scholarly journals Studies on the composition of food

1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Tolan ◽  
Jean Robertson ◽  
C. R. Orton ◽  
M. J. Head ◽  
A. A. Christie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Folic Acid ◽  
Lactobacillus Casei ◽  
Pantothenic Acid ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Free Range ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Time Of Year

1. The nutrient content of battery, deep litter and free range eggs from domestic hens under systems of management typical of those used in the commercial production of eggs was studied from January to March 1968.2. Monthly samples of eighteen eggs, supplied by six centres, were homogenized, freezedried, ground and stored at −15°. Their contents of moisture, nitrogen, amino acids, fats, fatty acids and cholesterol, ash, sodium, potassium, calcium and iron, thiamin, riboflavin, nicotinic acid, pantothenic acid, folic acid, vitamin B12, tocopherols and retinol were determined. The mean values for eggs from each system, each centre and each quarter of the year were calculated.3. For many nutrients, no significant difference between systems was detected; the greatest variations occurred in the content of some vitamins. Free range eggs contained more vitamin B12 than deep litter or battery eggs and more folic acid (Lactobacillus casei assay) than battery eggs. Differences in tocopherol and cholesterol contents were complicated by system-by-centre interactions. There were also small differences in calcium and iron contents.4. Riboflavin, folic acid (Lactobacillus casei) and vitamin B12 were the only nutrients which were observed to vary with the time of year in the eggs from all systems of management. Major differences were found in the vitamin content of eggs from different centres.5. Though the differences in vitamin B12 and folic acid contents which result from the different systems of management are of little significance in an average mixed diet, they would be measurable for some individuals who may depend on eggs as an important source of these nutrients.

Nutrient content of liquid milk

1984 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. John Scott ◽  
Dinah R. Bishop ◽  
Alicja Zechalko ◽  
John D. Edwards-Webb ◽  
Patricia A. Jackson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Folic Acid ◽  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Pantothenic Acid ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Channel Island ◽  
Vitamin Content ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Β Carotene

SummaryA survey was undertaken to update and extend available information on the vitamin content of pasteurized milk as produced at processing dairies in mainland UK and to investigate regional, seasonal and breed effects. The concentration of total retinol in milk from non-Channel Island (NCI) breeds averaged 61·9 βg/100g in summer and 41·2 βg/100g in winter. Concentrations of β-carotene were 31·5 and 10·5 βg/100g in summer and winter respectively. Concentrations of retinol in milk from Channel Island (CI) breeds were similar, but concentrations of β-carotene were on average 3 times higher. The concentration of vitamin D3 in milk from NCI breeds was 0·033 βg/100g in summer and 0·026 βg/100g in winter. There was no marked seasonal variation in the mean concentration of total vitamin C (14·5 βg/ml). Values for the concentration of B vitamins (βg/ml) were: folic acid 0·060, vitamin B12 0·0042, riboflavin 1·78, nicotinic acid 0·71, pantothenic acid 3·60, biotin 0·020, thiamin 0·46 and vitamin B6 0·61. Seasonal variation in the concentration was most marked for folic acid (c.v. 17·4%) and to a lesser extent for vitamin B12 (c.v. 10·3%). The only breed differences in the B vitamin content were for riboflavin and folic acid, the mean values obtained for milk from CI breeds being respectively 20 and 10 % higher than those from NCI breeds.

scholarly journals Suboptimal Vitamin B Intakes of Zambian Preschool Children: Evaluation of 24-Hour Dietary Recalls

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyler J. Titcomb ◽  
Samantha T. Schmaelzle ◽  
Emily T. Nuss ◽  
Jesse F. Gregory ◽  
Sherry A. Tanumihardjo
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Pantothenic Acid ◽  
The United States ◽  
B Vitamins ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Institute Of Medicine ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Vitamin Intake ◽  
B Vitamin

Background: Hidden hunger affects individuals who chronically consume an inadequate intake of at least 1 micronutrient and is associated with low dietary diversity. Little data are available on dietary intake or status assessment of B vitamins among preschool children in Zambia. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess 24-hour dietary recall records obtained from Zambian children aged 3 to 7 years for B vitamin intake in relation to adequacy and change over time in the same community. Methods: Twenty-four-hour dietary recalls were collected from 2 studies that were 2 years apart in the same district of Zambia. Data were retrospectively analyzed for B vitamin intake, that is, biotin, vitamin B12, folate, niacin, pantothenic acid, vitamin B6, riboflavin, and thiamin. The estimated average requirement (EAR) cut point method was used to assess inadequacy prevalence for EARs established by the Institute of Medicine in the United States. Results: For all B vitamins, mean values were below the EARs established for children 4 to 8 years old. Relative to the EAR, children had the highest intakes of vitamin B6 with inadequacies of 77.9% and 60.1% in 2010 and 2012, respectively. The highest prevalence of inadequate intake was associated with folate, where ≥95% of the children had intakes below the EAR in both studies. Conclusions: All median vitamin B intakes were inadequate among these young children in rural Zambia. Future researchers and policy makers may need to consider B vitamin status in resource-poor areas of the country.

scholarly journals The Influence of the Age of Sugarcane on its Leaf-Nutrient (N-P-K) Content

1969 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-170
Author(s):  
George Samuels
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Marked Decrease ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen ◽  
Correction Factors ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Foliar Diagnosis ◽  
Time Of Year

The age of sugarcane exerts a definite influence on the nutrient content of the sugarcane leaf. The effects of age on the leaf-nutrient (N-P-K) content were as follows: 1. There was a decrease in the nitrogen content of the leaf as the cane age increased. 2. The rate of decrease of nitrogen with age was greater for nonirrigated than for irrigated cane, being about 2 1/2 times as large for the former as for the latter during the first 7 months. 3. Leaf nitrogen declined more rapidly in ratoons than in plant crops. 4. There was no significant difference in rate of nitrogen decline for the varieties tested: B. 41227, M. 336, and P. R. 980. 5. The time of year the leaf samples were taken had no significant effect on the rate of leaf-nitrogen decline with the age of cane. 6. There was a marked decrease in leaf phosphorus with age of cane in nonirrigated cane up to 4 months, and no change from 4 to 6 months. 7. Irrigated cane decreased in leaf phosphorus, but not quite so rapidly as nonirrigated cane, a decrease apparent until about 9 months. After this the leaf phosphorus began to increase until a cane age of about 14 months, where it once again began decreasing. 8. Leaf potassium did not decrease with age throughout the whole growing period of the sugarcane. At first there was a decrease in leaf potassium with increasing age; however, there was a definite increase as the cane neared maturity. This increase began at about 5 1/2 months for nonirrigated and 15 months for irrigated cane. 9. A table of suggested correction factors for age of sampling is presented to assist workers engaged in foliar diagnosis of sugarcane.

Plasma 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Alkaline Phosphatase Isoenzymes in Hyperthyroidism

1978 ◽  
Vol 15 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 320-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. W. Cleeve ◽  
I. R. F. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Alkaline Phosphatase Isoenzymes ◽  
25 Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Time Of Year ◽  
Glutamyl Transferase ◽  
And Control ◽  
Hyperthyroid Patients

Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) values in 22 hyperthyroid patients did not differ significantly from those of controls matched for age, sex, and the time of year that plasma samples were taken. In the hyperthyroid group, plasma alkaline phosphatase was significantly higher than in controls, and an increase in bone type alkaline phosphatase occurred in 50 %. In the 18 female hyperthyroid patients the plasma γ-glutamyl transferase was significantly increased compared with controls. Mean values for plasma albumin, alanine transferase, and calcium showed no significant difference between hyperthyroid and control patients.

Efficacy of Vitamin B Supplementation on Cognition in Elderly Patients With Cognitive-Related Diseases

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong-Mei Zhang ◽  
Jian-Xin Ye ◽  
Jun-Shan Mu ◽  
Xiao-Ping Cui
Keyword(s):  
Folic Acid ◽  
Alzheimer Disease ◽  
Elderly Patients ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Cognitive Improvement ◽  
Serum Homocysteine ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
B Vitamin

Increase in serum homocysteine is shown to be a potential risk factor for cognitive impairment. Evidence suggests that vitamin B supplementation may reduce cognitive decline by lowering the homocysteine levels. The current meta-analysis evaluated the efficacy of folic acid along with vitamin B12 and/or B6 in lowering homocysteine, thereby attenuating cognitive decline in elderly patients with Alzheimer disease or dementia. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the efficacy of folate and B vitamin supplementation in patients with cognitive decline secondary to Alzheimer disease or dementia were identified using the keywords, “homocysteine, hyper-homocysteinemia, B vitamin, vitamin B6, B12, folic acid, cognitive, Alzheimer’s disease, and dementia.” The outcome measures analyzed were the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score and serum homocysteine. Of the 77 studies identified, 4 RCTs were included in the current meta-analysis. The baseline characteristics, age, and gender distribution of patients among the 2 groups (supplement vs placebo) were comparable. The results reveal that the intervention group achieved significantly greater reduction in homocysteine levels than the control (pooled difference in means = −3.625, 95% confidence interval [CI] = −5.642 to −1.608, P < .001). However, no significant difference in MMSE (pooled difference in means = 0.027, 95% CI = −0.518 to 0.573, P = 0.921) was observed between the groups. Taken together, vitamin B supplementation was effective in reducing serum homocysteine levels. However, it did not translate into cognitive improvement, indicating that the existing data on vitamin B-induced improvement in cognition by lowering homocysteine levels are conflicting.

Abstract 173: Effect Of B-Vitamins On Cognition In Patients With Prior Stroke

Stroke ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Graeme J Hankey ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Folic Acid ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Mmse Score ◽  
High Serum ◽  
B Vitamins ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Stroke Event ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Significant Difference

High serum total homocysteine (tHcy) and stroke are associated with increased risks of cognitive decline and cognitive impairment. This study aimed to determine whether B-vitamin treatment would reduce the risk of cognitive decline and cognitive impairment among individuals with recent stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) of the brain. Methods: 8,164 patients with recent stroke or TIA (< 7 months) were randomly allocated to double-blind treatment with one tablet daily of placebo or B-vitamins (folic acid 2 mg, vitamin B 6 25 mg, vitamin B 12 500 μg) and followed for a median of 3.4 years for the occurrence of stroke, myocardial infarction or death due to vascular causes in the VITAmins TO Prevent Stroke (VITATOPS) trial. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score was undertaken at least 6 months after the qualifying stroke (baseline) and every 6 months thereafter for the duration of follow-up. The primary outcome for this pre-specified secondary analysis was the composite of a decline of 3 or more points in the MMSE score compared with the baseline score at > 6 months after the qualifying stroke (cognitive decline) or a new MMSE score < 24 (cognitive impairment). Results: Among the 2214 participants who undertook the MMSE at least 6 months after the qualifying stroke event, and who were not cognitively impaired (MMSE > 24), and who underwent repeat MMSE assessments over a median of 2.8 years, there was no significant difference in the incidence of cognitive decline or cognitive impairment among participants assigned B-vitamins compared with placebo (24.6% vs 21.7%; risk ratio [RR]: 1.13, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.97 to 1.32 ; p=0.1113) and no difference in cognitive decline alone (22.7% vs 20.7%; RR: 1.10, 95% CI: 0.94 to 1.19; p=0.2417). These results were consistent among clinical subgroups. From baseline (at 6 months post-stroke), the MMSE score decreased by a mean of 0.22 (SD 1.82) among participants assigned B-vitamins vs 0.25 (SD 2.08) among participants assigned placebo (p=0.7258). Conclusion: Daily administration of folic acid, vitamin B 6 and vitamin B 12 to non-demented patients with previous stroke or TIA for a median of 2.8 years had no significant effect, compared with placebo, on the rate of cognitive decline or incidence of cognitive impairment.

578. The composition of the milk of the blue whale

1955 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret E. Gregory ◽  
S. K. Kon ◽  
S. J. Rowland ◽  
S. Y. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Nicotinic Acid ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Pantothenic Acid ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus ◽  
Detailed Composition ◽  
Blue Whales ◽  
Potassium Magnesium

The detailed composition of samples of milk from three blue whales (Balaenoptera sibbaldi) is reported in terms of total solids, fat, solids-not-fat, total protein, casein, soluble proteins, non-protein nitrogen, lactose, chloride, ash, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, magnesium, vitamin A, thiamine, biotin, riboflavin, nicotinic acid, vitamin B6, pantothenic acid and vitamin B12.The composition of the milk of the whale is compared with that of other species.

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