Effect of yogurt feeding on the small and large intestine associated lymphoid cells in mice

1994 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 553-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela Perdigón ◽  
Mirta Rachid ◽  
Marta V. De Budeguer ◽  
Juan C. Valdez
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
B Cells ◽  
T Lymphocytes ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Direct Immunofluorescence ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Glucuronidase Activity

SummaryThe effect of giving yogurt supplements to Balb/c mice on the various gut-associated lymphoid cells was studied. Animals were fed for 2, 5, 7 and 10 consecutive days. The different lymphoid cell types were identified and counted by haematoxylin–eosin staining of histological slices. The numbers of cells secreting IgA, IgG and IgM and the numbers of T lymphocytes were determined by direct immunofluorescence. The degree of activation of the intestinal macrophages in the small intestine was assessed by measuring the β-glucuronidase (EC 3.2.1.31) released into the intestinal fluid, and also by a histochemical method. Throughout the feeding period, there were no histological alterations in the gut, but there was marked cell infiltration, mainly of plasma cells and lymphocytes. The number of macrophages on the small intestine increased significantly after feeding for 2 d, while the β-glucuronidase activity was only slightly higher that of the controls. After a 7 d feeding period, the number of IgA secreting cells increased, while the values for cells secreting IgM and IgG and for T lymphocytes remained similar to those of the controls. The effect of giving yogurt on lymphoid cells associated with the large intestine was mainly on the numbers of IgA secreting B cells and T lymphocytes, with a marked increase during the whole feeding period in the latter type of cell. Since giving yogurt mainly enhanced the IgA secreting B cells in both small and large intestines, this increase would strengthen the host's defence mechanisms in the intestinal mucosa. Although the number of macrophages was increased, there was no enhancement in their activity, which might have harmed the host by producing an inflammatory response.

Diversity, localization and (patho)physiology of mature lymphocyte populations in the bone marrow

Blood ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian M. Schürch ◽  
Chiara Caraccio ◽  
Martijn A. Nolte
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Lymphoid Organ ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Mature Lymphocyte ◽  
Lymphocyte Populations

The bone marrow (BM) is responsible for generating and maintaining lifelong output of blood and immune cells. Besides its key hematopoietic function, the BM acts as an important lymphoid organ, hosting a large variety of mature lymphocyte populations, including B-cells, T-cells, NK(T)-cells and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). Many of these cell types are thought to only transiently visit the BM, but for others, like plasma cells and memory T-cells, the BM provides supportive niches that promote their long-term survival. Interestingly, accumulating evidence points towards an important role for mature lymphocytes in the regulation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and hematopoiesis in health and disease. In this review, we describe the diversity, migration, localization and function of mature lymphocyte populations in murine and human BM, focusing on their role in immunity and hematopoiesis. We also address how various BM lymphocyte subsets contribute to the development of aplastic anemia and immune thrombocytopenia, illustrating the complexity of these BM disorders, but also the underlying similarities and differences in their disease pathophysiology. Finally, we summarize the interactions between mature lymphocytes and BM resident cells in HSC transplantation and graft-versus-host disease. A better understanding of the mechanisms by which mature lymphocyte populations regulate BM function will likely improve future therapies for patients with benign and malignant hematological disorders.

scholarly journals Phenotype of recovering lymphoid cell populations after marrow transplantation.

1985 ◽  
Vol 161 (6) ◽  
pp. 1483-1502 ◽  
Author(s):  
K A Ault ◽  
J H Antin ◽  
D Ginsburg ◽  
S H Orkin ◽  
J M Rappeport ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
B Cells ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Nk Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hla Dr ◽  
T Cell Antigens ◽  
Leu 7

Four patients who received bone marrow transplants were studied sequentially during the posttransplant period to define the pattern of recovering lymphoid cell types. Three patients received T cell-depleted, HLA-matched marrow, and one received untreated marrow from an identical twin. Blood lymphoid cells were labeled with 25 different pairs of monoclonal antibodies. In each sample, one antibody was conjugated to fluorescein and one to phycoerythrin, thus allowing simultaneous assessment of the expression of the two markers using the fluorescence activated cell sorter. A total of 14 antibodies were used, routinely including HLE, Leu-M3, Leu-4, Leu-1, Leu-5, Leu-9, Leu-6, Leu-2, Leu-3, HLA-DR, Leu-7, Leu-11, Leu-15, and Leu-12. Other antibodies were used to further define some populations. This study has allowed us to define six distinct cell types that have appeared in all four patients by day 90 posttransplantation, and which account for 90-100% of all circulating lymphoid cells. These cell types are (a) T helper cells expressing Leu-1, Leu-4, Leu-9, Leu-5, Leu-3, and variable amounts of HLA-DR; (b) T suppressor cells expressing Leu-1, Leu-4, Leu-9, Leu-5, Leu-2, and variable amounts of HLA-DR; (c) B cells expressing Leu-12, B1, HLA-DR, IgD, and IgM, but none of the T cell antigens; (d) an unusual B cell phenotype (Leu-1 B) expressing all of the B cell markers, and also having low amounts of Leu-1, but none of the other T cell antigens; (e) natural killer (NK) cells expressing Leu-11, Leu-15, Leu-5 but none of the other T cell or B cell markers; (f) NK cells expressing Leu-11, Leu-15, Leu-5, and low levels of Leu-2. Both NK types also express Leu-7 on some, but not all cells. The relative frequencies of these cell types varied among the patients and with time, but the striking findings were the presence of relatively few mature T cells, large numbers of NK cells, and the preponderance of the unusual Leu-1 B cell over conventional B cells in all three patients who developed B cells. Sorting experiments confirmed the NK activity of the major NK cell phenotypes, and DNA analysis confirmed that all of the cells studied were of donor origin. In addition, analysis of Ig genes in one patient showed that the Leu-1 B cells were not clonally rearranged.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

scholarly journals Conventional NK cells and ILC1 are partially ablated in the livers of Ncr1iCreTbx21fl/fl mice

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonia O. Cuff ◽  
Victoria Male
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Nk Cells ◽  
Mouse Liver ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Disease Models ◽  
Type I ◽  
Conditional Deletion ◽  
Equivalent Reduction

Mouse liver contains both Eomes-dependent conventional natural killer (cNK) cells and Tbet-dependent liver-resident type I innate lymphoid cells (ILC1). In order to better understand the role of ILC1, we attempted to generate mice that would lack liver ILC1, while retaining cNK, by conditional deletion of Tbet in NKp46+ cells. Here we report that the Ncr1iCreTbx21fl/fl mouse has a roughly equivalent reduction in both the cNK and ILC1 compartments of the liver, limiting its utility for investigating the relative contributions of these two cell types in disease models. We also describe the phenotype of these mice with respect to NK cells, ILC1 and NKp46+ ILC3 in the spleen and small intestine lamina propria.

scholarly journals "Intermediate" Cell Types and Mixed Cell Proliferation in Multiple Myeloma: Electron Microscopic Observations

Blood ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 212-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
JORGE E. MALDONADO ◽  
ROBERT A. KYLE ◽  
ARNOLD L. BROWN ◽  
EDWIN D. BAYRD
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Myeloma ◽  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Cell Transformation ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Intermediate Cell ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Mixed Cell ◽  
Reticulum Cells

Abstract Bone marrow studies of multiple myeloma revealed, in some cases, a conspicuous proliferation of "lymphoid" cells, virtually indistinguishable by light microscopy from those seen in lympho-proliferative disorders. Electron microscopy demonstrated a variety of cells ranging from typical lymphocytes to cells with plasmocytoid features. Between these two types of elements there were cells with intermediate characteristics. In addition, in several cases of myeloma the presence of fixed reticuloendothelial cells and "reticular" plasma cells (or reticulum cells with plasmocytic features) was frequently noted. The presence of reticulum cells and lymphocytes and of cells apparently "intermediate" between these cellular elements and plasma cells, as judged from electron microscopic observations, is suggestive morphologic evidence of a phenomenon of cell transformation and evidence of a mixed cell proliferation in certain cases of multiple myeloma.

Protein Signature of LMP1 Signaling in PTLDs Identifies and Mimics Inter/Perifollicular CD30+ EBV− B Blasts.

Blood ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 104 (11) ◽  
pp. 3251-3251
Author(s):  
Rita Shaknovich ◽  
Katia Basso ◽  
Govind Bhagat ◽  
Bachir Alobeid ◽  
Giorgio Cattoretti
Keyword(s):  
B Cells ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Cell Subset ◽  
Cellular Transformation ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Marginal Zone B Cells ◽  
Latently Infected ◽  
Protein Signature

Abstract EBV-associated B-cell Post-Transpant Lymphoproliferative Disorders (PTLDs) represent a diverse group of lesions morphologically, in clinical presentation and behaviour, ranging from early reversible lesions to monomorphic aggressive lymphomas. Polymorphic cases, which represent the focus of our analysis, contain a mixture of cells in various EBV latency stages, defined by EBNA1, EBNA2 and LMP1 immunostaining. LMP1 is a key viral protein for cellular transformation and, analogously to CD40, engages TNF Receptor Associated Proteins and activates NF-kB and NF-kB-responsive genes. We analyzed the protein signature of LMP1 in PTLDs and non-PTLD tonsils by double staining for LMP1, CD30, CD20, Pax5 and signaling molecules. A remarkably conserved set of proteins, associated with LMP1/CD40 signaling and NF-kB activation is expressed both in the EBV-infected lymphoid population in polymorphic PTLDs and in a normal B-cell subset(s) in reactive tonsils. These proteins include highly expressed CD30, JunB, nuclear cRel, TRAF-1, Bcl-XL, MUM1, CCL22 and downregulated BCL6 and CD10. We observed that EBV infection, possibly through LMP1 and LMP2A signaling, results in varioius degrees of differentiation within the neoplastic clone. EBER+ terminally differentiated mucosa-associated IRTA-1+ marginal zone B-cells and CD138+ plasma cells were identified in most cases, including control post-transplant tonsils with no overt disease. We document for the first time in situ, in-vivo evidence of EBV latently infected post-Germinal Center B cells of marginal and plasma cell types in PTLDs. Polymorphic PTLD cases represent EBV-induced expansion of B cells, mimicking CD40L-like activated Peri/Interfollicular CD30+ normal B-cells.

scholarly journals Characterization of a monoclonal antibody that reacts with an activation antigen on human B cells: reactions on mitogen-stimulated blood lymphocytes and cells of normal lymph nodes

Blood ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 1224-1229
Author(s):  
D Frisman ◽  
S Slovin ◽  
I Royston ◽  
S Baird
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
B Cells ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Pokeweed Mitogen ◽  
Blood Lymphocytes ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Human B Cells ◽  
Activation Antigen

We describe a monoclonal antibody that reacts with human B-lymphoid cells. We have characterized the reactions of this antibody on normal blood lymphocytes, with and without pokeweed mitogen stimulation, bone marrow lymphocytes, and on frozen sections of normal lymph nodes. The antibody, B532, appears to recognize an activation antigen on human B cells. This activation antigen can apparently be induced both by infection with Epstein-Barr virus and by stimulation with antigens and mitogens, but it is lost on plasma cells. In normal lymph nodes, the antigen is confined to germinal center cells and some of the cells of the “mantle” that surrounds germinal centers. The antigen is not present on T cells.

Simultaneous Monitoring of Drug Responses on Distinct Hematopoietic Cell Populations Allow Assessment of Direct and Indirect Cytotoxic Effects of Targeted Therapies

Blood ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 128 (22) ◽  
pp. 3515-3515
Author(s):  
Muntasir M Majumder ◽  
Aino Maija Leppä ◽  
Caroline A Heckman
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
B Cells ◽  
Nk Cells ◽  
Research Funding ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cell Populations ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Drug Responses ◽  
Nk T Cells

Abstract Introduction Off-target cytotoxicity resulting in severe side effects and compromising patient survival often hampers the development of new cancer therapeutics. Understanding the complete drug response landscape of different cell populations is crucial to identify drugs that selectively eradicate the malignant cell population, but spare healthy cells. Here, we developed a high content, no wash, multi-parametric flow cytometry based assay that enables testing of blood cancer patient samples and simultaneously monitors the effects of several drugs on 11 hematopoietic cell types. The assay can be used to i) dissect malignant from healthy cell responses and predict off-target effects; ii) assess drug effects on immune cell subsets; iii) identify drugs that can potentially be repositioned to new blood cancer indications. Methods Mononuclear cells were prepared from bone marrow aspirates of 7 multiple myeloma (MM) and 3 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients plus the peripheral blood from a healthy donor, which were collected following informed consent and in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Optimal cell density, antibody dilutions, incubation time, and wash versus no wash assay conditions for the selected antibody panels were determined. Cells were incubated at a density of 2 million cells/ml in either 96- or 384-well plates for 3 days. The antibodies were tested in two panels to study the effects of 6 drugs in 5 dilutions (1-10000 nM) (clofarabine, bortezomib, dexamethasone, navitoclax, venetoclax and omipalisib) on 11 cell populations, namely hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) (CD34+CD38-), common progenitor cells (CPCs) (CD34+CD38+), monocytes (CD14+), B cells (CD45+CD19+), cytotoxic T cells (CD45+CD3+CD8+), T helper cells (CD45+CD3+CD4+), NK-T cells (CD45+CD3+CD56+), NK cells (CD45+CD56+CD3-), clonal plasma cells (CD138+CD38+), other plasma cells (CD138+CD38-) and granulocytes (CD45+, SSC++). Annexin-V and 7AAD were used to distinguish live cell populations from apoptotic and dead cells. After 1 h incubation with antibodies, the plates were read with the iQue Screener PLUS instrument (Intellicyt). Counts for each population were used to generate four parameter nonlinear regression fitted dose response curves with GraphPad Prism 7. Three samples were tested in duplicate to assess reproducibility. Results To decrease the complexity of the assay, we tested all antibodies under wash and no wash conditions, and found that results from both conditions were comparable. To minimize the amount of sample needed as well as maximize the number of drugs tested and cell populations that can be detected, we set up the assay in both 96- and 384-well plates. The assay was highly reproducible when samples were tested in replicate and was scalable to a 384-well format without compromising sensitivity to detect rare populations such as plasma cells. Due to the differentiation of immature cells to specialized cell types, the drug responses of specific populations tended to drift. HSCs (CD34+CD38-) were shown to be refractory to the tested drugs compared to CPCs characterized as (CD34+CD38+) and other cell types. Interestingly, the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib was cytotoxic to all cell populations except for CD138+CD38- plasma cells. Clofarabine, a nucleoside analog used to treat ALL, effectively targeted CPC, NK and B cells, while HSCs and plasma cells were resistant. The glucocorticoid and immunosuppressive drug dexamethasone specifically targeted B and NK cells compared to T cell populations (CD8+, CD4+), while NK-T cells were modestly sensitive. The cell population response patterns were similar in samples derived from MM, AML and healthy individuals, highlighting that the drug responses are highly cell type specific. Summary Using a high content, multi-parametric assay, we could rapidly assess the effect of several drugs on specific cell populations in individual patient samples. Our results demonstrate that many drugs preferentially affect different hematological cell lineages. Although heterogeneity was observed between individual patients, the pattern of cytotoxic response exhibited by specific cell types was consistent among samples derived from MM, AML and healthy donors. The assay will be useful to identify drugs with maximal on-target and minimal off-target specificity, and can potentially be used to guide treatment decision and predict patient response Disclosures Heckman: Celgene: Research Funding; Pfizer: Research Funding.

scholarly journals Immune Metabolism of IL-4-Activated B Cells and Th2 Cells in the Context of Allergic Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yen-Ju Lin ◽  
Alexandra Goretzki ◽  
Stefan Schülke
Keyword(s):  
B Cells ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Allergic Sensitization ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Metabolic Changes ◽  
Th2 Cells ◽  
T And B Cells ◽  
Activated B Cells

Over the last decades, the frequency of allergic disorders has steadily increased. Immunologically, allergies are caused by abnormal immune responses directed against otherwise harmless antigens derived from our environment. Two of the main cell types driving allergic sensitization and inflammation are IgE-producing plasma cells and Th2 cells. The acute activation of T and B cells, their differentiation into effector cells, as well as the formation of immunological memory are paralleled by distinct changes in cellular metabolism. Understanding the functional consequences of these metabolic changes is the focus of a new research field termed “immune metabolism”. Currently, the contribution of metabolic changes in T and B cells to either the development or maintenance of allergies is not completely understood. Therefore, this mini review will introduce the fundamentals of energy metabolism, its connection to immune metabolism, and subsequently focus on the metabolic phenotypes of IL-4-activated B cells and Th2 cells.

Regulated immunoglobulin (Ig) RNA processing does not require specific cis-acting sequences: non-Ig RNA can be alternatively processed in B cells and plasma cells

1994 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 7891-7898
Author(s):  
M L Peterson
Keyword(s):  
B Cells ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Rna Processing ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cis Acting ◽  
B Cell Maturation ◽  
Processing Pathways ◽  
Immunoglobulin Mu

Alternative RNA processing of the heavy-chain immunoglobulin mu gene is regulated during B-cell maturation and requires competition between splice and cleavage-polyadenylation reactions that have balanced efficiencies. Studies with modified mu genes have failed to identify gene-specific sequences required for regulation. Thus, the only important feature for regulation may be the balanced competing splice and cleavage-polyadenylation reactions themselves. If this is so, then alternative RNA processing from any gene with similar competitive RNA processing pathways should also be regulated when expression is compared between B cells and plasma cells. To test this prediction, two nonimmunoglobulin genes engineered to have competing splice and cleavage-polyadenylation reactions were expressed in B cells and plasma cells. The ratios of alternative RNAs produced from both genes are different in the two cell types; like the mu gene, relatively more spliced RNA is produced in B cells than in plasma cells. Also, in a survey of mu gene expression in nine non-B-cell lines, only a T-cell line had an expression pattern similar to that of B cells; the expression patterns of all other lines resembled that of the plasma cells. Therefore, regulated mu RNA processing must be mediated by changes in general processing factors whose activity or abundance is regulated, most likely, in B cells.

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