Economic impact of reduced milk production associated with Johne's disease on dairy operations in the USA

2005 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 425-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willard C Losinger
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Economic Impacts ◽  
Consumer Surplus ◽  
Johne's Disease ◽  
Johne’S Disease ◽  
Fixed Amount ◽  
Economic Surplus ◽  
Enhanced Production ◽  
The Usa

Accurately assessing the economic impacts of diseases and other factors that affect milk production requires that the demand for milk be taken into account. Because demand for milk in the USA is relatively inelastic (i.e., consumers generally purchase a somewhat fixed amount over a given time frame, regardless of fluctuations in price), consumers tend to reap much of the benefit of enhanced production. An examination of the economic impacts of Johne's disease indicated that reduced milk production, associated with the determination of dairy operations as Johne's-positive, reduced consumer surplus by $770 million ± $690 million, and resulted in a total loss of $200 million ± $160 million to the US economy in 1996. Most of the economic surplus lost by consumers was transferred to producers, whose economic surplus increased by $570 million ± $550 million as a result of the reduced milk production associated with Johne's disease. Uncertainty analysis showed that the estimated reduction in milk production on Johne's-positive dairy operations accounted for most of the uncertainty in the economic-impact estimates. If Johne's disease had not been present on US dairy operations, then an additional 580 million ±460 million kg of milk would have been produced, but the price would have fallen by 1·1±1·0 cents/kg, and the total value of the milk would have decreased by $580 million ± $560 million.

Economic impacts of reduced milk production associated with papillomatous digital dermatitis in dairy cows in the USA

2006 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 244-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willard C Losinger
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Economic Impacts ◽  
Consumer Surplus ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Digital Dermatitis ◽  
Economic Surplus ◽  
The Usa

The goal of this study was to measure the economic impacts of reduced milk production associated with papillomatous digital dermatitis (PDD) in dairy cows in the USA, and of specific risk factors for PDD, in 1996. The method applied was an economic-welfare analysis of producer and consumer surplus, with the GUM Workbench used to analyse uncertainties in the measurements. Reduced milk production associated with PDD was found to reduce consumer surplus by $750 million±$580 million, and to increase the economic surplus of producers by $560 million±$470 million, with a net economic loss of $190 million±$130 million. An examination of the economic effects of specific epidemiologic risk factors for PDD showed that having dairy cows that were not born on the operation had important economic consequences associated with the disease, as did the type of land to which dairy cows had access during the winter months and the type of flooring on which cows walked. Washing hoof-trimming equipment between cows was an important biosecurity measure that was associated with reduced PDD. The epidemiologic model used also implicated hoof trimmers who trimmed cattle hooves on other operations as having an important economic impact associated with this disease, although this finding may have been erroneous.

Economic impacts of reduced milk production associated with epidemiological risk factors for Johne's disease on dairy operations in the USA

2005 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willard C Losinger
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Economic Impacts ◽  
Herd Size ◽  
Johne's Disease ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Johne’S Disease ◽  
Epidemiological Risk ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Epidemiologic Risk

An examination of the economic effects of epidemiologic risk factors for Johne's disease identified regional and herd size differences as having the greatest impact. Having dairy cows that were not born on the operation was the most important factor over which individual producers had the most immediate control. Economic consequences associated with using multiple-cow-maternity housing and multiple-preweaned-calf housing were not statistically significant. Economic welfare analysis was applied, and the GUM Workbench was used to analyse uncertainties in the estimates of the economic impacts.

Welfare effects of reduced milk production associated with Johne's disease on Johne's-positive versus Johne's-negative dairy operations

2006 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 378-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willard C Losinger
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Welfare Effects ◽  
Johne's Disease ◽  
Johne’S Disease ◽  
Economic Surplus ◽  
Producer Surplus ◽  
Epidemiological Risk ◽  
Positive Effect

An examination of the economic impacts of reduced milk production associated with Johne's disease on Johne's-positive and Johne's-negative dairy operations indicated that, if Johne's disease had not existed in US dairy cows in 1996, then the economic surplus of Johne's-negative operations would have been $600 million±$530 million lower, while the economic surplus of Johne's-positive operations would have been higher by $28 million±$79 million, which was not significantly different from zero. The data available for projecting changes in surplus were not sufficiently precise to allow an exact statement on whether Johne's-positive operations would have been better or worse off economically, in terms of the value received for producing more milk if they had not been affected by Johne's disease. The changes in producer surplus, based upon eliminating specific epidemiological risk factors for Johne's disease, were disaggregated between Johne's-positive dairy operations exposed to the risk factor and all other US dairy operations. Eliminating the risk factor of having any cows not born on the operation would have had a significant positive effect on the economic surplus of Johne's-positive operations that had any cows not born on the operation.

scholarly journals Mycobacterium Avium Paratuberculosis: A Disease Burden on the Dairy Industry

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1773
Author(s):  
Mary Garvey
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium ◽  
Dairy Industry ◽  
Latency Period ◽  
Johne's Disease ◽  
Johne’S Disease ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Infectious Dose ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium Paratuberculosis

Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis is responsible for paratuberculosis or Johne’s disease in cows, having economic impacts on the dairy industry and a prevalence rate exceeding 50% in dairy herds. The economic burden of Johne’s disease relates to decreased milk production and costs of disease prevention, treatment, and management, while having an economic impact on dairy producers, processors, consumers, and stakeholders of the dairy industry. Determining the true economic impact of the disease is difficult at regional and farm level as symptoms are not evident in subclinically infected animals. At present, the virulence, pathogenicity, persistence, and infectious dose of M. avium paratuberculosis are poorly understood, consequently effective paratuberculosis control measures remain obscure. M. avium paratuberculosis is potentially zoonotic with foodborne transmission a public health risk due to a possible causative link with inflammatory bowel disease in humans. A preventive approach is necessary to reduce the presence of this drug-resistant pathogen in dairy herds and subsequently dairy food. The use of inefficient diagnostic tests coupled with the long latency period of infection results in delayed animal culling and trade of asymptomatic animals, leading to regional transmission and increased disease prevalence. To date, there has been limited success at controlling and treating this terminal endemic disease, leading to significant prevalence rates. This study aims to outline the key factors associated with Johne’s’ disease while outlining its significant impact on the dairy sector.

scholarly journals Control of Johne's Disease in Four Commercial Dairy Herds in Iowa

1989 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles O. Thoen ◽  
Larry A. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Chloride ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Market Value ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Johne's Disease ◽  
Johne’S Disease ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Serum Samples

A 6-year study was conducted in 4 dairy herds in Iowa in which Johne's disease was diagnosed previously. Fecal specimens were collected at 6-month intervals from animals 2 years of age and over for mycobacteriologic examination. Serum samples were obtained at 3-month intervals and tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The antigen used in the ELISA was a potassium chloride extract of a field strain of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. The ELISA reactions were observed in 87% of the cows from which M. paratuberculosis was isolated. Dairy producers that participated in the Johne's control program reported reduced economic losses. Increased income was attributed to improved milk production, increased value of vaccinated animals sold as replacements to other dairy herds in which Johne's disease had been diagnosed, and the increased market value of slaughter animals removed from the herd.

Welfare effects of the use of recombinant bovine somatotropin in the USA

2006 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willard C Losinger
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
National Survey ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Welfare Effects ◽  
Bovine Somatotropin ◽  
Economic Surplus ◽  
Recombinant Bovine Somatotropin ◽  
Us Economy ◽  
The Usa

The welfare effects of increased milk production associated with the use of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rBST) on dairy operations in the USA were examined for 1996. Results that derived from three different estimates of the milk-production response to rBST were evaluated and compared. One estimate, derived from a survey of dairy producers in Connecticut, led to economic-impact estimates that were not statistically significant. A second, derived from a national survey that concentrated on the health and management of dairy cattle, led to estimates that were unbelievably high. A third, derived from a national survey that concentrated on the economics of dairy producers, provided the most reasonable estimates of economic impacts. Results of economic analysis, using the latter results, indicated that if rBST had not caused milk production to increase, then the market price of milk would have been 2·2±1·5 cents/kg higher, and the total value of the milk produced would have risen from $23·0±0·6 billion to $24·1±1·0 billion. A welfare analysis demonstrated that the increased milk production (and the reduced market price) associated with the use of rBST in the USA caused the economic surplus of consumers to rise by $1·5±1·0 billion, while the economic surplus of dairy producers fell by $1·1±$0·8 billion. Increased milk production associated with rBST yielded a total gain to the US economy of $440±280 million. An analysis of annual percent changes in the number of dairy cows per operation, milk production per cow, total milk production, total number of dairy cows, and total number of dairy operations in the USA suggested that the dairy industry's long-term economic growth path was stable from 1989–2001 inclusive, and did not receive a shock resulting from the introduction of rBST.

scholarly journals A longitudinal study on the impact of Johne's disease status on milk production in individual cows

2009 ◽  
Vol 92 (6) ◽  
pp. 2653-2661 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.L. Smith ◽  
Y.T. Grohn ◽  
A.K. Pradhan ◽  
R.H. Whitlock ◽  
J.S. Van Kessel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Disease Status ◽  
Johne's Disease ◽  
Johne’S Disease ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals A Protective Vaccine against Johne’s Disease in Cattle

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1427
Author(s):  
Yashdeep Phanse ◽  
Chia-Wei Wu ◽  
Amanda J. Venturino ◽  
Chungyi Hansen ◽  
Kathryn Nelson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Johne's Disease ◽  
Johne’S Disease ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Strong Response ◽  
Live Attenuated Vaccine ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Potential Link ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium Subsp Paratuberculosis

Johne’s disease (JD) caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (M. paratuberculosis) is a chronic infection characterized by the development of granulomatous enteritis in wild and domesticated ruminants. It is one of the most significant livestock diseases not only in the USA but also globally, accounting for USD 200–500 million losses annually for the USA alone with potential link to cases of Crohn’s disease in humans. Developing safe and protective vaccines is of a paramount importance for JD control in dairy cows. The current study evaluated the safety, immunity and protective efficacy of a novel live attenuated vaccine (LAV) candidate with and without an adjuvant in comparison to an inactivated vaccine. Results indicated that the LAV, irrespective of the adjuvant presence, induced robust T cell immune responses indicated by proinflammatory cytokine production such as IFN-γ, IFN-α, TNF-α and IL-17 as well as strong response to intradermal skin test against M. paratuberculosis antigens. Furthermore, the LAV was safe with minimal tissue pathology. Finally, calves vaccinated with adjuvanted LAV did not shed M. paratuberculosis post-challenge, a much-desired characteristic of an effective vaccine against JD. Together, this data suggests a strong potential of testing LAV in field trials to curb JD in dairy herds.

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