEADOW FOXTAIL (Alopecurus pratensis) AND TIMOTHY (Phleum pratense)

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps83-139 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 63 (4) ◽

pp. 1083-1085 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

GWEN WALDIE ◽

S. B. M. WRIGHT ◽

R. D. H. COHEN

Keyword(s):

British Columbia ◽

Protein Content ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Protein Digestibility ◽

Phleum Pratense ◽

Crude Protein Content ◽

Phleum Pratense L

The crude protein content (CP %) and in vivo digestibilities of dry matter (DMD %) and protein (PD %) were determined on freshly cut monocultures of timothy (Phleum pratense L.) and meadow foxtail (Alopecurus pratensis L.) from 19 June to 23 Aug. at Prince George, British Columbia. CP, DMD and PD declined significantly with advancing maturity for both grasses.Key words: Meadow foxtail, timothy, protein, digestibility

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Assesment of Biochemical Forage Quality of Sweet Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench ssp. saccharatum]

Asian Journal of Chemical Sciences ◽

10.9734/ajocs/2021/v9i319071 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Abdullah Oktem ◽

Celal Yucel ◽

Ayse Gulgun Oktem

Keyword(s):

Protein Content ◽

Sweet Sorghum ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Forage Quality ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Net Energy ◽

Crude Protein Content ◽

Acid Detergent Fiber ◽

Dry Matter Digestibility

In this study, it was aimed to determine some forage quality characteristics of sweet sorghum genotypes in semi-arid climatic conditions. The experiment was set up in randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Research was carried out in 2016 and 2017 under Harran Plain second crop conditions, Sanliurfa, Turkey. In the study 21 genotypes of sweet sorghum were used. Crude protein content, crude ash, acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), dry matter digestibility, dry matter consumption, were determined in the study. Significant differences were found between the genotypes for tested characteristics (P≤0.01). According to average of two years, crude protein content ranged from 4.20% (Tracy) to 5.90% (USDA S.Africa), crude ash from 4.44% (Theis) to 6.90% (Topper 76), acid detergent fiber (ADF) from 27.84% (Nebraska sugar) to 36.30% (USDA-Zaire). The highest NDF value was obtained from USDA-Zaire genotype (56.49%) whereas the lowest values were seen at N98 genotype (43.11%). Dry matter digestibility values were between 60.62% (USDA-Zaire) and 67.21% (Nebraska sugar), dry matter consumption between 2.14% and 2.85%. The highest relative feed value was obtained from N98 genotype (148.95) whereas the lowest values were seen at USDA-Zaire genotype (101.00). Net energy values ranged from 1.38 Mcal kg-1 (USDA-Zaire) to 1.50 Mcal kg-1 (Nebraska sugar). Considering the properties examined in terms of feed quality, it was seen that the crude protein content and net energy value was low. But ADF, NDF, digestible dry matter, dry matter consumption and relative feed values were within acceptable levels. Nebraska sugar, Topper 76, N98, Roma, M81E, Tracy and Corina genotypes were found as the best for forage quality in sweet sorghum. It was determined that sweet sorghum can be used as a forage source.

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INFLUENCE DES CULTIVARS, DES DATES ET DES DOSES DE SEMIS SUR LE RENDEMENT ET LA QUALITÉ DE LA LUZERNE L’ANNÉE DU SEMIS

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps84-045 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 64 (2) ◽

pp. 309-317

Author(s):

L. BELZILE ◽

R. RIOUX

Keyword(s):

Medicago Sativa ◽

Protein Content ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Total Yield ◽

Crude Protein Content ◽

Dry Matter Digestibility ◽

Yield And Quality ◽

Medicago Sativa L ◽

Made In

The effects of cultivars, seeding rates and dates on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) yield and quality in the seeding year were studied from 1971 to 1975 on a Kamouraska clay. Results showed the importance of seeding alfalfa before the end of May. Seedings made in early and in mid-May resulted in equivalent yield. Differences between cultivars were more important on the second than on the first cut. Regrowth was an important factor in the seedling year. The total yield of the Alfa cultivar is higher than Vernal and Narragansett and it is also higher for every combination of rates and seeding dates. Seeding rates were not an important factor except at the first cut where a rate of 6.7 kg/ha gave a lower yield than a rate of 13.4 kg/ha. Dry matter digestibility of Alfa is sometimes higher than for the other cultivars in the study. Late seeding generally increased the digestibility of the second cut dry matter, whereas rates of seeding have no effect on either first or second cut material. The crude protein content is not affected by seeding rates and the effects of cultivars are generally very small. With a delay in seeding dates the crude protein content of the second cut material is sometimes increased.Key words: Medicago sativa L., cultivar, date, rate

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Digestibility of the lichen Stereocaulon paschale in reindeer

Rangifer ◽

10.7557/2.1.1.400 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 27

Author(s):

Endre Jacobsen

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Protein Content ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Apparent Digestibility ◽

Crude Protein Content ◽

Northern Norway ◽

Dry Matter Digestibility

The digestibility of the lichen Stereocaulon paschale is studied in a digestibility trial with two reindeer calves. The lichen is collected near Kautokeino in Northern Norway. Chemical composition of the lichen is shown in Table 1. Compared with Cladonia-species the content of crude protein and ash is higher in Stereocanlon paschale The content of Ca, P and Mg in the two species is of the same magnitude, while the content of Na and CI is ten times higher in Cladonia alpestris. The estimated digestibility is shown in Table 2. The dry matter digestibility is calculated to 46, 4%, which is very low compared to Cladonia-species. The higher crude protein content in Stereocaulon paschale has resulted in a positive apparent digestibility of protein.Tinajåkålån (Stereocanlon paschale) sulavuus porolla.Abstract in Finnish / Yhteenveto: Tinajåkålån sulavuutta on tutkittu sulavuuskokeissa kahdella poronvasalla. Kokeessa kåytetty jåkålå on koottu låheltå Kautokemoa. Jåkålån kemiallinen koosturnus on esitetty taulukossa I. Tinajåkålån sisåltåmå raakaproteiini- ja tuhkapitoisuus on korkeampi kuin (Cladonia-lajeilla). Ca-, P- ja Mg-pitoisuudet ovat po. jåkålålajeilla samantasoiset, kun taas Cladonia alpestris sisaltåmåt Na- ja Cl-pitoisuudet ovat kymmenen kertaa korkeampia. Sulavuuslaskelmat esitetåån taulukossa 2. Kuiva-aineen sulavuus on 46,4% mikå on erittåin alhainen verrattuna Cladonia-lajien sulavuuteen. Tinajåkålån korkeampi proteiinisisålto on vaikuttanut myonteisesti valkuaisaineen sulavuuteen.Fordøyelighet av saltlav, (Stereocaulon paschale) til reinAbstract in Norwegian / Sammendrag: Fordøyeligheten av saltlav (Stereocaulon paschale) er undersøkt i fordøyelsesforsøk med 2 reinkalver. Lav til forsøket er sanket nær Kautokeino. Kjemisk sammensetning av lavet er vist i Tabell 1. Sammenlignet med Cladonia-arter er innholdet av råprotein og aske høyere i saltlavet. Innholdet av Ca. P og Mg er på samme nivå i disse arter, mens innholdet av Na og Cl er ti ganger høyere i Cladonia alpestris. Den beregnede fordøyelighet er vist i Tabell 2. For tørrstoff er fordøyeligheten 46,4%, som er svært lavt sammenlignet med fordøyeligheten for Cladonia-arter. Det høyere proteininnholdet i saltlav har ført til positiv fordøyelighet for protein.

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Effect of harvesting time on forage yield and quality of maize

Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry ◽

10.2298/bah1803345m ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

pp. 345-353 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Violeta Mandic ◽

Zorica Bijelic ◽

Vesna Krnjaja ◽

Aleksandar Simic ◽

Maja Petricevic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Protein Content ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Matter Content ◽

Forage Yield ◽

Dry Matter Content ◽

Crude Protein Content ◽

Maize Hybrid ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Yield And Quality

Maize is the very important silage source in the world. Timely harvesting ensure high maize forage yield and quality. Therefore, the study focused on the effects of four harvesting times (starting at the 12 August every 7 days) on yield and qualitative parameters of forage green mass of maize hybrid ZP 677. The experiment was set in Vojvodina Province, Serbia, during the 2013 and 2014 growing seasons. Plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves per plant, ear percentage, forage yield, dry matter content and crude protein content were higher, while stem percentage was lower in 2014 with favorable climatic condition. Forage yield, crude protein content, ADF and NDF decreased, while dry matter content significantly increased with delay in harvesting. The maize hybrid should be harvested when the milk line is three-quarter of the way down the grain that is in the third decade of August.

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Development of yield and nutritive value of timothy in primary growth and regrowth in northern growing conditions

Agricultural and Food Science ◽

10.2137/145960610792912602 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

pp. 252 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

O. NISSINEN ◽

P. KALLIAINEN ◽

L. JAUHIAINEN

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Protein Content ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

Rapid Decline ◽

Crude Protein Content ◽

Percentage Unit ◽

Primary Growth ◽

Organic Matter Digestibility

The development of the yield and nutritive value of timothy (Phleum pratense L.) both in the primary growth and in the regrowth were studied at MTT Plant Production Research, a unit of MTT Agrifood Research Finland, in Rovaniemi (66°35´N) in 19992001. The dry matter yield and leaf:stem ratio were measured from the crop samples, and the contents of crude protein and organic matter digestibility of both whole plant samples and leaf and stem fractions were analysed. In primary growth, the most rapid increase of dry matter, 220240 kg ha-1 per day, was measured around the beginning of the heading stage. There was a very strong positive correlation between the proportion of stems and the amount of dry matter in the primary yield. The daily growth rate of the regrowth was less than half of that of the primary growth. The fastest decrease, 1 percentage unit per day, in crude protein content was measured at the pasture stage (45-leaf stage). During the entire sampling period, the average daily decline in crude protein content in the primary growth of timothy was 0.65 percentage units. The main cause for the rapid decline in crude protein content was the high proportion of stem matter and its low protein content. In the regrowth, during the last four weeks before the harvest, the average daily decline in crude protein content was 0.28 percentage units.The average decline in organic matter digestibility from early pasture stage to late silage stage was 0.9 percentage units per day. The most remarkable change was noticed at the growth stage of timothy when about the half of stems were heading and it was then that the digestibility decreased by more than one percentage unit per day. The rapid decline in organic matter digestibility was due to the low digestibility of stem matter. The daily change in forage digestibility in the regrowth was very small, on average 0.11%.;

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THE YIELD STABILITY AND QUALITY OF LEGUMES DURING TWO CONSECUTIVE, EXTREMELY DRY YEARS

Agriculture (Pol nohospodárstvo) ◽

10.2478/agri-2013-0015 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 59 (4) ◽

pp. 167-177

Author(s):

Miriam Kizeková ◽

Ján Tomaškin ◽

Jozef Čunderlík ◽

Ľubica Jančová ◽

Janka Martincová

Keyword(s):

Protein Content ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Seasonal Pattern ◽

Red Clover ◽

Dry Matter Yield ◽

Crude Protein Content ◽

Crude Fibre ◽

Herbage Quality

Abstract This study highlights the effect of drought and ambient temperature on performance and herbage quality of legume monocultures and grass-legume mixtures. In a field experiment, the total dry matter yield, seasonal pattern of dry matter yield distribution, content of crude protein and crude fibre of monocultures of red clover and alfalfa and grass-legume mixtures were investigated during two consecutive dry years (2011-2012). Alfalfa cultivars Kamila and Tereza grown as monocultures or as mixtures with Festulolium braunii (cultivar Achilles) outperformed the red clover cultivars Fresko and Veles and provided a well-balanced total and seasonal dry matter yield during both years. Across all experimental years, crude protein content was significantly higher at alfalfa monocultures and mixture when compared with clover monocultures (P < 0.05). However, considerable lower content of crude fibre at clover monocultures in comparison with alfalfa ones was found. Responses of nutritive parameters of both legume species to weather variables were different. Crude protein content in red clover was independent of rainfall and temperature. In contrast, the crude fibre content correlated with temperature whereby the alfalfa monocultures showed stronger correlations (P < 0.05) than red clover monocultures.

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Çukurova İkinci Ürün Koşullarında Yetiştirilen Silajlık Mısır (Zea mays L.) Çeşitlerinin Verim ve Silaj Kalite Performanslarının Değerlendirilmesi

Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology ◽

10.24925/turjaf.v7isp1.13-19.2673 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (sp1) ◽

pp. 13

Author(s):

Yasin Korkmaz ◽

Tugay Ayasan ◽

Sait Aykanat ◽

Mustafa Avcı

Keyword(s):

Protein Content ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Agricultural Research ◽

Eastern Mediterranean ◽

Protein Yield ◽

Dry Matter Yield ◽

Crude Protein Content ◽

Silage Maize ◽

Maize Varieties

The research was carried out in the Eastern Mediterranean Agricultural Research Institute-Hacı Ali location with 4 replications according to the randomized block trial design in 2013-2014. 13 public and 1 private sector maize variety were used as material in the trials. According to the results of the analysis, it was determined that the maize varieties examined showed statistically significant differences in plant properties, dry grass and silage quality. Average plant height, number of leaves, leaf ratio, stem diameter, number of cob, stem ratio, cob ratio and green grass yield were 249.9 cm, 12.97 plant/piece, 19.24%, 22.08 mm, 0.93 plant/unit, 38.40% and 4,251.57 kg/da respectively. According to the analysis, it was observed that the average crude protein content, ADF ratio, NDF ratio, crude ash content, digestible dry matter ratio, crude protein yield, dry matter rate, dry matter yield and hay yield were 8.80%, 34.91%, 59.7%, 7.2%, 61.7%, 993.9 kg/ha, 29.4%, 11,640 kg/ha 12,570 kg/ha in dry grass, respectively. For the silage of varieties, the average crude protein content, ADF ratio, NDF ratio, pH, digestible dry matter rate, dry matter ratio, crude protein yield and Fleig score were 8.22%, 29.27%, 50.48%, 3.57, 66.1%, 28.14%, 926 kg/ha and 118.35, respectively. Burak, Sasa 1 and Ada 334 genotypes performed better in terms of green yield per hectare (53,650, 50,290 and 45,630 kg/ha) and dry matter yield (14,710, 12,810 and 12,410 kg/ha). These varieties can be recommended to producers as silage maize varieties under second crop conditions in Çukurova region of Turkey.

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Milk production from cows grazing on tropical grass pastures. 1. Effects of stocking rate and level of nitrogen fertilizer on the pasture and diet

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea9850505 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 25 (3) ◽

pp. 505 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

TM Davison ◽

RT Cowan ◽

RK Shepherd ◽

P Martin

Keyword(s):

Protein Content ◽

Milk Production ◽

Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Fertilizer Application ◽

Stocking Rate ◽

Crude Protein Content ◽

Stocking Rates ◽

Applied Nitrogen

A 3-year experiment was conducted at Kairi Research Station on the Atherton Tablelands, Queensland, to determine the effects of stocking rate and applied nitrogen fertilizer on the pasture yield and composition, diet selection by cows, and soil fertility of Gatton panic (Panicum maximum cv. Gatton) pastures. Thirty-two Friesian cows were used in a 4x2 factorial design: four stocking rates (2.0, 2.5, 3.0 and 3.5 cows/ha), each at two rates of fertilizer application 200 and 400 kg N/ha.year. The higher rate of fertilization increased the pasture green dry matter on offer at all samplings (P < 0.01); the increase ranged from 1 106 kg/ha in summer to 548 kg/ha in spring. Green dry matter decreased ( P< 0.0 1) with increasing stocking rate, with mean yields of 3736 and 2384 kg/ha at 2.0 and 3.5 cows/ha, respectively. Weed yields increased over the 3 years at the higher stocking rates for pastures receiving 200 kg N/ha.year. The crude protein content of leaf and stem increased with increasing stocking rate and amount of applied nitrogen fertilizer. Values ranged from 12.1 to 26.5% of dry matter (DM) in leaf and from 3.7 to 13.8% DM in stem. In leaf, sodium concentration (range 0.05-0.20% DM) was increased, while phosphorus concentration (range 0.21-0.44% DM) was decreased by the higher rate of fertilizer application. Plant sodium and phosphorus levels were inadequate for high levels of milk production. Dietary leaf content and crude protein contents were consistently increased by both a reduced stocking rate, and the higher rate of fertilization. Cows were able to select for leaf and at the lowest stocking rate, leaf in the diet averaged 38%; while the leaf content of the pasture was 20%. Dietary leaf content ranged from 38 to 57% in summer and from 11 to 36% in winter. Dietary crude protein ranged from 13 to 15% in summer and from 7 to 11% in winter and was positively correlated with pasture crude protein content and dietary leaf percentage. Soil pH decreased (P<0.05) from an overall mean of 6.3 in 1976 to 6.1 at 200 N and 5.8 at 400 N in 1979. Soil phosphorus status remained stable, while calcium and magnesium levels were lower (P<0.01) after 3 years.

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